Pendahuluan PDF

MEKANIKA FLUIDA
(
(TEP201)
)
Dr. Ir. Erizal, MAgr.
Dr
Dr. Ir
Ir. Nora Herdiana Panjaitan
Panjaitan, DEA
DEA.
Dr. Ir. Yuli Suharnoto
Dr. Ir. Roh Santoso
Departemen Teknik Pertanian

Fakultas Teknolog Pertanian
Institut Pertanian Bogor
TEP201 Fluid Mechanics
MEKANIKA FLUIDA
@ Mempelajari tentang fluida yang

bergerak atau diam dan akibat yang
ditimbulkan oleh fluida tersebut pada
tempatnya.
tempatnya
T j
Tujuan
IInstruksional
t k i
l Umum
U
Setelah menyelesaikan mata kuliah ini,
mahasiswa diharapkan mampu
g
karakteristik fluida baik
menguraikan
dalam keadaan diam maupun bergerak
dalam kaitannya dengan kegiatan
perencanaan, pengelolaan dan
perancangan
JADWAL KULIAH
Selasa 07.00-08.40 / Rabu 07.00-08.40
No.
1
2-3
4-5
6
7
8-9
10-11
12
13
14-15
16
Pokok Bahasan
Pendahuluan
Fluida Statik
Konsep aliran fluida
Aliran fluida ideal
Aliran fluida kompresibel
Pengajar
Erizal
Erizal
Roh Santoso
Yuli Suharnoto
Nora Panjaitan
UTS
Aliran fluida nyata di dalam pipa
Mesin-mesin fluida
Teori lapisan batas
Aliran fluida pada saluran terbuka
Analisis dimensi dan similitude
Nora Panjaitan
Roh Santoso
Erizal
Yuli Suharnoto
Yuli Suharnoto
Sebagian bahan kuliah dapat diambil di:

http://web.ipb.ac.id/~erizal/mekflud/
~
JADWAL PRAKTIKUM
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Topik
Pendahuluan, Pengenalan alat
Bilangan Reynold
Penentuan koefisien Orifice dan Venturi
Head loss karena gesekan dan perubahan diameter pipa
Latihan soal 1
Latihan soal 2
Head loss karena belokan dan katup
Pengukuran debit aliran udara di pipa
Pengukuran debit aliran di saluran terbuka
Lompatan hidrolik
Latihan soal 3
Latihan soal 4
Ujian praktikum
PRAKTIKUM
1. Mahasiswa harap hadir paling lambat 5 menit sebelum praktikum dimulai di
Laboratorium Hidrolika dan Hidromekanika Departemen Teknik Pertanian (F-G204).
2 Praktikum dilaksanakan 4 kali dalam 1 minggu (Selasa,
2.
(Selasa Rabu,
Rabu Kamis,
Kamis dan Jum
Jumat)
at).
3. Pelaksanaan praktikum secara kelompok/grup yang terdiri atas 6-7 mahasiswa.
4. Pertanyaan sebelum praktikum wajib dijawab dan diserahkan kepada dosen/asisten
dosen.
5 Praktikum
5.
P ktik
h
harus selalu
l l dihadiri.
dih di i Jika
Jik berhalangan
b h l
harus
h
mendapatkan
d
tk suratt izin
i i dari
d i
departemen.
6. Setelah praktikum dilaksanakan, buatlah laporan sementara berisi data hasil
pengukuran yang dilengkapi dengan daftar anggota grup/kelompok.
7 Laporan
7.
L
perseorangan dan
d ditulis
dit li dengan
d
tangan
t
pada
d kertas
k t ukuran
k
A4,
A4 kemudian
k
di
penyerahannya paling lambat sebelum praktikum dimulai pada minggu berikutnya.
8. Laporan berisi :
Pendahuluan yang berisi teori singkat dan tujuan praktikum

Bahan dan Metode
Hasil dan Pembahasan
Kesimpulan dan Saran
Daftar Pustaka
9. Segala bentuk pelanggaran dapat diberikan sanksi akademik berupa : skorsing

praktikum, tidak diperkenankan mengikuti ujian, dan lain sebagainya.
10. Pada akhir semester akan diadakan ujian praktikum oleh dosen.
PENILAIAN & PUSTAKA
Praktikum
UTS
Ujian Akhir
: 30%
: 30%
: 40%
Streeter, V.L. dan E.B. Wylie. 1999. Mekanika Fluida. Penerbit

