PROSES PENELI TI AN

Penelitian adalah suatu proses kreatif dan harus dilakukan melalui suatu
metodologi. Biasanya seorang peneliti menggunakan kerangka
metodologi sebagai (pengarah) guide untuk melaksanakan
penelitiannya. Kerangka metodologi berupa langkah-langkah yang
berurutan bagaimana melakukan penelitian disebut proses penelitian.
Proses penelitian terdiri dari langkah berurutan sbb :
1. Memformulasikan masalah penelitian (research problem)
2. Menentukan rencana penelitian (research design)
3. Memilih metode pengumpulan data
4. Pengumpulan data dan proses data
5. Analysis data
6. Pengambilan kesimpulan
7. Pembuatan laporan penelitian
Research
method
Langkah-langkah Essensial dalam Suatu Penelitian :
Menetapkan objek atau pokok permasalahan
Membatasi objek (ruang lingkup)
Mengumpulkan data dan informasi
Mengolah dan analisis data & menarik kesimpulan
Merumuskan dan melaporkan Hasil
Mengemukakan implikasi-implikasi hasil penelitan
Pola Umum Penelitian (Dr. Winarno Surachmad) :
Memilih masalah researchable
Mengadakan study eksploratoris
Merumuskan masalah dalam hubungan dengan teori dan anggapan dasar
Merumuskan hipotesis
Menetapkan teknik untuk menguji hipotesa
Menentukan agenda atau jadwal penelitian
Melaksanakan pengumpulan data
Mengolah data
Menyimpulkan hasil
Mendiseminasikan hasil penelitian
I DENTI FI KASI MASALAH PENELI TI AN
Proses penelitian dimulai dengan mengidentifikasi masalah
penelitian (research problem). Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan
melalui studi literatur dan dari penelitian-penelitian yang sudah
dilakukan para ahli terdahulu.
Dari studi literatur yang intensif dapat disusun latar belakang dan
tujuan penelitian yang selanjutnya dituangkan dalamsuatu Proposal
Penelitian.
Untuk penelitian yang bersifat causal (sebab-akibat) dapat dibuat
suatu hypothesis.
KRI TERI A PEMI LI HAN MASALAH PENELI TI AN :
1. Interest (own interest)
2. Size (not too large)
3. Economy (time, money)
4. Capabilities and limitations (own, supervisors, people supports, equipment)
5. Uniqueness (do not duplicate, if similar study ; can use different method,
design or sample, or perform different statistical analysis)
BAGAI MANA CARA MENEMUKAN MASALAH PENELITI AN
Masalah untuk penelitian bisa didapatkan dari :
1. Pengalaman praktis pribadi (personal practical experience) seperti
dari tempat bekerja
2. Dari study atau penelitian terdahulu, sumber : buku, jurnal, laporan
ilmiah, dsb.
3. Dari konsultasi atau interaksi dengan experts atau para ahli
4. Dari study yang sedang berlangsung atau trend di masyarakat.
5. Dari websites beberapa organisasi, pemerintah, swasta yang
memerlukan penelitian dalam bidang tertentu
6. Dari brainstorming or creative thinking
The main emphasis of civil engineering currently is the development of a
sustainable society. Construction of sustainable houses has been a top priority
within civil engineering.
The following research topics are being actively undertaken, and may be a good
area for you to base your research for your own engineering thesis or
dissertation.
1. Development of sustainable homes with the help of renewable energy sources.
2. Sustainability and its impact on learning organisation.
3. Research to measure the impact of sustainability on processes within an
organisation.
4. Research to study the relationship between lean manufacturing and
sustainable manufacturing.
5. Research to study properties of concrete to achieve sustainability.
6. Development of waste reduction strategy to achieve sustainable concepts
7. Research to ensure sustainable heat conservation generated from
compressors within a manufacturing site.
8. Research to study the impact of sustainability concepts on organisational
growth and development.
Civil Engineering Research Topics
9. Research to study the relationship between sustainability and learning
organisation.
10. Research to transform a manufacturing plant to a sustainable enterprise.
11. Research regarding micromechanics of granular materials.
12. Research to study and develop water treatment processes.
13. Research to set up remote sensing applications to assist in the development
of sustainable enterprise.
