Bahan kuliah
Undip Semarang, 9 September 2013
Morlok (1978):
Transportasi merupakan kegiatan memindahkan atau mengangkut sesuatu dari suatu tempat ke
tempat lain.
Bowersox (1981):
Transportasi adalah perpindahan barang atau penumpang dari suatu lokasi ke lokasi lain, dengan
produk yang digerakkan atau dipindahkan ke lokasi yang membutuhkan atau menginginkan.
Papacostas (1987):
Transportasi adalah suatu sistem yang terdiri dari fasilitas tertentu beserta arus dan sistem
kontrol yang memungkinkan orang atau barang dapat berpindah dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain
2
secara efisien dalam setiap waktu untuk mendukung aktivitas manusia.
Tantangan dunia yang berubah
Perubahan Perubahan
Perubahan
Perubahan Tatanan Perubahan Tatanan
Ekonomi
Teknologi Sosial dan Iklim Bisnis dan
Global
Gaya Hidup Wirausaha
Peluang Tantangan
Pasar yang lebih luas & besar Kompetisi yang lebih ketat
penghilangan hambatan Peningkatan kecepatan gerak
3
Potensi Pertumbuhan Kelas Menengah Indonesia
yang Luar Biasa
Kelas menengah akan tumbuh menjadi 141 juta di tahun 2020
4
Perubahan Ekonomi Global: Asia akan menjadi
Pusat Kegiatan Perekonomian
Sarana Kebijakan
dan dan Pertanian dan Iklim dan
Ekonomi
Prasarana Regulasi Pangan Ekosistem
6
Evolution of the Transport Technology, 1750-2000
Maritime Road Rail Air
2000
Hybrid cars
Maglev
Electric cars Wide body jets
Containerships HSR
Super tankers Jet planes
1950
Hydrofoils
Highways Jet engine
Helicopters
Buses
Bulk ships Trucks Planes
1900
Liners Automobile Tramway
Internal combustion engine
Subway
Bicycles Dirigibles
Iron hulls
Balloons
Electric motor
1800
Steam engine
Docks Omnibus Rails
Locks
Copyright 1998-2013, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic)
and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. 7
Kecepatan KA Super Cepat di Beberapa Negara
8
Sumber: Rodrigue, J-P (2013) 9
Sumber: Crewtoo (2013) 10
Konsep Pergerakan
11
Konsep Pergerakan
Pada prinsipnya, karakteristik pergerakan dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 (dua) kelompok utama, yaitu:
pergerakan non spasial dan pergerakan spasial.
1) Pergerakan non spasial (tanpa batas ruang) adalah segala karakteristik pergerakan yang berkaitan
dengan aspek non spasial, seperti sebab terjadi pergerakan, waktu terjadinya pergerakan, jenis moda
yang digunakan.
2) Pergerakan spasial (dengan batas ruang) adalah segala karakteristik pergerakan yang meliputi aspek-
aspek yang terkait dengan orientasi pergerakan itu sendiri, yaitu yang menyangkut dengan pola tata
guna lahan, pola perjalanan orang, dan pola perjalanan barang
Sebab
Pergerakan
Waktu
Non Spasial Pergerakan
Moda yang
Digunakan
Pergerakan
Pergerakan
Orang
Spasial
Pergerakan
Barang
12
Sebab Terjadinya Pergerakan
Sebab terjadinya perjalanan dapat dikelompokan berdasarkan maksud perjalanannya.