Erlangga. Jakarta.
Giles Ranald,
Giles,
Ranald V.
V 1994.
1994 Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics.
Hydraulics
Schaums Outline Series. McGraw Hill Book Co. New York
Hughes, W.F dan J.A. Brighton. 1967. Theory and Problem of
Dynamic Schaum
Schaumss Outline Series.
Series McGraw Hill Book Co.
Co
Fluid Dynamic.
New York
Vennard, J.K dan R.L. Street. 1976. Elementary Fluid
Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons. New York
Erizal dan Panjaitan, N.H. 2007. Pedoman Praktikum Mekanika
Fluida. IPB.
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Fred Stern,
Stern Tao Xing,
Xing Jun Shao,
Shao Surajeet Ghosh
AFD
EFD
CFD
(Analytical Fluid Dynamics)
(Experimental Fluid Dynamics)
(Computational Fluid Dynamics)
U = 0
1 2
DU
= p +
U + ui u j
Re
Dt
Fluid
u d Mechanics
a
Fluids essential to life
Human body 95% water
/ water
Earths surface is 2/3
Atmosphere extends 17km above the earths surface
Historyy shaped
p byy fluid mechanics
Geomorphology
Human migration and civilization
Modern scientific and mathematical theories and methods
Warfare
Touches every part of our lives
History
Faces of Fluid Mechanics
Archimedes
(C. 287-212 BC)
Navier
(1785-1836)
Newton
(1642-1727)
Stokes
(1819-1903)
Leibniz
(1646-1716)
Reynolds
(1842-1912)
Bernoulli
Euler
(1667-1748)
(1707-1783)
Prandtl
Taylor
(1875-1953)
(1886-1975)
10
Significance
Fluids omnipresent
p
Weather & climate
Vehicles: automobiles
automobiles, trains
trains, ships
ships, and
planes, etc.
Environment
E i
t
Physiology and medicine
Sports & recreation
Many other examples!
11
Weather & Climate

Tornadoes
Thunderstorm
Global Climate
Hurricanes
12
Vehicles
Surface ships
Aircraft
High-speed rail
Submarines
13
Environment
Air pollution
Ri
River
hydraulics
h d li
14
Physiology and Medicine

Blood pump
Ventricular assist device
15
Sports & Recreation

Water sports
Cycling
Auto racing
Offshore racing
Surfing
16
Fluids Engineering
Engineers have different kinds of tools
available for solving fluids engineering
systems
Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD)
Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD)
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
This class provides an introduction to all three

tools: AFD through lecture and CFD and EFD
through labs
17
Analytical Fluid Dynamics

The theory of mathematical physics
problem formulation
Control volume & differential analysis
Exact solutions only exist for simple
geometry and
d conditions
di i
Approximate
pp
solutions for practical
p
applications
Linear
Empirical relations using EFD data
18
Lecture Part of Fluid Class
Definition and fluids properties

Fluid statics
Fluids in motion
Continuity momentum,
Continuity,
momentum and energy principles
Dimensional analysis and similitude
Surface resistance
Flow in conduits
Drag and lift
19
Analytical
a y a Fluid
u d Dynamics
y a
Example: laminar pipe flow
Re = UD < 2000
Assumptions:
A
i
F ll developed,
Fully
d
l
d Low
L
Approach: Simplify momentum equation,
Schematic
integrate, apply boundary conditions (noslip wall) to determine integration
constants and use energy equation to
calculate head loss
0
0
2u 2u
Du 0 p
=
+ 2 + 2 + gx
Dt
x
y
x
Exact solution :
u(r) = 1 ( p)(R2 r 2)
4 x
8 du
8 w = dy w = 64
f
=
Friction factor:
V 2 V 2 Re
p1
p2
L V 2 32 LV
+ z1 =
+ z2 + h f
hf = f
=
Head loss:
D2
D 2g
20
Analytical
y
Fluid Dynamics
y
Example: turbulent flow in smooth pipe( Re > 3000)
Three layer
y concept
p (using
(
g dimensional analysis)
y )
y + = yu *
u + = u u*
1.
Laminar sub-layer (viscous shear dominates)
u+ = y+
2.
0 < y+ < 5
Overlap layer (viscous and turbulent shear important)

u+ =
3
3.
u* = w
ln y + + B
20 < y + < 105
(R=0.41, B=5.5)
Outer
O t layer
l
(turbulent
(t b l t shear
h
dominates)
d i t )
Assume log-law is valid across entire pipe:
U u
r +
5
=
f
1
y > 10
*
u
r0
u (r )
u*
r0 r ) u *
(
+B
ln
Integration for average velocity and using EFD data to adjust constants:
1
= 2log
2l ( Re
R f 1 2 ) .88
f
21