14. Process improvement techniques to identify and remove waste in an
construction industry
15. Research to sustainably manage a project team.
16. Research to study the management of engineering projects and various risks
involved with them.
17. Research to identify process improvement plans to support business
strategies.
18. Efficient supply chain management to ensure and develop key motivational
skills within staff members.
19. How leadership can help efficiency with in a learning organisation.
MERUMUSKAN MASALAH
Ada pepatah a problemwell defined is a problemhalf solved. Kegagalan
dalam merumuskan masalah dengan benar dapat berakibat macet atau bahkan
gagalnya suatu penelitian. Karena itu mendefiniskan dengan tepat masalah yang
akan diteliti merupakan suatu tahap yang paling penting didalam proses
penelitian.
I DENTI FI KASI TOPI KPENELI TI AN
Langkah pertama didalammerumuskan masalah adalah mengidentifikasi masalah
penelitian. Proses identifikasi ini juga dapat berupa minat peneliti mengenai suatu
subjek area atau berupa permasalahan aktual yang tengah dihadapi. Bilamana
subjek yang hendak diteliti masih terlalu besar (berupa research area, bukan
research problem) maka langkah selanjutnya dapat dilakukan terlebih dahulu
exploratory research untuk mendapatkan problemresearch yang lebih fokus.
Exploratory research dapat berupa : experience surveys menggali informasi
dari para ahli (expert)
Focus group diskusi dengan beberapa orang yang memiliki pengetahuan
dibidang yang hendak diteliti
Pilot study pretest atau investigasi awal dalam skala kecil untuk menguji
konsep. Explotaory research juga dapat dilakukan dengan mencari data sekunder
ASKING QUESTIONS APPROACH
WHAT : Problems , Things , Ideas
WHY : Causes, Reasons, Results, Conditions
WHEN : Past, Present, Future
WHO : People
WHERE : Places
HOW : Methods, Techniques, Mechanisms
Why do you choose the research problem(topic)
who will benefit ?
What contribution to knowledge you feel your research
makes?
The appropriateness of your choice of methodology and
data analysis
Outcome that are publishable
Howthe research can be extended (further works?)
Typical General Questions asked by
Examiners
Examples
Problem written in statement form:
This study is designed to measure the effect the introduction of an
individualised programme has had on technician course.
A statement of purpose: (see the diff. from both )
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact the introduction of
an individualised programme has had on technician courses.
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Chapter 1 I ntroduction
Background of the problem (to give scholarly background &
rationale for the investigation)
Statement of the problem (to state in general & specific way)
Objectives of the study (should be measurable)
Scope of the study (what is covered?)
Significant of the study (refers to the rationale for the study & its
relationship to theory, knowledge or practice)
Content of Research Proposal
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Review of relevant research to provide rationale of the work eg:
Present unanswered questions, untried method
Findings of others that is being challenged and extended
Does the thesis contain a concise critical review of what is currently known?
Have the deficiencies in our current knowledge been clearly identified and the
significance of addressing them been established?
I s there sufficient background provided, so that examiner can
appreciate the research problems that need to be tackled?
Are the objectives clear and justified?
THESI S EXAMI NATI ON- WHAT EXAMI NERS LOOK FOR
Chapter 3 Research Methodology
Research Design & Procedure
Operational Framework
Subjects or data sources
Instrumentation & Data Analysis
Assumptions & Limitations
Research Planning & Schedule
Chapter 4 Expected Findings and Summary
References
Are the materials and methods detailed enough to ensure that
the work is reproducible ?
Is the use of novel or non-standard methods or approaches,
fully justified ?
Is the experimental design clearly articulated appropriate to the
objectives
Are the methods of statistical analysis appropriate ?
THESI S EXAMI NATI ON - WHAT EXAMI NERS LOOK FOR
I DENTI FIKASI TUJ UAN PENELITIAN
Tujuan penelitian adalah sesuatu yang ingin dicapai atau dihasilkan dari
suatu penelitian. Tujuan penelitian terdiri atas dua jenis yaitu tujuan
secara keseluruhan yang lebih luas, dan tujuan-tujuan sekunder yang
lebih spesifik. Tujuan penelitian seringkali dinyatakan atau diawali
dengan kata :
a. to explore .. (untuk menyelidiki )
b. to describe (untuk menjelaskan, menggambarkan .)
c. to determine whether . (untuk menentukan apakah )
Tujuan penelitian harus secara eksplisit dinyatakan.
