Kursus Asas Pertolongan Bantu

Mula
Dr Arif Nasar bin Sulaiman
 Objektif kursus
1. Memberi kefahaman tentang kepentingan
pertolongan bantu mula dalam
menyelamatkan nyawa
2. Membina keyakinan peserta untuk
memberikan pertolongan bantu mula (first aid)
apabila diperlukan
3. Menyediakan peserta dengan pengetahuan
dan skil yang tepat untuk memberi first aid
yang berkesan
 Outline
1. Pengenalan First Aid
– Apa itu first aid?
– Mengapa perlu melakukan first aid?
– Siapa yang boleh memberikan rawatan first aid?
2. Topik first aid
1. CPR
2. Choking
 Apa itu first aid?
• Rawatan/intervensi awal yang dilakukan ke
atas seseorang yang mengalami sesuatu
penyakit atau kecederaan
• Ia merupakan satu ‘stop-gap measure’
sementara menunggu/mendapatkan bantuan
atau rawatan yang lebih spesifik
• Siapa yang pernah melakukan first aid?
 Mengapa perlu melakukan first aid?
• Untuk masalah yang mengancam nyawa, tindakan
first aid yang berkesan boleh menjadi faktor
perbezaan samada pesakit itu hidup atau mati.
• Untuk mengelakkan masalah yang tidak
mengancam nyawa daripada bertukar menjadi
masalah yang mengancam nyawa.
• Contoh: luka yang dalam di betis, jika tidak dikawal
dengan pressure bandage, boleh mengancam
nyawa jika luka itu melibatkan deep tibial artery
 Siapa yang boleh beri rawatan first aid?

• Sesiapa sahaja layak untuk memberi first aid

• Penting untuk mempelajari teknik first aid,
kerana ia mampu menyelamatkan nyawa
 Good Samaritan Act
• Jika kita cuba membantu memberi rawatan ke
atas seseorang yang ditimpa
kemalangan/mengalami kecederaan, kita tidak
boleh disaman/disabitkan kesalahan jika
mangsa tersebut mati/cacat disebabkan oleh
tindakan kita yang cuba membantu.
 Topik 1: CPR

1. CPR untuk orang dewasa

2. Penggunaan mesin difibrilator automatik
untuk orang dewasa (AED)
3. CPR untuk kanak-kanak
4. CPR untuk bayi
CPR Dewasa
• Step 1: Assess DANGER and RESPONSE

• Step 2: Call for help, call for AED

• Step 3: Check PULSE

• Step 4: Start cycle of 30 chest compressions

and 2 breaths
– Repeat until AED arrives
 ASSESS
DANGER
AND
RESPONSE
 House fire

Car accident
Pedestrian vs
car accident bb

Electric danger
• Step 1: Assess DANGER and RESPONSE

• Step 2: Call for help, call for

AED
• Step 3: Check PULSE

• Step 4: Start cycle of 30 chest compressions and 2

breaths
– Repeat until AED arrives
CALL FOR HELP!!!
AED!!! Ooo AED!!!
• Step 1: Assess DANGER and RESPONSE

• Step 2: Call for help, call for AED

• Step 3: Check PULSE

• Step 4: Start cycle of 30 chest compressions
and 2 breaths
Carotid pulse

Radial pulse
• Step 1: Assess DANGER and RESPONSE

• Step 2: Call for help, call for AED

• Step 3: Check PULSE

• Step 4: If no pulse, start cycle

of 30 chest compressions and
2 breaths
Chest compression
 Chest compression
• Put the heel of one hand on the lower half of the
breastbone/sternum.
• Put the heel of your other hand on top of the first hand.
• Straighten your arms and position your shoulders
directly over your hands.
• Push hard. Press down at least 5cm.
• Push fast, at least at the rate of 100
compressions/minute.
• Allow for chest recoil in between compressions.
• Minimise interruptions.
• Count out loud from 1 to 30.
Rescue breath
 Rescue breath
• Opening the Airway – Head Tilt-Chin Lift
• Place one hand on the victim’s forehead and push
with your palm to tilt the head back
• Place the fingers of the other hand under the bony
part of the lower jaw near the chin
• Lift the jaw to bring the chin forward
• Place ‘shield barrier’ on victim’s face
• Deliver effective breath while looking towards the
chest for upward movement
 Rescue breath:
using bag-valve-mask
• Position yourself above the victim’s head
• Place mask on the victim’s face
• Use E-C clamp technique to hold the mask in
place while you lift the jaw to hold the airway
open
• Squeeze the bag to give breaths while
watching for chest rise.
 Check pulse every 5 cycles
• 1 cycle = 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths.

• After 5 cycles, check the pulse again.

• If no pulse, change rescuer, and do Step 4
again for another 5 cycles

• If pulse is present, check Airway and Breathing

 2 (or more) rescuer CPR
• Rescuer 1 – at victim’s side for chest
compression
• Rescuer 2 – at victim’s head, for giving rescue
breaths
• Other rescuers – get AED, call ambulance, get
ready to swap with rescuers 1 and 2 after
every 5 cycles
Automated External Defibrillator
 When to use AED?

As soon as it becomes available!

 Critical concepts
• Start compression within 10 seconds
• Push hard, push fast!
• Allow complete chest recoil
• Minimise interruptions
• Give effective breaths
• Avoid excessive ventilation
 CPR in Children
• Same sequence with adults, Step 1 – Step 4
• Compression, Airway, Breathing (CAB)

Main difference
• Chest compression must be started when
1. No pulse detected (same as adult), OR
2. Heart rate < 60/minute with signs of poor
perfusion
 Differences (cont)

• Compression-ventilation ratio for 2 rescuer:

15 compression to 2 breaths
• Compression depth: at least one third (1/3)
the depth of the chest
• Compression technique: may use 1 or 2
handed compression in small children
• If the arrest is witnessed, leave the child to call
for help/get AED, then return to the child
 CPR in Infants
• Similar to CPR in children, except:
1. Location of pulse check – brachial artery
2. Compression technique – 2 fingers for single
rescuer, 2 thumb-encircling hands technique
for 2 rescuer
 Topik 2: Tercekik
1. Dewasa dan kanak-kanak
2. Bayi
 Tanda-tanda tercekik
Dewasa Bayi
• Mencekik leher sendiri • Muka biru
• Muka biru • Gaya seperti nak termuntah
• Jika partial choking, masih • Menangis
boleh bercakap • Tidak bernafas – dah teruk
sangat dah tu
 Dewasa/kanak-kanak

Heimlich manouver

Back blows
 Bayi

Budak
kecil