KONSEP DAN

TEORI AGD
PENGAMBILAN AGD
Dedeh Kurnia Ningsih
Ruang ICCU
WHO IS
AGD?
Analisis gas darah (AGD) atau arterial blood
gas (ABG) test adalah tes untuk mengukur kadar
oksigen, karbon dioksida, dan tingkat asam basa (pH)
di dalam darah.
Analisis gas darah umumnya dilakukan untuk memeriksa
fungsi organ paru yang menjadi tempat pertukaran oksigen
dan karbon dioksida.
 KONSEP
KESEIMBANGAN
ASAM BASA
PRINSIP DASAR
Ò Keberadaan ion H+ ditentukan
oleh :
1. CO2 : diatur oleh sistem
pernafasan.
2. Ion HCO3 - : diatur oleh ginjal.
 ASAM DAN
• Asam : dinamakanBASA
Pemberi (donor) Proton H+
(Bronsted Lowry) Suatu cairan disebut asam
apabila mampu menghasilkan H+ (Arrhenius)

Contoh: Asam karbonat (H2CO3) = H+ + HCO3

– Asam Nitrat HNO3 = 2H+ + NO3- •Menerima
sepasang Elektron (Lewis)
BASA

• Penerima (akseptor) proton (BronstedLowry)

• Jika terionisasi dengan Air menghasilkan
(OH-) (Arrhenius)

Contoh: bikarbonat (HCO3) + H+ = H2CO3

KOH K++OH-
- Memberi sepasang elektron (Lewis)
AN
Ada 2 pendekatan Keseimbangan Asam Basa:
1. Hendersson-Haeselbach
Metode tradisional.
2. Physico-chemical dari Stewart
Metode sebab-akibat
KONSEP PH HENDERSON
HESELBACH
pH = - log (H+)
{ H+} =0,0000001 g/L =10-7 g/L =7 (netral )
PH berbanding terbalik dengan {H+}

Apabila: H+ meningkat: pH rendah = asam/asidosis

H+ rendah = pH tinggi = basa/alkalosis

Nilai pH normal di CES=7,4 ± 0,05(7.35-7.45)

 NILAI GAS DARAH
• Ph : 7.35 – 7.45
• Pco2 : 35 – 45 mmHg
• Po2 : 80 – 100 mmHg
• HCo3 : 22 – 26 mmol/L
• Actual BE : -2.4 – 2.3 mmol/L
• Standard BE : -2.4 – 2.3 mmol/L
• Saturasi O2 : 95 – 99 %
Asidosis respiratorik:
Asidosis yang disebabkan karena gangguan
pernafasan, ditandai oleh peningkatan pCO2 atau
tekanan partial gas CO2 dalam darah
PENYEBAB:
1. Langsung menekan pusat nafas: Narkotik, barbiturat, trauma, tumor
degeneratif, infeksi (ensefalitis, meningitis), koma dll
2. Keadaan yang mengenai alat nafas: Fibrosis paru, status asmatikus
berat, infeksi paru .
3. Lain-lain :Distensi abdomen (peritonitis, asites), Obesitas berat,
gangguan tidur
Alkalosis respiratorik:
Alkalosis yang disebabkan oleh gangguan
pernafasan, ditandai oleh penurunan Pco2
PENYEBAB:
1. Ransangan pusat nafas (tidak berasal dari pernafasan) Histeri,
febris, septikemia, infeksi sistim saraf pusat, operasi
intrakranial, hipoksia, hipertiroid
2. Penyakit paru: Pneumonia, Asma, emboli paru, penyakit paru
interstitial, gagal jantung kongesti, kompensasi pernafasan
sesudah koreksi asidosis metabolik
3. Lain-lain: Hiperventilasi karena respirator
Alkalosis metabolik:
Alkalosis yang tidak disebabkan oleh gangguan pernafasan
(alkalosis nonrepiratorik), ditandai oleh peningkatan HCO3 -
dalam plasma.

PENYEBAB:
1.Pemberian basa (alkali) berlebihan: NaHCO3, sitras pada tranfusi darah,
antacid
2. Kehilangan HCl lambung dan hipovolemia sesudah muntah-muntah lama,
sesudah bilas lambung (gastric suction), obstruksi pilorik atau intestin atas
3. Kekurangan Kalium à hipoaldosteronisme, sindrom Cushing
4. Retensi HCO3 - dalam ginjal
5. Terapi diuretika tertentu jangka lama à furosemide
6. Setelah pemberian pencahar (laxatives) dan pemberian infus cairan yang
tidak mengandung K+
 Table of contents