Tujuan penelitian,khususnya untuk tujuan sekunder, bilamana lebih dari
satu sebaiknya disusun dalam urutan sesuai dengan tahapan
pencapaiannya, dan level kognitif nya.
BLOOM'S TAXONOMY
In 1956, Benjamin Bloom headed a group of educational psychologists
who developed a classification of levels of intellectual behavior important
in learning.
Bloom identified six levels within the cognitive domain, from the
simple recall or recognition of facts, as the lowest level, through
increasingly more complex and abstract mental levels, to the highest order
which is classified as evaluation.
1. Knowledge: arrange, define, duplicate, label, list, memorize, name,
order, recognize, relate, recall, repeat, reproduce state.
2. Comprehension: classify, describe, discuss, explain, express, identify,
indicate, locate, recognize, report, restate, review, select, translate,
3. Application: apply, choose, demonstrate, dramatize, employ,
illustrate, interpret, operate, practice, schedule, sketch, solve, use, write.
4. Analysis: analyze, appraise, calculate, categorize, compare, contrast,
criticize, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, experiment,
question, test.
5. Synthesis: arrange, assemble, collect, compose, construct, create,
design, develop, formulate, manage, organize, plan, prepare, propose, set
up, write.
6. Evaluation: appraise, argue, assess, attach, choose compare, defend
estimate, judge, predict, rate, core, select, support, value, evaluate.
Beloware the six question categories as defined by Bloom.
KNOWLEDGE
remembering;
memorizing;
recognizing;
recalling identification and
recall of information
Who, what, when, where, how...?
Describe
COMPREHENSI ON
interpreting;
translating fromone mediumto another;
describing in one's own words;
organization and selection of facts and ideas
Retell...
APPLI CATI ON
problemsolving;
applying information to produce some result;
use of facts, rules and principles
Howis...an example of...?
Howis...related to...?
Why is...significant?
ANALYSI S
subdividing something to showhowit is put together;
finding the underlying structure of a communication;
identifying motives;
separation of a whole into component parts
What are the parts or features of...?
Classify...according to...
Outline/diagram...
Howdoes...compare/contrast with...?
What evidence can you list for...?
SYNTHESIS
creating a unique, original product that may be in verbal
formor may be a physical object;
combination of ideas to forma newwhole
What would you predict/infer from...?
What ideas can you add to...?
Howwould you create/design a new...?
What might happen if you combined...?
What solutions would you suggest for...?
EVALUATI ON
making value decisions about issues;
resolving controversies or differences of opinion;
development of opinions, judgements or decisions
Do you agree...?
What do you think about...?
What is the most important...?
Place the following in order of priority...
Howwould you decide about...?
What criteria would you use to assess...?
Research Design
Research design may be defined as the plan for getting from the initial
set of research questions to the conclusion.
In other words, it is a blueprint for data collection and interpretation and
deals with the logic of scientific inquiry, a strategy for finding out
about something (Babbie, 1986).
This implies that the two key questions in research design are, firstly,
precisely what it is that the researcher wants to find out and, secondly,
the best way of achieving it.
The first question relates to the research purpose and objectives; the
second is a question of logic and strategy to rule out alternative
explanantions.
Research strategy follows from research purpose. Research purpose
may be exploratory, descriptive or causal. The common types of research
strategies are case studies, surveys, experiments and correlational
research.
Method and Research Design
PURPOSE
The method section answers these two main questions:
1. How was the data collected or generated?
2. How was it analyzed?
In other words, it shows your reader how you obtained your results.
But why do you need to explain how you obtained your results?
We need to know how the data was obtained because the method
affects the results. For instance, if you are investigating users'
perceptions of the efficiency of public transport in Bangkok, you will
obtain different results if you use a multiple choice questionnaire than if
you conduct interviews. Knowing how the data was collected helps the
reader evaluate the validity and reliability of your results, and the
conclusions you drawfromthem.
Often there are different methods that we can use to investigate a
research problem. Your methodology should make clear the reasons
why you chose a particular method or procedure.