Example: turbulent flow in rough pipe
Both laminar sublayer and overlap layer
are affected by roughness
u+ = u+ ( y k )
Inner layer:
Outer layer: unaffected
y
u = ln + constant
k
+
Overlap
O
e ap layer:
aye
Three regimes of flow depending on k+

1. K+<5,, hydraulically
y
y smooth (no
( effect of roughness)
g
)
2. 5 < K+< 70, transitional roughness (Re dependent)
3. K+> 70, fully rough (independent Re)
For 3, using EFD data to adjust constants:

u+ =
ln
y
+ 8.5 f ( Re )
k
Friction factor:
k D
1
= 2log
3.7
f
22

Example: Moody diagram for turbulent pipe flow
Composite Log-Law for smooth and rough pipes is given by the Moody diagram:
1
f
k D
2.51
= 2log
+
12
3.7 Re f
23
Experimental
p
Fluid Dynamics
y
(EFD)
(
)
Definition:
Use of experimental methodology and procedures for solving fluids
engineering systems, including full and model scales, large and table
top facilities, measurement systems (instrumentation, data acquisition
and data reduction), uncertainty analysis, and dimensional analysis and
similarity.
similarity
EFD philosophy:
Decisions on conducting experiments are governed by the ability of the
expected test outcome, to achieve the test objectives within allowable
uncertainties.
Integration of UA into all test phases should be a key part of entire
experimental program
test design
determination of error sources
estimation of uncertainty
documentation of the results
24
Purpose
Science & Technology: understand and investigate a
phenomenon/process, substantiate and validate a
theory (hypothesis)
Research & Development: document a process/system,

provide benchmark data (standard procedures,
procedures
validations), calibrate instruments, equipment, and
facilities
Industry: design optimization and analysis, provide data
for direct use, product liability, and acceptance
Teaching: instruction/demonstration
25
Applications of EFD
Application in science & technology
Application in research & development
Pi t
Picture
off K
Karman vortex
t shedding
h ddi
Tropic
T
i Wind
Wi d Tunnel
T
l has
h the
th ability
bilit to
t create
t
temperatures ranging from 0 to 165 degrees
Fahrenheit and simulate rain
26
Applications
pp
of EFD (contd)
(
)
Example of industrial application

NASA's cryogenic wind tunnel simulates flight
conditions for scale models--a critical tool in
designing airplanes.
Application
pp
in teaching
g
Fluid dynamics laboratory
27
Full
u and
a d model
od scale
a
Scales: model, and full-scale

Selection of the model scale: governed by dimensional analysis and similarity
28
Measurement systems
Instrumentation
Load cell to measure forces and moments

Pressure transducers
Pitot tubes
H t i anemometry
Hotwire
t
PIV, LDV
Data acquisition
Serial port devices

Desktop PCs
Plug-in
l
d
data
acquisition boards
b d
DA software - Labview
Data analysis and data reduction

Data reduction equations
Fast Fourier Transform
29
Instrumentation
u
a o
Pitot tube
Load cell
3D - PIV
Hotwire
30
Data
a a acquisition
a qu o system
y
Hardware
Software - Labview
31
Data reduction methods

r = F(T )
w
w
ra = F(Ta )
Q = F(Dz DM )
f = F(r , r , z
w
SM
, Q) =
gp D
8LQ
rw
(z - z )
ra SM i SM j
Example of data reduction

equations
Example of FFT
application
li ti
Fast Fourier Transform

FFT: Converts a function from amplitude as function
of time to amplitude as function of frequency
F
Free-surface
f
wave elevation
l ti contours
t
0.15
A(f)
0.1
0.05
Aim: To
Ai
T analyze
l
the
th natural
t
l unsteadiness
t di
off
the separated flow, around a surface piercing
strut, using FFT.
0
0
3 4
f [Hz]
Typical amplitude spectra