Jarak
Biaya
Tempuh
Maksud Tingkat
Perjalanan Mobil, Kenyamanan
Angkutan
Umum,
Pesawat
Terbang, KA, dll
Multi-Moda
Selalu melibatkan lebih dari satu moda transportasi
Multi-Disiplin
Aspek kajian sangat beragam: karakteristik pergerakan, pengguna,
sistem prasarana & sarana, dll
Melibatkan bidang-bidang keilmuan lainnya seperti rekayasa teknik,
ekonomi, geografi, operation research, sosial politik, matematika,
informatika, dan psikologi
Multi-Sektoral
Banyak lembaga ataupun pihak terkait yang dilibatkan
Multi-Problem
Masalah yang dihadapi mempunyai dimensi yang cukup beragam
20
Struktur Jaringan Transportasi
21
Struktur Jaringan
5
City A to B = 30
Center
Secondary
5 10
Center 10
5 10 10 5
A 10 B
Structuring 10
Suburban
10 10
development 5
A to B = 20
A B C
Aktivitas Inti Aktivitas Sampingan Jalur Utama Transportasi
Pusat Aktivitas Central area
Automobile dependency ranges from low where a set of transportation alternatives are available to high
where little if no alternatives outside automobile use are possible. When automobile trips exceed 75% of all
personal trips (such as commuting and shopping) a situation of high dependency is observed. Automobile
dependency is also linked with the urban spatial structure as cities with a low level of car dependency tend
to be centralized with high levels of density while cities with a high level of automobile dependency have low
levels of centrality and density. 25
Jenis-jenis Moda Transportasi
26
Jenis-jenis Moda Angkutan Penumpang
RoRo
Charter Taxi HSR
High
Speed
Van/Bus Transit
Cruise
Motorcycle Subway
Commuter
Bicycle
LRT
Walking Monorail
Unit Break-
Package Package River/sea Pipeline
Train bulk
Freighter Less than Liquid Oil
Truckload Carload Tow
(LTL) Bulk
Bellyhold Gas
Truckload Boxcar Tank barge
(TL)
RoRo Water
Heavy Tank Car Deck
Dry Van barge
Dry Bulk Hopper
Flat Car
Tank barge
Reefer Container
Flatbed Container
Hopper
Curtainside
Gondola
Reefer ISO
Container
Hopper Intermodal Reefer
Cruise ship
Passengers
Passenger train
Airplane 5,000
Bus
Car 1,000
50 500
Person 1 5 100
Parcel
25 1,000
Part
Container 10,000
Truck 100,000
400,000
Cargo plane
Freight train
Containership Tons
Bulk carrier & Tanker
300,000 tons
2 million barrels of oil 9,330
VLCC
100-125 tons
(Depending on freight 5
747-400F density and range)
Sumber: Rodrigue, J-P (2009) 30
Jarak, Moda, & Biaya Transportasi
C1 C2
Road
Transport costs per unit
C3
Rail Maritime
32
Beberapa Definisi
Unimodal transport: goods are transported by one or
more carriers using one mode of transport only.
Intermodal transport: one carrier organizes the whole
transport of goods by several modes of transport from
one point or port of origin via one or more interface
points to a final port or point. Different types of
transport documents are issued, depending on how
the responsibility for the entire transport is shared.
Multimodal transport: occurs when the carrier
organizing the transport takes responsibility for the
entire process, and issues a multimodal transport
document.
Intermodal
Origin Destination
Road Rail Maritime
C C
A A
B B Transshipment
Rail
Road
D D Transshipment
F F
E E
36
Source: Rodrigue, J-P (2009)
Road / Rail Transloading
Transloading concerns the transshipment
of loads from truck to rail and vice-versa.
It is done to exploit the respective
advantages of trucking and rail, namely
avoid long distance trucking.
A producer relying on long distance
trucking to service a set of customers is
facing many difficulties (A). The most
significant one is the likeliness of empty
travel for return trips in addition to the
requirement of having a large fleet of
trucks to insure a service frequency.
By relying on transloading (B) the
producer ship its freight to a nearby rail
terminal where truckloads are
transshipped into trainloads. The larger
loads are then shipped to a rail terminal
in proximity of a group of customers.
Shipments are then broken down in LTL
batches bound to specific customers.
Doing so often requires a smaller fleet of
trucks as shorter distances could permit
the same truck to do several journeys per
day.
Sumber: Rodrigue, J-P (2009) 37
Pengembangan KA Angkutan Aqua
Jalur Sukabumi - Jakarta St. Jakarta
Gudang
Kampung Bandan
Customer
Hub
Hubs, as a network structure, allow a greater flexibility within the transport system,
through a concentration of flows. For instance, on the above figure, a point-to-point
network involves 16 independent connections, each to be serviced by vehicles and
infrastructures. By using a hub-and-spoke structure, only 8 connections are required.
550 550
3,000
525 525
3,000 1,550
550 550
3,000
The usage of a hub-and-spoke network structure reduces the total transport costs through a services
reorganization. While the loading or unloading costs would remain the same, changes in transport
distances and economies of scale for the single transoceanic link significantly changes the cost structure.
The ports that have become the hubs are now advantaged comparatively to others, even if the total
transport costs of every single service is lower.
Sumber: Rodrigue, J-P (2009) 40
Daftar Referensi
Rodrigue, Jean-Paul; The Geography of Transport
System; 2009.
Susantono, Bambang; Transportasi & Investasi; 2013.
Susantono, Bambang; 1001 Wajah Transportasi Kita;
2009.
Santoso, Idwan; Modul Pelatihan Perencanaan
Transportasi; 1996
Daftar Artikel
1. Kepemilikan kendaraan dan pola perjalanan di wilayah jabodetabek,
Bambang Susantono, Wimpy Santosa, Arif Budiyono
http://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/jtransport/article/view/638
2. Pembangunan jaringan jalan perkotaan berdasarkan kajian struktur
ruang dan aksesibilitas kota, Masrianto Masrianto, Soegiono Soetomo,
Poernomosidhi Poerwo, Bambang Riyanto
http://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/jtransport/article/view/676
3. Keterpaduan sistem jaringan antar moda transportasi di pulau sulawesi,
M. Yamin Jinca
http://journal.unpar.ac.id/index.php/jtransport/article/view/624
42