1
One compartment
2
One compartment
3
4
More than one compartment
5
More than one compartment
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
One compartment open model
15
One compartment:
16
Properties of a Pharmacokinetic
Compartment
1. Homogenitas kinetik. Kompartemen berisi jaringan yang dapat
dikelompokkan menurut sifat kinetik yang mirip dengan obat
yang memungkinkan distribusi cepat antar jaringan
17
One compartment:
18
One compartment open model
D K t
C e
Drug Conc (C)
Vd
C= concentration
D= dose
Vd: Volume of distribution
K: elimination rate constant
t: time
Time
19
How to distinguish one comp?
Time
20
Parameter dalam one compartment
• Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vd)
• Elimination rate constant (K)
• Elimination half life (t1/2)
• Clearance (Cl)
21
Apparent Volume of Distribution
(Vd)
100 mg
C= 10 mg/L C= 1 mg/L
Vd= 10 L Vd= 100 L 22
Apparent Volume of Distribution
(Vd)
• Secara umum, obat mengalami kesetimbangan dengan cepat di
dalam tubuh. Ketika plasma atau kompartemen biologis lainnya
diambil sampelnya dan dianalisis kandungan obatnya, hasilnya
biasanya dilaporkan dalam satuan konsentrasi, bukan jumlah.
23
The real Volume of Distribution has physiological
meaning and is related to body water
24
Apparent Volume of Distribution
25
Apparent Volume of Distribution
26
Apparent Volume of Distribution
27
Apparent Volume of Distribution:
Mathematics
• In order to determine the apparent volume of distribution of
a drug, it is necessary to have plasma/serum concentration
versus time data
dose X0
Vd
initial conc. C 0
28
Apparent volume of distribution
estimation
1. Plot log(C) vs. time
6.8
6.6
Log (Conc)
6.4
6.2
5.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
30
2- Plot the best-fit line
7
6.8
6.6
Log (Conc)
6.4
6.2
5.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
31
3-Extrapolate to the Y-axis intercept
7
(to estimate C0)
6.8
6.6
Log (Conc)
6.4
C0
6.2
5.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
32
4-Estimate Vd
7
dose X0
6.8
Vd
6.6
initial conc. C 0
Log (Conc)
6.4
Log(C0)
6.2
5.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
33
The Extent of Distribution and Vd in
a 70 kg Normal Man
% Body
Extent of Distribution
Vd, L Weight
5 7 Only in plasma
5-20 7-28 In extracellular fluids
20-40 28-56 In total body fluids.
In deep tissues; bound to
>40 >56
peripheral tissues
34
Elimination rate constant (K)
35
Elimination rate constant estimation
1. Plot log(C) vs. time
K Slope 2.303
36
1- Plot log(C) vs. time
6.8
6.7
6.6
Log (Conc)
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
37
2- Plot the best-fit line
6.8
6.7
6.6
Log (Conc)
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
38
3- Calculate the slope using two
6.8
points on the best-fit lin
log(C1 ) log(C2 )
6.7
Slope
t1 t 2
6.6
Log (Conc)
6.5
6.4
6.3
(Log(C1), t1)
6.2
6.1
(Log(C2), t2)
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
39
4- Estimate K
6.8
6.7
K Slope 2.303
6.6
Log (Conc)
6.5
6.4
6.3
6.2
6.1
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
40
Elimination half life (t1/2)
• The elimination half life is defined as the time (h, min, day, etc.) at
which the mass (or amount) of unchanged drug becomes half (or
50%) of the initial mass of drug
41
Elimination half life (t1/2) estimation
• Two methods: 0.693
• From the value of K: t1/ 2
K
• Directly from Conc vs. time plot
• Select a concentration on the best fit line (C1)
• Look for the time that is needed to get to 50% of C1 half-life
42
Clearance(Cl)
43
Clearance (Cl)
• Clearance (dinyatakan sebagai volume / waktu) menggambarkan
penghilangan obat dari volume plasma dalam unit waktu tertentu
(kehilangan obat dari tubuh)
• Gambar dalam dua slide berikut mewakili dua cara berpikir tentang
pembersihan obat:
• Pada Gambar pertama, jumlah obat (jumlah titik) berkurang tetapi mengisi
volume yang sama, menghasilkan konsentrasi yang lebih rendah.
• Cara lain untuk melihat penurunan yang sama adalah dengan menghitung
volume yang akan bebas obat jika konsentrasinya dipertahankan konstan
seperti pada Gambar kedua.