01 02 03
What are Depositary of Status of
treaties? treaties treaties
You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here the section here
 What are international treaties?
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the entire Solar System.
Contrary to popular belief, this planet's name
has nothing to do with the liquid metal.
Mercury was, instead, named after the
famous Roman messenger god Mercurius
Mercury takes a little more than 58 days to
complete its rotation, so try to imagine how
long days must be there! Since the
temperatures are so extreme, albeit not as
extreme as on Venus, Mercury has been
deemed to be non-habitable for humans
 Major international treaties

Do you know what helps you make your point crystal

clear? Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss

the point of your presentation
 Conventions of the ILO
C087
Mercury is the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one in the Solar
System—it’s only a bit larger than
the Moon
C098
Venus has a beautiful name and is
the second planet from the Sun. It’s
hot and has a poisonous atmosphere
 UN convention on the law of the sea

1982 Freedom Navigation

Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest and is the second planet from actually a cold place. It’s full
one of them all the Sun of iron oxide dust
 Convention on the rights of children

Child trafficking Child prostitution

Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold Venus has a beautiful name and is the
place. It’s full of iron oxide dust second planet from the Sun

Child pornography Armed conflict

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and Neptune is the fourth-largest planet in the
the smallest one of them all Solar System
 Key terms used in the UN treaty
collection
Conventions Agreements Charters
Mars is actually a very cold Venus has extremely high Neptune is the farthest
place temperatures planet from the Sun

Protocols Treaties Declarations

Mercury is the closest planet Saturn is a gas giant with Jupiter is the biggest planet
to the Sun several rings of them all
Awesome
words
 “This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone important
said and that can inspire the
reader”

—Someone Famous
A picture is worth
a thousand words
League of nations
treaties
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long text.
Your audience will appreciate it
98,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
9h 55m 23s
Jupiter's rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
 U.N. High Seas Treaty

25% 50% 75%

Protection Earth Oceans
Mercury is the closest planet Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest and is the second planet from actually a cold place. It’s full
one of them all the Sun of iron oxide dust
Computer mockup
You can replace the image on the screen with
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This is a map
Venus
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

Mars
Despite being red, Mars is
a very cold place
 A timeline always works well
Venus is the second planet Neptune is far away from
from the Sun us

Universal Refugee
Declaration Convention
1948 1948 1951 1989
Genocide Children’s
Convention Convention
Mercury is the closest Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun planet of them all
 The Escazú agreement 2022
What is this?
First environmental treaty in Latin
America and the Caribbean

May 4, 2018 April 22, 2021

Neptune is an ice giant Saturn is the ringed planet

First ever international agreement in providing protection to human

rights defenders in environmental matters
Major international treaties on air and
water pollution

Treaty name Year Obligations

Stockholm action plan for 109 general and non-binding
1972
human environment recommendations

MARPOL: ship pollution 1978 -

 Knowledge of international treaties

Very
unfamiliar Very familiar
Mercury is the smallest Venus has extremely
planet high temperatures

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 Our team

Sofia Hill Kaliyah Harris

You can speak a bit about this You can speak a bit about this
person here person here
 Some UN international human rights
conventions and protocols
ICCPR ICESCR CEDAW
Mercury is the closest planet Venus is the second planet Mars is actually a very cold
to the Sun from the Sun place

CAT CRC
Jupiter is the biggest planet Saturn is composed of
of them all hydrogen and helium
UN human rights and related conventions
Status of Refugees
Jupiter doesn’t have a solid surface

Reduction of Statelessness
Mercury is the smallest planet

International Criminal Court

Saturn is a gas giant with rings

Transnational Organised Crime

Neptune is far away from Earth
 Role of the United Nations

United Nations Charter

Venus is the second planet from the Sun
The United
Nations
Mercury is the
smallest planet
International Court of Justice
Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium
 Adding and amending treaty obligations

Amendments
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun
Reservations Protocols
Mercury is the closest planet Despite being red, Mars is
to the Sun and the smallest actually a cold place. It’s full
one of them all of iron oxide dust
 International court of justice
Year Date Place Contracting Parties
1933 12 May Ottawa Canada/France

1939 17 December Bogota Colombia/Venezuela

1940 30 March Caracas Brazil/Venezuela

1944 7 December Chicago Multilateral

 International agreements
Under international law
A treaty is any legally binding agreement between
states

Can be called

Convention Protocol Pact

Mercury is the smallest Venus has a very Despite being red, Mars
planet beautiful name is cold
Convention on the rights of persons with
disabilities
CRPD
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one of them all

July 2009 Barack Obama May 2012

Venus is the second Jupiter is the biggest Despite being red, Mars
planet from the Sun planet of them all is a cold place
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