of the wave elevations
32
Uncertainty analysis
Rigorous methodology for uncertainty assessment
using statistical and engineering concepts
ELEMENTAL
ERROR SOURCES
INDIVIDUAL
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
X
1
B ,P
X
2
B ,P
X
J
B,P
MEASUREMENT
OF INDIVIDUAL
VARIABLES
r = r (X , X ,......, X )
1
r
B, P
r
DATA REDUCTION
EQUATION
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULT
33
Dimensional analysis
Definition : Dimensional analysis is a process of formulating fluid mechanics problems in
in terms of non-dimensional variables and parameters.
Whyy is it used :
Reduction in variables ( If F(A1, A2, , An) = 0, then f(1, 2, r < n) = 0,
where, F = functional form, Ai = dimensional variables, j = non-dimensional

parameters, m = number of important dimensions, n = number of dimensional variables, r
= n m ). Thereby the number of experiments required to determine f vs. F is reduced.
Helps in understanding physics
Useful in data analysis and modeling
Enables scaling of different physical dimensions and fluid properties
Example
Drag = f(V, L, r, m, c, t, e, T, etc.)

From dimensional analysis,
Vortex shedding behind cylinder
Examples of dimensionless quantities : Reynolds number, Froude

Number, Strouhal number, Euler number, etc.
34
Similarity and model testing

Definition : Flow conditions for a model test are completely similar if all relevant
dimensionless parameters have the same corresponding values for model and prototype.
i model = i prototype i = 1
Enables
E bl extrapolation
l i from
f
model
d l to full
f ll scale
l
However, complete similarity usually not possible. Therefore, often it is necessary to
use Re, or Fr, or Ma scaling, i.e., select most important and accommodate others
as best possible.
Types of similarity:
Geometric Similarity : all body dimensions in all three coordinates have the same
linear-scale ratios.
Kinematic Similarity : homologous (same relative position) particles lie at homologous
points at homologous times.
Dynamic Similarity : in addition to the requirements for kinematic similarity the model
and prototype forces must be in a constant ratio
ratio.
35
EFD process
p
EFD process is the steps to set up an experiment and
take data
1. Setup facility
2 Install
2.
I t ll model
d l
3. Setup equipment
4. Setup Data Acquisition using LabView
5. Perform calibrations
6. Data Analysis and Data Reduction
7 Uncertainty
7.
U
t i t A
Analysis
l i
8. Comparison with CFD results
9. Documentation and Reporting
36
EFD hands
a d on
o experience
p
Lab1: Measurement of
ki
kinematic
ti viscosity
i
it off a fluid
fl id
Lab2: Measurement of
flow rate, friction factor and
velocity profiles in smooth and
rough pipes.
Lab3: Measurement of surface pressure

distribution and lift coefficient for an airfoil
37
Computational Fluid Dynamics

CFD is use of computational methods for
solving fluid engineering systems,
systems including
modeling (mathematical & Physics) and
numerical methods (solvers,
(solvers finite differences,
differences
and grid generations, etc.).
Rapid
R id growth
h in
i CFD technology
h l
since
i
advent
d
of computer
ENIAC 1, 1946
IBM WorkStation
38
Purpose
The objective of CFD is to model the continuous fluids
with Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) and
discretize PDEs into an algebra problem, solve it,
validate it and achieve simulation based design
g
instead of build & test
Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are
difficult to be measured by experiments: scale
simulations
i l ti
(f ll
(full-scale
l ships,
hi
airplanes),
i l
) hazards
h
d
(explosions,radiations,pollution), physics (weather
prediction planetary boundary layer,
prediction,
layer stellar evolution).
evolution)
39
Modeling
g
Mathematical physics problem formulation of fluid
engineering
g
g system
y
Governing equations: Navier-Stokes equations (momentum),
continuity equation, pressure Poisson equation, energy
equation ideal gas law
equation,
law, combustions (chemical reaction
equation), multi-phase flows(e.g. Rayleigh equation), and
turbulent models (RANS, LES, DES).
Coordinates:
C di t
C t i
Cartesian,
cylindrical
li d i l and
d spherical
h i l coordinates
di t
result in different form of governing equations
Initial conditions(initial
(
guess
g
of the solution)) and Boundaryy
Conditions (no-slip wall, free-surface, zero-gradient,
symmetry, velocity/pressure inlet/outlet)
Flow conditions: Geometry approximation
approximation, domain,
domain Reynolds
Number, and Mach Number, etc.
40
Modeling (examples)
Developing flame surface (Bell et al., 2001)
Free surface animation for ship in
regular waves
Evolution of a 2D mixing layer laden with particles of Stokes

Number 0.3 with respect to the vortex time scale (C.Narayanan)
41
Modeling (examples, contd)
3D vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder (Re