44
Clearance (Cl)
46
Clearance (Cl)
47
Clearance (Cl) estimation
48
Clearance (Cl) estimation
Cl K Vd
49
Clearance (Cl)
Cl t Cl r Cl h Cl other
(Cl t , Cl r and Cl h total, renal, and hepatic Cl)
50
Elimination rate
where
• X(t) is the amount of drug in the body at time t,
• C(t) is the concntration of drug at time t
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Area Under the Conc. Time Curve
(AUC) calculation
• Two methods:
• Model dependent: can be used only for one compartment IV bolus
• Model independent: Can be used for any drug with any route of
administration
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AUC calculation: Model dependent
• With one compartment model, first-order elimination, and
intravenous drug administration, the AUC can be calculated using:
Dose C0
AUC
K Vd K
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AUC calculation: Model independent
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
54
AUC calculation: Model independent
1200
600
400 1
200
2
3
4 5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
55
AUC calculation: Model independent
1200
1000
2- Hitung luas setiap bagian dari bagian
1,2,3 dan 4 (hingga konsentrasi teramati
800 terakhir) menggunakan aturan trapesium
600
400 1
200
2
3
4 5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
56
Trapezoidal rule
C1
C 2 C1
area (t 2 t1 )
C2 2
where C = concentration
t = time
t1 t2
57
AUC calculation: Model independent
3- Untuk bagian 5 (luas antara
konsentrasi teramati terakhir dan tak
terhingga) gunakan persamaan
berikut:
C* C*
area
K
58
AUC calculation: Model independent
1200
400 1
200
2
3
4 5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
59
Fraction of the dose remaining
t
t
0.693
t1 / 2 1 t1 / 2
Fe
2 60
Time to get to certain conc.
K t K t C0
C* C 0 e e
C*
C0
K t ln
C *
C0
ln
t C *
K 61
Applications of one compartment
model
• Case 1: Predicting Plasma Concentrations
62
Case 1: Predicting Plasma
Concentrations
• A 20-mg dose of a drug was administered as an intravenous
bolus injection. The drug has the following pharmacokinetic
parameters: k = 0.1 h−1 and Vd = 20 L
1. Calculate the initial concentration (C0 )
2. Calculate the plasma concentration at 3 h
63
Case 1: Predicting Plasma
Concentrations
1. Calculate the initial concentration (C0 )
dose 20 mg
C0 1 mg/L
2. Vd
Calculate the 20atL3 h
plasma conc.
K t -(0.1)(3)
C C0 e 1 e 0.74 mg/L
64
Case 2: Duration of Action
65
Case 2: Duration of Action
66
Case 2: Duration of Action
C0
ln
C * 1
t ln / 0.1 12.0 hr
K 0.3
67
Case 3: Value of a Dose to Give a Desired
Initial Plasma Concentration
• Melanjutkan obat yang digunakan dalam Contoh 1 dan 2, Jika Cp
awal 1 mg / L tidak memuaskan, Hitung dosis untuk memberikan
konsentrasi plasma awal 5 mg / L.
dose
C0 dose C 0 Vd
Vd
mg
dose 5 20 L 100 mg
L
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Examples
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Example 1
70
Example 1
71
Example 1
• Hitung waktu paruh biologis dari eliminasi obat (t½), konstanta laju
eliminasi keseluruhan (K), volume (Vd), koefisien distribusi dan durasi
kerja (td)
72
Example 1
2.5
2
y = -0.1243x + 2.0832
R2 = 0.9995
1.5
log (Conc)
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
time (hr) 73
Example 1
log(C1) - log(C2)
Slope
t1 - t2
74
Example 1
log(C1) - log(C2)
Slope
t1 - t2
where (C1,t1) and (C2,t2) are two different conc.
time points
log(40) - log(21.5)
Slope -0.13481
4-6
• Note that the value of the slope is similar to the
value estimated using the first method (-0.1243)
76
Example 1
dose 10 10
Vd 2.0832
C0 10 121.12
mg 106 ng L
0.083 3 83 L
ng/ml mg 10 ml
77
Example 1
Intercept = log (C0)
2
y = -0.1243x + 2.0832
R2 = 0.9995
1.5
log (Conc)
1
y = -0.1243x + 2.0832
2
R = 0.9995
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
time (hr) 78
Example 1
• the duration of action (td). td is the time needed for the conc. To get
to 50 ng/ml :
C0 121.12
ln ln
t C * 50 3.1 hr
K 0.286
79
Example 2
80
Example 2
k t
C (t 5) C0 e
C (t 5) 5
C0 k t
0.116 6 10 ug/ml
e e 81
Example 2
X0 250 mg
VD -3
25000 ml 25 L
C0 μg 10 mg
10
ml μg
Cl K VD 2.89 L/hr
• Note that 6 hrs (one t0.5) is needed for the amount in the body to
t d from
decline
10500
.42mghrto 2506mg hr 16.42 hrs
85
Example 3
log Cp 2 0.1t
• Calculate the following
• Duration of action
• Total body clearance
• Rate of elimination at 2 hours
86
Example 3
log
TheCp 2
following 0.1estimated:
were t log(C0 ) slope t
C0 10 2 100 mg/L
K Slope 2.303 (0.1) (2.303) 0.23 hr 1
X 0 1000 mg
VD 10 L
C 0 100 mg/L
87
Example 3
• Duration of action:
C 100
ln 0 ln
td C * 20 7 hr
K 0.23
• Total body clearance= K∙Vd=(0.23)(10) =2.3 L/hr
• Rate of elimination at 2 hours:
• Elimination rate = Cl*C(t=2) = 2.3*63 =145 mg/hr