TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

SEL
Sel merupakan satuan terkecil organisme yang

dibatasi dari lingkungannya oleh membran plasma (Syukri, 1999). Selain memisahkan diri dari lingkungan sekitarnya, sel juga perlu berhubungan dengan lingkungannya agar tetap hidup (http://www.chem-is-try.org).

Gambar 1 Struktur Sel Tumbuhan

Perbedaan Sel Hewan dan Sel Tumbuhan

Sel Hewan Sel Tumbuhan

MEMBRAN SEL
Senyawa utama penyusun membran adalah protein

dan lipid (Lakitan, 1993). Komposisi lipid dan protein tergantung pada jenis dan fungsi membran (http://bima.ipb.ac.id). Membran bersifat selektif permeabel (http://www.kompas.com).

Gambar 2 Struktur Membran Sel

FLUID because individual phospholipids and proteins can move around freely within the layer, like its a liquid MOSAIC- because of the pattern produced by the scattered protein molecules when the membrane is viewed from above.

LIPID MEMBRAN
Lipid membran terdiri dari fosfolipid dan kolesterol

(Guyton, 1983). Fosfolipid tersusun atas bagian kepala yang bersifat hidrofilik (polar) dan bagian ekor yang hidrofobik (non polar).

Gambar 3 Fosfolipid

The Parts of Phospholipid Molecule

PROTEIN MEMBRAN
Berdasarkan kekuatan ikatannya protein membran

dibedakaan menjadi 2, yaitu: protein integral dan protein periferal (http://bima.ipb.ac.id). Protein berperan sebagai channel dan carrier serta pompa (Guyton, 1987).

Structure Membrane Protein (1)

Membrane-spanning alpha helices are the most common structural motif in membrane proteins

Structure Membran Protein (2)

Each strand is hydrogen bonded to its neighbor in an antiparallel arrangement, forming a single beta sheet

Semipermeable Membrane

Small molecules and larger hydrophobic molecules move through easily. e.g. O2, CO2, H2O

TRANSPORT MEMBRAN
Membrane transport Small molecules passive transport simple diffusion water nonpolar ions endocytosis facilitated diffusion channels permeases Large molecules exocytosis pinocytosis active transport pumps cootransporters

 Passive Transport (Diffusion) :

Types of Transport Across Cell Membrane

-Simple Diffusion: the diffusion of molecule that can pass through directly the membrane - Osmosis : the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane - Facilitated Ion Diffusion: the diffusion of ion by gated in membrane Active Transport (Using ATP):the pumping of molecules or ions through a membrane against their concentration gradient. Require energy

Osmosis
Diffusion of water
Diffusion across a membrane

across a membrane Moves from HIGH water potential (low solute) to LOW water potential (high solute)

Semipermeable membrane

Cell in Isotonic Solution

10% NaCL 90% H2O ENVIRONMENT

CELL
10% NaCL 90% H2O

NO NET MOVEMENT

Cell in Hypotonic Solution

10% NaCL 90% H2O

CELL
20% NaCL 80% H2O

Cell in Hypertonic Solution

15% NaCL 85% H2O ENVIRONMENT

CELL
5% NaCL 95% H2O

What is the direction of water movement?

Osmosis in Red Blood Cells

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Facilitated Diffusion
Some Carrier proteins do not extend through the

membrane. They bond and drag molecules through the lipid bilayer and release them on the opposite side.

Transmembrane Protein (1) Basic Transport Mechanism

Uniporter : A uniporter is transmembrane

membrane protein that is involved in facilitated diffusion. They can be either a channel or a carrier protein Symport-A symport is transmembrane protein that is involved in movement of two or more different molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in the same direction, and is therefore a type of cotransporter Antiporter-An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is transmembrane protein which is involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions (i.e. solutes) across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in opposite directions.

Mechanism Transport in Carrier protein

Transmembrane Protein (2)

Carrier proteins, have moving parts to shift

specific molecules across the membrane (Passive and Active transport) Channel proteins, from a narrow hydrophilic core, allowing the passive movement of small inorganic ions (only passive transport) Influenced by: electrochemical gradient

Carrier Transport
The carriers involved behave like specialized

membrane-bound enzymes. Each type of carrier protein has one or more specific binding sites for its solute (substrate). When all these binding sites are occupied, the rate of transport is maximal Carrier Transport facilitate for passive and active transport. Ex: Valinomycin, protein carrier for pottassium

Hypothetical Model Carrier Protein

Conformational change in a carrier protein

could mediate the facilitated diffusion of a solute

 Other carrier

Passive Transport

proteins change shape to move materials across the cell membrane without ATP
See animation 1

CoTransport
Cotransport are similar to those in facilitated diffusion in that specific binding takes place and no ATP is expended. It is different in that two substances must bind at the same time before the transport takes place. Ex: Glucose and Na+ in the small intestine The high concentration of glucose in the lumen provides the energy for the transporter to move both Na+ and glucose out of the lumen and into the cell. This

transport takes place even if the concentration of Na+ in the lumen is less than in the cell. The Na+ thus moves to a higher concentration, but only provided the free energy required for this is less than that provided by the movement of glucose down its concentration gradient.

Active Transport
Requires energy or ATP

Moves materials from Low to High concentration

Against concentration gradient Examples: Pumping Na+ (sodium ions) out and K+ (potassium ions) in against strong concentration gradients.

DIFUSI
Menurut Poedjiadi (1994), dalam proses difusi zat

dapat berpindah dari larutan berkonsentrasi tinggi ke larutan berkonsentrasi rendah hingga tercapai keadaan keseimbangan. Proses difusi dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu: difusi sederhana dan difusi terbantu (http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology).

TRANSPORT AKTIF
Transpor aktif adalah perpindahan suatu zat yang

bertentangan dengan gradien konsentrasi, dengan menggunakan sejumlah energi yang diperoleh dari dalam sel (Poedjiadi, 1994).

Gambar 2.4 Transport Aktif

POTENSIAL MEMBRAN
Potensial membran timbul karena difusi ion dan

transport aktif ion melewati membran (Guyton, 1974). Potensial membran lebih negatif di bagian dalam dibandingkan di bagian luar (Ganong, 1983).

Pembentukan ATP

Penggunaan ATP

Prinsip Kerja Pompa Na+-K+ dan Proses Pengangkutan Aktif

Pompa Na+-K+

Pengangkutan Aktif
ATP ADP + PI dalam Membran luar lipoprotein K+ glikoprotein

Na+