TERMASUK:
1. SUHU TUBUH Status fisiologis
2. NADI fungsi tubuh
seseorang dapat
3. PERNAFASAN
direfleksikan oleh
4. TEKANAN DARAH indikator TTV
5. (NYERI : sering perubahan TTV
disebut tanda- indikasikan perub.
tanda vital yang kesehatan
ke-5)
Vital sign
Normal vital
signs berubah
dipengaruhi oleh
: umur, sex,
berat badan,
Aktivitas, dan
kondisi
(sehat/sakit)
Pengukuran TTV
Sesuai permintaan, untuk melengkapi data
dasar pengkajian
Sesuai permintaan dokter
Sekali sehari klien stabil
Setiap 4 jam 1 /> TTV abnormal
Setiap 5 – 15mnt klien tidak stabil atau
resiko perubahan fisiologi secara cepat post
op
Ketika kondisi klien tampakberubah
lanjutan
Setiap menit atau lebih sering, bila ada
perubahan signifikan dari hasil
pengukuran sebelumnya
Ketika klien merasa tidak seperti biasa
Sebelum,selama dan setelah transfusi
Sebelum pemberian obat efek
perubahan TTV
SUHU TUBUH
SUHU TUBUH MENUNJUKKAN
KEHANGATANTUBUH MANUSIA
Panas tubuh
Diproduksi :
exercise dan
Hilang : melalui kulit, metabolisme
paru, dan produk makanan
sisa melalui proses
radiasi,
konduksi,konveksi,
evaporasi
Suhu tubuh mencerminkan keseimbangan
antara produksi panas dan kehilangan
panas, dan diukur dalam unit panas yang
disebut derajat.
Ada 2 macam suhu tubuh:
1. Suhu inti jaringan dalam tubuh: rongga
abdomen dan rongga pelvic Relatif konstan
2. Suhu permukaan suhu kulit, SC, dan lemak
SC naik dan turun merespon thd
lingkungan
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG
MEMPENGARUHI PRODUKSI
PANAS
1. BMR : jumlah energi yang digunakan
tubuh untuk melakukan aktivitas utama
seperti bernafas
2. AKTIVITAS OTOT: termasuk menggigil,
meingkatkan metabolisme rate
3. TYROXINE OUTPUT: meningkatnya
output tyroxine akan meningkatkan
metabolisme sel seluruh tubuh
4. Stimulasi/respon Epineprin,
norephinephrine, simpatis. Hormon ini
dengan seketika meningkatkan
metbolisme sel dibeberapa jaringan
tubuh
5. Fever, meningkatkan jumlah
metabolisme tubuh
MEKANISME KEHILANGAN
PANAS
Radiasi adalah pemindahan panas dari
permukaan objek tertentu ke permukaan
objek yang lain tanpa adanya kontak antara
kedua objek, yang paling sering adalah
dengan sinar inframerah. (atau penyebaran
panas dengan gelombang elektromagnetik)
Konduksi adalah perpindahan panas ke objek
lain melalui kontak langsung
Evaporasi (penguapan) adalah perubahan
dari cairan menjadi uap. Seperti cairan tubuh
dalam bentuk keringat menguap dari kulit
Konveksi adalah penyebaran panas oleh
karena pergerakan udara dengan kepadatan
yang tidak sama. orang yang
menggunakan kipas angin
Mekanisme perpindahan panas
FAKTOR YANG
MEMPENGARUHI SUHU
TUBUH
Circadian Rhythms perubahan fisiologis, seperti
perubahan suhu dan TTV yang lain secara
fluktuatif : pagi hari lebih rendah dibandingkan
sore hari, suhu tubuh berfluktuasi 0,28o – 1,1oC
selama periode 24jam
Usia suhu tubuh bayi dan anak-anak
berubah lebih cepat dalam merespon
perubahan panas dan dingin
Hormonal perempuan cenderung
lebih fluktuatif dibandingkan dengan
laki-laki, karena perubahan hormon
Stress respon tubuh terhadap stress
fisik dan emosi akan meningkatkan
produksi epineprin dan nor epineprin
sehingga mengakibatkan
peningkatan metabolisme rate
peningkatan suhu tubuh
SUHU TUBUH NORMAL
Suhu Permukaan : 36,8o – 37,4o C (96,6o – 99,3o
F)
Suhu inti : 36,4o – 38o C (97,5o – 100,4o F)
1. Menyesuaikan dengan
Vasodilatasi dan sirkulasi darah
bengkak 2. Piloerectile (mengatur
konstriksi atau dilatasi
pori-pori kulit)
3. Respon menggigil
Hipotalamus meningatkan produksi panas
dengan cara meningkatkan metabolisme
melalui sekresi hormon thyroid, yaitu
epinephrin dan norepinephrin medulla
adrenalis
Kontraindikasi
Diare
Pembedahan rektal
Clotting disorders
Hemorrhoids
3. Aksila
Hasil pengukuran 0,6°C lebih rendah
dibandingkan suhu oral
Paling sering dilakukan mudah, nyaman
1. Resiko Trauma
2. Hyperthermia
3. Hypothermia
4. Resiko ketidakseimbangan suhu
tubuh
5. Ineffektif termoregulasi
PROSEDUR PEMERIKSAAN
SUHU
1. Pastikan frekuensi dan cara pemeriksaan
suhu sesuai dengan permintaan dokter atau
rencana keperawatan (nursing care plan)
2. Identifikasi pasien
3. Jelaskan prosedur pemeriksaan kepada
pasien
4. Pastikan termometer dalam keadaan siap
pakai
5. Cuci tangan dan gunakan sarung tangan bila
ada indikasi
6. Pilih letak pemasangan termometer
7. Ikuti tahap-tahap pengukuran sesuai
pedoman secara berurutan menyesuaikan
dengan jenis termometer
8. Cuci tangan
9. catat hasil pengukuran
PEMERIKSAAN NADI
Respiration rates
over 25 or under 12
under 12 breaths
breaths per minute
(when at rest) may
be considered over 25 breaths
abnormal
Respiratory Rate
Normal respiration
rates at rest range 15
from 15 to 20
breaths per minute.
