Aktivitas
Modul 2 ini terdiri dari 2 kegiatan belajar:
A mixed cost
has both fixed
and variable
components.
Consider the
following electric
utility example.
Mixed Costs
t
Total Utility Cost
c o s
ed Variable
m ix
o tal Utility Charge
T
Fixed Monthly
X Utility Charge
Activity (Kilowatt Hours)
Mixed Costs
The total mixed cost line can be expressed
as an equation: Y = a + bX
Y
Where: Y = the total mixed cost
c o s
ed Variable
b = the variable cost per unit of
m ix activity (the slope of the line)
o tal Utility Charge
T X = the level of activity
Fixed Monthly
X Utility Charge
Activity (Kilowatt Hours)
Mixed Costs
+ bX
= a
t Y
Total Utility Cost
c o s
ed Variable
m ix bX
o tal Utility Charge
T
Fixed Monthly
a
X Utility Charge
Activity (Kilowatt Hours)
The Analysis of Mixed Costs
Account Analysis
Engineering Approach
High-Low Method
Scattergraph Method
Units Cost
High activity level 9,000 $ 9,700
Low activity level 5,000 6,100
Change 4,000 $ 3,600
* *
**
* *
Total Cost in
10
0 X
0 1 2 3 4
Activity, 1,000’s of Units Produced
The Scattergraph Method
Draw a line through the data points with about an
equal numbers of points above and below the line.
Y
20
* ** *
1,000’s of Dollars
* *
**
* *
Total Cost in
10
0 X
0 1 2 3 4
Activity, 1,000’s of Units Produced
The Scattergraph Method
The slope of this line is the variable unit cost.
(Slope is the change in total cost for a one unit
Y change in activity).
20
* ** *
1,000’s of Dollars
* *
**
* *
Total Cost in
10
Estimated fixed cost = $10,000
0 X
0 1 2 3 4
Activity, 1,000’s of Units Produced
The Scattergraph Method
Change in cost
Slope =
Change in units
Y
20
* ** * Vertical
1,000’s of Dollars
* * distance is
** the change
* *
Total Cost in
10 in cost.
b = n ∑(xy) - ∑x ∑ y
n ∑x2 - (∑x)2
a = ∑y - b(∑x)
n
Bln ke Bia Repr&Pemeliharaan
(Rp.1000) Jam Mesin
y. x. xy. x2
1 750 6000 4500000000 36000000
2 715 5500 3932500000 30250000
3 530 4000 2120000000 16000000
4 600 4000 2400000000 16000000
5 600 4500 2700000000 20250000
6 875 7000 6125000000 49000000
7 800 6000 4800000000 36000000
8 1000 8000 8000000 64000000
9 800 6000 4800000000 36000000
10 750 6000 4500000000 36000000
11 550 4500 2475000000 20250000
12 600 4500 2700000000 20250000
∑y ∑x. ∑xy. ∑x 2
a. = 8.570.000 – b x 66.000 =
12
Jadi biaya reaparasi dan pemeliharaan mesin tersebut terdiri dari
Biaya variabel = Rp. 115 per jam mesin ( 0,115 x Rp.1.000)
Biaya tetap = Rp. 79.270 per bulan
Atau fungsi linier biaya tersebut adalah :
Y = 79.270 + 115x
Least-Squares Regression Method
• Accountants and managers
may use computer software to
fit a regression line through the
data points.
• The cost analysis objective is
the same: Y = a + bx