The reader wants to know that the data was collected or generated in a
way that is consistent with accepted practice in the field of study. For
example, if you are using a questionnaire, readers need to know that it
offered your respondents a reasonable range of answers to choose from
(asking if the efficiency of public transport in Bangkok is "a. excellent, b.
very good or c. good" would obviously not be acceptable as it does not
allowrespondents to give negative answers).
The research methods must be appropriate to the objectives of the
study. If you perform a case study of one commuter in order to
investigate users' perceptions of the efficiency of public transport in
Bangkok, your method is obviously unsuited to your objectives.
The methodology should also discuss the problems that were
anticipated and explain the steps taken to prevent them from
occurring, and the problems that did occur and the ways their impact
was minimized.
In some cases, it is useful for other researchers to adapt or replicate
your methodology, so often sufficient information is given to allow
others to use the work. This is particularly the case when a new
method had been developed, or an innovative adaptation used.
COMMONPROBLEMS
irrelevant detail
unnecessary explanation of basic procedures
Remember that you are not writing a how-to guide for beginners. Your
readers will be people who have a level of expertise in your field and you
can assume that they are familiar with basic assessments, laboratory
procedures etc, so do not explain these in detail. For example: "Total
chlorophyll content (microgram/gram vegetable tissue) was determined
spectrophotometrically by the Anderson and Boardman method (1964),
as adapted by Barth et al., (1992)" (Barth et al., 1993). Notice that the
authors do not explain the Anderson and Boardman method (we can
assume it is known in their field of study) nor their own previous
adaptation of it (because the adaptation has already been recorded in
the work they published in 1992). However they do record in detail their
own procedures that have not been previously recorded: "At each time
interval, three replicates/treatment were taken, ground (stem and
florets) with a Kitchen-Aid grinder Model K5-A and used for
determination of reduced ascorbic acid" (Barth et al., 1993). Notice that
they specify the equipment used because it could affect the results.
problem blindness
Most of us encounter some problems when collecting or generating our
data. Do not ignore significant problems or pretend they did not occur.
Often, recording how you overcame obstacles can forman interesting part
of the methodology, and means you can also give a rationale for certain
decisions, plus a realistic viewof using the methods you chose.
OVERVIEW
This is how method fits into your thesis:
Introduction: introduction of research problem introduction of
objectives introduction of how objectives will be achieved (methodology),
optional introduction of main findings and conclusions, optional
Literature review: review of previous work relating to research
problem (to define, explain, justify) review of previous work relating to
methodology (to define, explain, justify) review of previous work relating
to results (particularly reliability, etc.)
Method (how the results were achieved): explanation of how data was
collected/generated explanation of how data was analyzed explanation
of methodological problems and their solutions or effects
Results and discussion: presentation of results interpretation of results
discussion of results (e.g. comparison with results in previous research,
effects of methods used on the data obtained)
Conclusions: has the research problem been solved? to what extent
have the objectives been achieved? what has been learnt from the
results? how can this knowledge be used? what are the shortcomings of
the research, or the research methodology? etc.
WRITING YOUR OWN METHOD SECTION
Bear in mind the purpose of the method section.
Keep notes of what you did, why you did it, and what happened. Some
researchers keep research diaries so that they have a record of the
methods they used. Make sure you develop some way of recording your
work, and that you then carefully select which material to include in your
final methodology section.
Remember who your audience will be, and be careful not to include
unnecessary details.
Avoid using "I" to write about what you did. Do not use "we" unless you
really were working with one or more other researchers. One way to
avoid this problemis to use passive voice.
Verb tenses - be consistent, and choose the correct one!
Research Proposal
A research proposal will generally consist of the following :
a. Title
b. Research objectives
c. Statement of theoretical and practical implications
d. Preliminary literature review
e. Research design
f. Data collection method
g. Data collection plan
h. Data processing plan
i. Data analysis plan
j. Schedule of costs
k. Schedule of datelines, and
l. Background of researcher(s) involved.
This marks the beginning of a research study and is the most difficult
and important steps.
The steps are:
a. Identifying and stating the problem in specific form
b. Identifying the variables in the problem situation and defining them
adequately
c. Generating tentative guesses (hypotheses) about the relation of the
variables, or writing explicitly the questions for which answers are
sought; and
d. Evaluating the problem for its researchability