In the cardio-
pulmonary illness, it
can be a very
reliable marker of
20
disease activity.
Factors affecting Respirations
Factors increase the rate:
○ Exercise
○ Increase metabolism
○ Stress
○ Increased environmental temperature
○ Lowered oxygen concentration
Factors decrease respiration rate:
Decreased environmental temperature
Certain medications such as narcotics
Increased intra cranial pressure
Respiration depth; is generally described as
normal, deep, or shallow. Deep respirations;
large volume of air is inhaled and exhaled,
inflated most of the lungs.
Shallow breathing involve the exchange of a
small volume of air and often the minimal use
of a lung tissue
Hyperventilation; refers to very deep, rapid
respiration.
Hypoventilation; refers to very shallow
respirations
Respiratory rhythm refers to the regularity of the
expirations and the inspirations .An respiratory
rhythm can be described as regular or irregular.
- Cheyne-stokes breathing, from very deep to very
shallow breathing and temporary apnea.
Breath sounds
- Stridor, harsh sound heard during inspiration with
laryngeal obstruction
- Stertor, snoring respiration usually due to a partial
obstruction of the upper airway.
- Wheeze, continuous, high pitched musical sound
occurring on expiration when air moves through
narrowed or partially obstructed air way.
Secretions and coughing
- Hemoptysis, the presence of blood in the sputum
- Productive cough, a cough accompanied by
expectorated secretions
- Nonproductive cough, a dry, harsh cough without
secretions
Preparation for measurement
Patient should
abstain from eating,
drinking, smoking
and taking drugs that
affect the blood
pressure one hour
before
measurement.
Remember the following for accuracy of
your readings
Instruct your patients
to avoid coffee,
smoking or any other
unprescribed drug
with
sympathomimetic
activity on the day of
the measurement
Preparation for measurement
Because a full
bladder affects the
blood pressure it
should have been
emptied.
Preparation for measurement
Painful procedures
and exercise should
not have occurred
within one hour.
Patient should have
been sitting quietly
for about 5 minutes.
Preparation for measurement
BP take in quiet room
and comfortable
temperature, must
record room
temperature and time
of day.
Position of the Patient
Sitting position
Arm and back are
supported.
Feet should be
resting firmly on the
floor
Feet not dangling.
Position of the arm
The manometer
scale should be at
eye level, and the
column vertical. The
patient should not be
able to see the
column of the
manometer
In order to measure the BP
Feel for a pulse
from the artery
coursing through
the inside of the
elbow
(antecubital
fossa).
In order to measure the BP
Wrap the cuff around
the patient's upper
arm
Close the thumb-
screw.
In order to measure the BP
With your left hand
place the
stethoscope head
directly over the
artery you found.
Press in firmly but not
so hard that you
block the artery.
Technique of BP measurement
Use your right hand
to pump the squeeze
bulb several times
and Inflate the cuff
until you can no
longer feel the pulse
to level above
suspected SBP
Technique of BP measurement
If you immediately
hear sound, pump up
an additional 20
mmHg and repeat
Technique of BP measurement
Eclampsia
Blood pressure may be affected by
many different conditions
Various medications
"White coat hypertension" may occur if the
medical visit itself produces extreme anxiety
Remember the following for accuracy
of your readings
Orthostatic (postural)
measurements of
pulse and blood
pressure are part of
the assessment for
hypovolemia.
Remember the following for accuracy
of your readings
First measuring BP
when the patient is
supine and then
repeating them after
they have stood for
2 minutes, which
allows for
equilibration.
Remember the following for accuracy
of your readings
Systolic blood
pressure does
not vary by more
then 20 points
when a patient
moves from
lying to standing.
Remember the following for accuracy
of your readings
Orthostatic
measurements may
also be used to
determine if postural
dizziness (diabethic
autonomic nervous
system dysfunction)
is the result of a fall
in blood pressure.
Vital signs
Oxygen Saturation
Over the past
decade, Oxygen
Saturation
measurement of gas
exchange and red
blood cell oxygen
carrying capacity has
become available in
all hospitals and
many clinics.
Oxygen Saturation
Oxygen Saturation
provide important
information about
cardio-pulmonary
dysfunction and is
considered by many
to be a fifth vital sign.
Oxygen Saturation
For those suffering
from either acute or
chronic cardio-
pulmonary disorders,
Oxygen Saturation
can help quantify the
degree of
impairment.