(Re=100,DNS,J.Dijkstra)
100,DNS,J.Dijkstra)
DES,
Re=105,
vorticity
magnitude of
turbulent flow
around
NACA12 with
angle of attack
60.
LES of a turbulent jet. Back wall shows a slice of the dissipation rate and the
bottom wall shows a carpet plot of the mixture fraction in a slice through the jet
centerline, Re=21,000 (D. Glaze).
42
Numerical methods
y
Finite difference methods:
using numerical scheme to
approximate the exact derivatives
in the PDEs
Pi + 1 2 Pi + Pi 1
2P
=
x 2
x2
P j +1 2 P j + P j 1
2P
=
y 2
y2
jmax
j+1
j
j-1
i-1 i i+1
imax x
Grid generation: conformal

mapping, algebraic methods and
differential equation methods
Solvers: direct methods (Cramers
rule, Gauss elimination, LU
decomposition) and iterative
methods (Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel,
SOR)
Slice of 3D mesh of a fighter aircraft
43
CFD process
CFD process is the steps to set up a problem
and run the code
1. Geometry: Create the geometry you want
2 Physics: fluid properties,
2.
properties viscous modeling and
boundary conditions
3. Mesh: coarse, medium and fine meshes
4. Solve: different solvers and numerical
methods
5. Report: time history of convergence of
variables
6. Post-Processing: visualizations (contours,
vectors), validation and verification
44
Commercial software
CFD software
1. FLUENT: http://www.fluent.com
h
//
fl
2. CFDRC: http://www.cfdrc.com
3 STAR-CD:http://www.cd-adapco.com
3.
STAR-CD:http://www cd-adapco com
4. CFX/AEA: http://www.software.aeat.com/cfx
Grid Generation software

1. Gridgen: http://www.pointwise.com
2 GridPro: http://www.gridpro.com
2.
http://www gridpro com
Visualization software
1. Tecplot:
http://www.amtec.com
2. Fieldview: http://www.ilight.com
45
Hands-on experience using FlowLab 1.1

(pipe template)
46
Hands-on experience using FlowLab 1.1

( i f il template)
(airfoil
t
l t )
47
57:020 Fluid Mechanics

Lectures cover basic concepts in fluid statics, kinematics,
and dynamics,
dynamics control
control-volume
volume, and differential
differential-equation
equation
analysis methods. Homework assignments, tests, and
complementary
p
y EFD/CFD labs
EFD/CFD lab materials
Lecture
Other Docs
Lab 1:
Viscosity
Lab 2: Pipe
Flow
Lab 3: Airfoil
EFD
Lecture
EFD UA Report
Lab Report instructions
Pre EFD Lab1

EFD 1
Lab 1_UA
Instructions_UA
Pre EFD Lab2

EFD 2
Lab2_UA
Instructions_UA
Pre EFD lab3

EFD 3
Benchmark Data
Instructions_UA
CFD
Lecture
Lab report instructions
None
Pre CFD lab1

CFD lab1
Pre CFD lab2

CFD lab2
48

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MEKANIKA FLUIDA

Departemen Teknik Pertanian

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

@ Mempelajari tentang fluida yang

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Sebagian bahan kuliah dapat diambil di:

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Pendahuluan yang berisi teori singkat dan tujuan praktikum

9. Segala bentuk pelanggaran dapat diberikan sanksi akademik berupa : skorsing

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

PENILAIAN & PUSTAKA

Streeter, V.L. dan E.B. Wylie. 1999. Mekanika Fluida. Penerbit

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

(Analytical Fluid Dynamics)

(Experimental Fluid Dynamics)

(Computational Fluid Dynamics)

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Touches every part of our lives

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

(C. 287-212 BC)

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Weather & Climate

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Physiology and Medicine

Ventricular assist device

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Sports & Recreation

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

This class provides an introduction to all three

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Analytical Fluid Dynamics

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Analytical Fluid Dynamics

Lecture Part of Fluid Class

Definition and fluids properties

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Laminar sub-layer (viscous shear dominates)

Overlap layer (viscous and turbulent shear important)

20 < y + < 105

Assume log-law is valid across entire pipe:

Analytical Fluid Dynamics

Outer layer: unaffected

Three regimes of flow depending on k+

For 3, using EFD data to adjust constants:

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Analytical Fluid Dynamics

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Research & Development: document a process/system,

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Application in science & technology

Application in research & development

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Example of industrial application

Scales: model, and full-scale

TEP201 Fluid Mechanics

Load cell to measure forces and moments

Serial port devices

Data analysis and data reduction