1. Tegangan (Sress) Tegangan adalah Perbandingan antara gaya tarik yang bekerja terhadap luas penampang benda .

. Tegangan dinotasikan dengan (sigma), satunnya Nm-2. Tegangan didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan antara gaya tarik (F) yang dikerjakan pada benda dengan luas penampangnya (A). 1. Bentuk awal benda sebelum diberi gaya

2. Bentuk benda tertegang setelah diberi gaya pada bidang A Secara matematika konsep Tegangan (Stress) dituliskan :

Contoh penggunaan konsep Tegangan (Stress): Sebuah kawat yang panjangnya 2m dan luas penampang 5mm2 ditarik gaya 10N. Tentukan besar tegangan yang terjadi pada kawat. Pembahasan: Diketahui : A = 5mm2 = 5.10-4 m2 F = 10N Ditanyakan : ?

Jawab :

= = 2.104Nm-2

2. Regangan (Strain) Didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan antara pertambahan panjang dengan panjang awalnya (L). Pertambahan panjang ini tidak hanya terjadi pada ujungnya saja, tetapi pada setiap bagian batang yang terentang dengan perbandingan yang sama. Regangan adalah Perbandingan antara pertambahan panjang L terhadap panjang mulamula(Lo) Regangan dinotasikan dengan e dan tidak mempunyai satuan. 1. Keadaan awal benda yang panjangnya Lo diberi gaya (F) pada bidang A

2. Keadaan benda bertambah panjang sejauh Secara matematika konsep Regangan (Strain) dituliskan

Contoh penggunaan konsep Regangan (Strain): Sebuah kawat panjangnya 100 cm ditarik dengan gaya 12N, sehingga panjang kawat menjadi 112 cm. Tentukan regangan yang dihasilkan kawat.

Pembahasan : Diketahui : Lo = 100 cm L = 112 cm L = 112 cm - 100 cm = 12cm Ditanyakan : e Jawab :

e=

e= e = 0,12

3. MODULUS ELASTISITAS Modulus Elastisitas (Modulus Young). Modulus Elastisitas didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan antara tegangan, dengan regangan suatu bahan selama gaya yang bekerja tidak melampaui batas elastisitasnya. Gradien bagian linear awal kurva tegangan-regangan adalah modulus elastisitas atau modulus Young. Modulus elastisitas adalah ukuran kekakuan suatu bahan. Makin besar modulus elastisitas makin kecil regangan elastis yang dihasilkan akibat pemberian tegangan.

Dalam SI satuan modulus elastisitas sama dengan satuan tegangan. Semakin besar nilai E, berarti semakin sulit untuk merentangkan benda, artinya dibutuhkan gaya yang lebih besar. Berikut ini beberapa Nilai modulus Young untuk beberapa benda:

Tabel 1 : Modulus Young Beberapa Benda. Jenis Zat TungstenSteelCopper Brass Aluminium Kaca Kuarsa Modulus Young (N/m2) 35 x 101020 x 101011 x 1010 9,1 x 1010 7,0 x 1010 6,5 7,8 x 1010 5,6 x 1010

Modulus elastisitas biasanya diukur pada temperatur tinggi dengan metode dinamik.

4. POISSON RATIO Poisson's ratio ( ), named after Simon Poisson, is the negative ratio of transverse to axial strain. In fact, when a sample object is stretched (or squeezed), to an extension (or contraction) in the direction of the applied load, it corresponds a contraction (or extension) in a direction perpendicular to the applied load. The ratio between these two quantities is the Poisson's ratio. When a material is compressed in one direction, it usually tends to expand in the other two directions perpendicular to the direction of compression. This phenomenon is called the Poisson effect. Poisson's ratio (nu) is a measure of the Poisson effect. The Poisson ratio is the ratio of the fraction (or percent) of expansion divided by the fraction (or percent) of compression, for small values of these changes. Conversely, if the material is stretched rather than compressed, it usually tends to contract in the directions transverse to the direction of stretching. This is common observation when a rubber band is stretched, when it becomes noticeably thinner. Again, the Poisson ratio will be the ratio of relative contraction to relative stretching, and will have the same value as above. In certain rare cases, a material will actually shrink in the transverse direction when compressed (or expand when stretched) which will yield a negative value of the Poisson ratio. The Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic material cannot be less than 1.0 nor greater than 0.5 due to the requirement that Young's modulus, the shear modulus and bulk modulus have positive values.[1] Most materials have Poisson's ratio values ranging between 0.0 and 0.5. A perfectly incompressible material deformed elastically at small strains would have a Poisson's ratio of exactly 0.5. Most steels and rigid polymers when used within their design limits (before yield) exhibit values of about 0.3, increasing to 0.5 for post-yield deformation (Seismic Performance of Steel-Encased Concrete Piles by RJT Park) (which occurs largely at constant volume.) Rubber has a Poisson ratio of nearly 0.5. Cork's Poisson ratio is close to 0: showing very little lateral expansion when compressed. Some materials, mostly polymer foams, have a negative Poisson's ratio; if these auxetic materials are stretched in one direction, they become thicker in perpendicular directions. Some anisotropic materials have one or more Poisson ratios above 0.5 in some directions.

Assuming that the material is stretched or compressed along the axial direction (the x axis in the below diagram):

where
= is the resulting Poisson's ratio, = is transverse strain (negative for axial tension (stretching), positive for axial compression) = is axial strain (positive for axial tension, negative for axial compression). Material foam glass concrete sand cast iron steel stainless steel clay Poisson's ratio 0.100.40 0.180.3 0.20 0.200.45 0.210.26 0.270.30 0.300.31 0.300.45 Material aluminium-alloy copper titanium magnesium saturated clay gold cork rubber Poisson's ratio 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.400.50 0.42 ~ 0.00 ~ 0.50

Material Nomex honeycomb core glass fiber-epoxy resin

Plane of symmetry , =ribbon direction 0.49 0.29 0.69 0.29 0.01 0.32 2.75 0.06 3.88 0.06 0.01 0.32

SUMBER : http://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/index5.php?display=view&mod=script&cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/M ateri%20Pokok/SMA/view&id=364&uniq=3155 http://upik-kipu.blogspot.com/2011/12/regangan-tegangan-dan-modulus-young.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio