REDOX REAKSI

CHAPTER Oxidation and Reduction
3 Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan
You will learn

oxidation and reduction/pengoksidaan dan penurunan
involve occur in berlaku dalam
occur in melibatkan
berlaku dalam
3FEPY t -PTTBOEHBJO Displacement Chemical cell Electrolysis Extraction of metal

reaction PGIZESPHFO reaction Sel kimia Elektrolisis Pengekstrakan logam
Tindak PSPYZHFO Tindak balas
balas Kehilangan dan penyesaran involves 3VTUJOHPGJSPO based on
redox penerimaan melibatkan berdasarkan
example Pengaratan besi
hidrogen atau contoh
oksigen
t 5SBOTGFSPG Br2 + 2I 2Br + I2 Reactivity
electron 0YJEBUJPO 3FEVDUJPO series of
example Pengoksidaan Penurunan metals
Pemindahan contoh
elektron occurs at occurs at Siri
berlaku di berlaku di kereaktifan
logam
Daniell cell
example Sel Daniell "OPEF $BUIPEF
contoh Anod Katod
involves melibatkan
PYJEBUJPO
pengoksidaan 0YJEBUJPO 3FEVDUJPO
Pengoksidaan Penurunan
.H02 .H0
occurs at berlaku di occurs at berlaku di
SFEVDUJPO
penurunan /FHBUJWFUFSNJOBM BOPEF
1PTJUJWFUFSNJOBM DBUIPEF
Terminal negatif (anod) Terminal positif (katod)
90
Learning Objective
3.1 Analysing redox reaction Date:
3.1 DISCUSSION
ACTIVITY
Meaning of oxidation and reduction in redox reaction
Pengertian pengoksidaan dan penurunan dalam tindak balas redoks Inquiry-Discovery
2001 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q3(a)(i)

Define the process of oxidation and reduction. Then, complete the spaces for the meaning of redox
reaction.
Takrifkan proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan. Kemudian, lengkapkan ruang tentang maksud tindak balas redoks.
Definition/Takrif
Meaning Chemical equation
Pengertian Persamaan kimia Oxidation Reduction
Pengoksidaan Penurunan
1 The meaning The process of The process of
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of oxidation gaining losing
and reduction oxygen oxygen
in terms of the Oxidation/Pengoksidaan Proses Proses
loss or gain of
oxygen
Pengertian
Pb(s/p) + CuO(s/p) : PbO(s/p) + Cu(s/p) oksigen
penambahan kehilangan
oksigen 3
pengoksidaan dan
penurunan dari Reduction/Penurunan
segi kehilangan
atau penambahan
oksigen
2 The meaning The process of The process of

of oxidation losing gaining
and reduction hydrogen hydrogen
in terms of the Oxidation/Pengoksidaan
Proses Proses
loss or gain of kehilangan penambahan
hydrogen H2S(g) + Cl2(g) : 2HCl(g) + S(s/p)
hidrogen hidrogen
Pengertian
pengoksidaan dan
Reduction/Penurunan
penurunan dari
segi kehilangan
atau penambahan
hidrogen
3 The meaning of The process of The process of

oxidation and K : K+ + e: Oxidation losing gaining
reduction in Pengoksidaan electrons electrons
terms of electron Proses Proses
transfer 2K(s/p) + Cl2(g) : 2KCl(s/p) kehilangan penerimaan
Pengertian
elektron elektron
pengoksidaan dan
penurunan dari Cl2 + 2e : 2Cl: Reduction
segi pemindahan Penurunan
elektron
4 The meaning increase decrease

The The
of oxidation in oxidation in oxidation
and reduction Mg : Mg2+ number number
in terms of 0 : +2 : Oxidation/Pengoksidaan Penambahan Pengurangan
the change in
nombor nombor
oxidation number Mg(s/p) + CuO(s/p) : MgO(s/p) + Cu(s/p) pengoksidaan pengoksidaan
Pengertian
pengoksidaan dan
penurunan dari Cu2+ : Cu
segi perubahan +2 : 0 : Reduction
nombor Penurunan
pengoksidaan
91
Date:
3.2 DISCUSSION
ACTIVITY
The calculation of oxidation number
Penghitungan nombor pengoksidaan
HOTS
Mastery
2002 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5(c)(ii) 2013 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q8(a)(i)

Calculate the oxidation number of certain elements in the compounds. In the cases below, the oxidation
number of the elements is represented by a symbol X.
Hitung nombor pengoksidaan bagi unsur tertentu dalam suatu sebatian. Dalam setiap kes di bawah ini, nombor
pengoksidaan bagi setiap unsur diwakili oleh nilai X.
1 The oxidation number of lead, Pb, in 2 The oxidation number of sulphur, S, in

lead(II) chloride, PbCl2. S2O32 ion.
Nombor pengoksidaan plumbum, Pb, dalam Nombor pengoksidaan sulfur, S, dalam ion S2O32
plumbum(II) klorida, PbCl2. ion.
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X + 2(1) = 0 2X + 3(2) = 2
X2 = 0 2X = 2 + 6
X = +2 X = 4
3 2
= +2
3 The oxidation number of manganese, Mn, 4 The oxidation number of chromium, Cr, in
in potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4. dichromate(VI) ion, Cr2O72.
Nombor pengoksidaan mangan, Mn, dalam Nombor pengoksidaan kromium, Cr, dalam ion
kalium manganat(VII), KMnO4. dikromat(IV), Cr2O72.
+1 + X + 4(2) = 0 2X + 7(2) = 2
+1 + X 8 = 0 2X 14 = 2
X = +7 2X = 12
X = +6
5 The oxidation number of nitrogen in 6 The oxidation number of magnesium, Mg,

nitrate ion, NO3. in magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2.
Nombor pengoksidaan nitrogen dalam ion nitrat, Nombor pengoksidaan magnesium, Mg, dalam
NO3. magnesium nitrat, Mg(NO3)2
X + 3(2) = 1 X + 2[+5 + 3(2)] = 0

X6 = 1 X + 2[+5 6)] = 0
X = 1 + 6 X2 = 0
X = +5 X = +2
7 The oxidation number of carbon, C, in 8 The oxidation number of potassium, K, in

carbonate ion, CO32. potassium karbonat, K2CO3.
Nombor pengoksidaan karbon dalam ion karbonat, Nombor pengoksidaan kalium, K, dalam kalium
CO32. karbonat, K2CO3.
X + 3(2) = 2 2X + [+4 + 3(2)] = 0

X6 = 2 2X + [+4 6] = 0
X = 2 + 6 2X 2 = 0
X = +4 X = 2
2
X = +1
92
Date:
3.3 INQUIRY
EXPERIMENT
The combustion of metal in oxygen
Pembakaran logam dalam oksigen
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2000 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q4(b) 2005 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q6(b)

2001 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(a) 2014 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5(a)(i)
Aim To study the redox reaction between magnesium and oxygen
Mengkaji tindak balas redoks antara magnesium dan oksigen
Materials Magnesium ribbon, Mg

Pita magnesium, Mg
Apparatus Tongs, Bunsen burner

Penyepit, penunu Bunsen
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tongs
3
penyepit
magnesium ribbon
pita magnesium
Bunsen burner
penunu Bunsen
Procedure 1 Hold the magnesium ribbon using a pair of tongs.

Sepit pita magnesium dengan menggunakan penyepit.
2 Burn the magnesium ribbon in the air.
Bakar pita magnesium dalam udara.
3 Record the observation on the flame of magnesium ribbon and its physical state.
Catatkan pemerhatian tentang nyalaan pita magnesium dan keadaan fiziknya.
Observation
Activity Observation
Aktiviti Pemerhatian
Combustion of magnesium in air shiny white flame

Pembakaran magnesium dalam udara
A is seen.
Nyalaan putih berkilauan kelihatan.
A white solid is formed.
Pepejal putih terbentuk.
Analysis 1 Name the product formed in this reaction.

Namakan hasil yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas ini.
Magnesium oxide/Magnesium oksida
2 Write a chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and oxygen.
Tulis satu persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara magnesium dengan oksigen.
2Mg(s/p) + O2(g) 2MgO(s/p)
3 State the change in the oxidation number of

Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan
(a) magnesium/magnesium (b) oxygen/oksigen
0 to +2/0 ke +2 0 to 2/0 ke 2
4 What is the substance which undergoes oxidation and reduction in this reaction?
Apakah bahan yang mengalami pengoksidaan dan penurunan dalam tindak balas ini?
Oxidation/Pengoksidaan : Magnesium/Magnesium
Reduction/Penurunan : Oxygen/Oksigen
93
5 Write the half-equation for oxidation and reduction for the reaction.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi pengoksidaan dan penurunan dalam tindak balas ini.
(a) Oxidation/Pengoksidaan:
Mg(s/p) Mg2+(s/p) + 2e
(b) Reduction/Penurunan:
O2(g) + 4e 2O2(s/p)
6 What is the substance that loses and receives electrons in this reaction?
Apakah bahan yang kehilangan elektron dan menerima elektron dalam tindak balas ini?
(a) Loses electrons/Kehilangan elektron:
Magnesium/Magnesium
(b) Receives electrons/Penerimaan elektron:

Oxygen/Oksigen
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7 What is the role of

Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh
(a) magnesium?/Magnesium
3 As a/Sebagai reducing agent/agen penurunan
(b) oxygen?/Oksigen
As an/Sebagai oxidising agent/agen pengoksidaan
8 What happens to the oxidising agent in terms of
Apakah yang berlaku kepada agen pengoksidaan dari segi
(a) the change in oxidation number?
perubahan nombor pengoksidaan?
Experiences the reduction of oxidation number
Mengalami pengurangan nombor pengoksidaan
(b) the transfer of electrons?
pemindahan elektron?
Receive electrons
Menerima elektron
9 Fill in the table with the suitable term.
Isi jadual dengan istilah yang sesuai.
Oxidation Reducing agent Reduction Oxidising agent Redox reaction

Pengoksidaan Agen penurunan Penurunan Agen pengoksidaan Tindak balas redoks
Description/Huraian Term/Istilah
1 Reaction that involves oxidation and reduction that
occur simultaneously Redox reaction
Tindak balas yang melibatkan pengoksidaan dan Tindak balas redoks
penurunan yang berlaku secara serentak
2 A substance that oxidises another substance Oxidising agent

Bahan yang mengoksidakan suatu bahan lain Agen pengoksidaan
3 A substance that reduces another substance Reducing agent

Bahan yang menurunkan suatu bahan lain Agen penurunan
4 A process undergone by an oxidising agent Reduction

Proses yang dialami oleh agen pengoksidaan Penurunan
5 A process undergone by a reducing agent Oxidation

Proses yang dialami oleh agen penurunan Pengoksidaan
Conclusion The reaction of magnesium and oxygen is a redox reaction.

Tindak balas magnesium dan oksigen merupakan satu tindak balas redoks .
94
03 SPS CHEMISTRY '17 FORM5-CH03-Ida F.indd 94 8/9/16 3:49 PM

Date:
3.4 INQUIRY
EXPERIMENT
Combustion of metal oxide and carbon
Pembakaran oksida logam dan karbon
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2014 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5(a)(ii)-(iv)

Aim To study the combustion of metal oxide and carbon
Mengkaji pembakaran oksida logam dan karbon
Materials Lead(II) oxide powder, PbO (or lead(IV) oxide, PbO2), carbon powder, C
Serbuk plumbum(II) oksida, PbO (atau plumbum(IV) oksida, PbO2), serbuk karbon, C
Apparatus Crucible, pipe clay triangle, tripod stand, Bunsen burner lead(II) oxide powder
Mangkuk pijar, alas segi tiga, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen serbuk plumbum(II) oksida
+
carbon powder
Procedure 1 Mix half spatula of lead(II) oxide powder with carbon serbuk karbon
powder in a crucible.
CHAPTER
Campurkan setengah spatula serbuk plumbum(II) oksida crucible
mangkuk pijar
dan serbuk karbon dalam satu mangkuk pijar.
2 Heat the mixture strongly./Panaskan campuran dengan kuat.
3 Record observation on the changes that occur.
Catatkan pemerhatian tentang perubahan yang berlaku.
heat
panaskan 3
Observation The mixture glows .A shiny grey solid is formed.
Campuran membara . Pepejal kelabu berkilat terbentuk.
Analysis 1 Name the solid product that is formed in this reaction.

Namakan hasil pepejal yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas ini.
Lead/Plumbum
2 Write a chemical equation for the reaction between carbon and lead(II) oxide.
Tulis satu persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas antara karbon dengan plumbum(II) oksida.
C(s/p) + 2PbO(s/p) 2Pb(s/p) + CO2(g)
3 Calculate the oxidation number of/Hitung nombor pengoksidaan
(a) lead in lead(II) oxide/plumbum dalam plumbum(II) oksida
X + (2) = 0
X = +2
(b) carbon in carbon dioxide/karbon dalam karbon dioksida
X + 2(2) = 0
X = +4
4 What is the change of oxidation number undergone by
Apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan yang dialami oleh
(a) carbon?/karbon? (b) lead?/plumbum?
0 to +4/0 ke +4 +2 to 0/+2 ke 0
5 What substance has undergone/Apakah bahan yang mengalami

(a) oxidation?/pengoksidaan? (b) reduction?/penurunan?
Carbon/Karbon Lead(II) oxide/Plumbum(II) oksida
6 Which substance acts as/Apakah bahan yang bertindak sebagai

(a) an oxidising agent? (b) a reducing agent?
agen pengoksidaan? agen penurunan?
Lead(II) oxide/Plumbum(II) oksida Carbon/Karbon
7 What happens during the reaction between carbon and lead(II) oxide?
Apakah yang berlaku semasa tindak balas antara karbon dengan plumbum(II) oksida?
lead(II) oxide lead
(a) Carbon reduces to .
plumbum(II) oksida plumbum
Karbon menurunkan kepada .
carbon carbon dioxide
(b) Lead (II) oxide oxidises to .
karbon karbon dioksida
Plumbum(II) oksida mengoksidakan kepada .
redox
Conclusion The reaction of lead(II) oxide and carbon is a reaction.
redox
Tindak balas plumbum(II) oksida dan karbon merupakan satu tindak balas .
95
Date:
3.5 DISCUSSION
ACTIVITY
The important information of redox reactions
Maklumat penting bagi tindak balas redoks
HOTS
Mastery
1 Write the colour of ions, elements and compounds which are frequently used.
Tulis warna ion, unsur dan sebatian yang kerap digunakan.
Ion/Element/Compound Colour Ion/Element/Compound Colour

Ion/Unsur/Sebatian Warna Ion/Unsur/Sebatian Warna
(a) Iron(II) ion, Fe2+(aq) Green (g) Copper metal, Cu Brown

Ion ferum(II), Fe2+(ak) Hijau Logam kuprum,Cu Perang
(h) Almost all metals Shiny grey

(b) Iron(III) ion, Fe3+(aq) Yellow/Brown
3+ except copper Kelabu berkilat
Ion ferum(III), Fe (ak) Kuning/Perang
Hampir semua logam
CHAPTER
(c) Copper(II) ion, Cu2+(aq) Blue kecuali kuprum

Ion kuprum(II), Cu2+(ak) Biru (i) Zinc ion, Zn2+(aq), Colourless
silver ion, Ag+(aq) Tidak berwarna
3 (d) Chromium(III)
ion, Cr3+(aq)
Ion kromium(III), Cr3+(ak)
Green
Hijau
Ion zink, Zn2+(ak), ion
argentum, Ag+(ak)
(j) Chlorine gas, Cl2(g) Greenish-

(e) Acidified potassium Purple Gas klorin, Cl2(g) yellow
manganate(VII) solution, Ungu Kuning
KMnO4/H+(aq) or Kehijauan
acidified manganate(VII)
(k) Chlorine water, Cl2(aq) Pale yellow
ion, MnO4/H+(aq) Air klorin, Cl2(ak) Kuning pudar
Larutan kalium
manganat(VII) berasid, (l) Bromine, Br2 (gas, Brown
KMnO4/H+(ak) atau liquid or aqueous) Perang
ion manganat(VII) Bromin, Br2 (gas,
berasid, MnO4/H+(ak) cecair atau akueus)
(f) Acidified potassium Orange (m) Iodine water, I2(aq) Yellow/Brown

dichromate(VI) solution, Jingga Air iodin, I2(ak) Kuning/Perang
K2Cr2O7 /H+(aq) or (n) Chloride ion, Cl, Colourless
acidified dichromate(VI) bromide ion, Br, Tidak berwarna
ion, Cr2O72/H+(aq) iodide ion, I(aq)
Larutan kalium
Ion klorida, Cl, ion
dikromat(VI) berasid,
bromida, Br, ion
K2Cr2O7/H+(ak) atau ion
iodida, I(ak)
dikromat(VI) berasid,
Cr2O72/H+(ak)
2 Write the common ionic conversions involved in the redox reactions in the table below.
Tulis penukaran ion yang lazimnya terlibat dalam tindak balas redoks dalam jadual di bawah ini.
Reactants Conversion product Reactants Conversion product

Bahan tindak balas Hasil penukaran Bahan tindak balas Hasil penukaran
(a) Fe2+ Fe3+ (i) Cu2+ Cu

(b) Fe3+ Fe2+ (j) Ag+ Ag
(c) Sn2+ Sn4+ (k) Cl2 2Cl
(d) Sn4+ Sn2+ (l) Br2 2Br
(e) Zn Zn2+ (m) 2Br Br2
(f) Mg Mg 2+
(n) 2I
I2
(g) Al Al3+ (o) MnO4 Mn2+
(h) Cu Cu2+ (p) Cr2O72 2Cr3+
96
Date:
3.6 INQUIRY
EXPERIMENT
Change of iron(II) ion to iron(III) ion
Pertukaran ion ferum(II) kepada ion ferum(III)
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2002 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5(a) 2003 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5 2008 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(c)
Aim To study the reaction in the change of iron(II) ion, Fe2+ to iron(III) ion, Fe3+
Mengkaji tindak balas pertukaran ion ferum(II), Fe2+ kepada ion ferum(III), Fe3+
Materials Iron(II) sulphate solution, FeSO4, bromine water, Br2, sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH,
colour pencils
Larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4, air bromin, Br2, larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH, pensel
berwarna
Apparatus Test tube, dropper, Bunsen burner, test tube holder

Tabung uji, penitis, penunu Bunsen, pemegang tabung uji
CHAPTER
Procedure
3
bromine water
air bromin
test tube holder
pemegang
tabung uji
iron(II) sulphate
solution
larutan ferum(II)
sulfat heat
panaskan
1 Pour 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution into a test tube.

Tuangkan 2 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat ke dalam tabung uji.
2 Add bromine water, drop by drop into the iron(II) sulphate solution while shaking
the test tube.
Tambahkan air bromin setitik demi setitik ke dalam larutan ferum(II) sulfat sambil
menggoncangkan tabung uji itu.
3 Heat the mixture slowly and record the observation on the solutions colour change.
Panaskan campuran itu dengan perlahan-lahan dan catatkan pemerhatian tentang perubahan
warna pada larutan.
4 Then, add sodium hydroxide solution into the solution.
Kemudian, tambahkan larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam larutan.
5 Use the colour pencils to colour the boxes, showing the change of colour that occurs,
in the table below.
Dengan menggunakan pensel berwarna, tunjukkan perubahan warna yang berlaku dalam
jadual di bawah ini.
Observation
Material/Bahan Observation/Pemerhatian
Bromine water is added The brown bromine water

and the solution is heated decolourises .
Air bromin ditambah dan perang
larutan dipanaskan Warna air bromin dinyahwarnakan .
The green solution changes to brown .

Larutan hijau bertukar menjadi perang .
Sodium hydroxide
A brown precipitate is formed.
solution is added
Larutan natrium hidroksida Mendakan perang
terbentuk.
ditambah
97
Analysis 1 Write the half-equation for the oxidation reaction.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas pengoksidaan.
Fe2+(aq/ak) Fe3+(aq/ak) + e
2 Write the half-equation for the reduction reaction.

Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas penurunan.
Br2(aq/ak) + 2e 2Br(aq/ak)
3 Write the ionic equation for this redox reaction.

Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas redoks ini.
2Fe2+(aq/ak) + Br2(aq/ak) 2Fe3+(aq/ak) + 2Br(aq/ak)
4 (a) State the substance that is oxidised (undergoes oxidation).

Nyatakan bahan yang telah dioksidakan (mengalami pengoksidaan).
Iron(II) ion/Ion ferum(II)
(b) Explain your answer in terms of the changes in the oxidation number and electron
CHAPTER
transfer./Terangkan jawapan anda dari segi perubahan dalam nombor pengoksidaan

dan pemindahan elektron.
3
(i) Oxidation number/Nombor pengoksidaan:
Oxidation number of iron changes from +2 to +3 .
Nombor pengoksidaan ferum berubah daripada +2 kepada +3 .
(ii) Electron transfer/Pemindahan elektron:

Iron(II) ion releases an electron to form iron(III) ion.
Ion ferum(II) melepaskan elektron untuk membentuk ion ferum(III).
5 (a) State the substance that is reduced (undergoes reduction).
Nyatakan bahan yang telah diturunkan (mengalami penurunan).
Bromine/Bromin
(b) Explain your answer in terms of the changes in the oxidation number and electron
transfer.
Terangkan jawapan anda dari segi perubahan nombor pengoksidaan dan pemindahan
elektron.
(i) Oxidation number/Nombor pengoksidaan:
Oxidation number of bromine changes from 0 to 1 .
Nombor pengoksidaan bromin berubah daripada 0 kepada 1 .
(ii) Electron transfer/Pemindahan elektron:

Bromine receives an electron to form bromide ion.
Bromin menerima elektron untuk membentuk ion bromida.
6 What is the oxidising agent in this reaction? Explain your answer.
Apakah agen pengoksidaan dalam tindak balas ini? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Bromine. Bromine receives electron and oxidises iron(II) ion to iron(III) ion.
Bromin. Bromin menerima elektron dan mengoksidakan ion ferum(II) kepada ion ferum(III).
7 What is the reducing agent in this reaction? Explain your answer.

Apakah agen penurunan dalam tindak balas ini? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Iron(II) ion (or iron(II) sulphate). Iron(II) ion releases an electron and reduces
bromine to bromide ion./Ion ferum(II) (atau ferum(II) sulfat). Ion ferum(II) melepaskan
elektron dan menurunkan bromin kepada ion bromida.
8 The colour of the precipitate that is produced when sodium hydroxide solution is
added confirms the formation of iron(III) ions.
Warna mendakan yang terhasil apabila larutan natrium hidroksida ditambah mengesahkan
pembentukan ion ferum(III).
(a) Write the ionic equation to represent the reaction between iron(III) ion and
sodium hydroxide.
Tulis persamaan ion untuk mewakili tindak balas antara ion ferum(III) dengan natrium
hidroksida.
Fe3+(aq/ak) + 3OH(aq/ak) Fe(OH)3(s/p)
98
(b) Name the product that is formed in 8(a).
Namakan hasil yang terbentuk di 8(a).
Iron(III) hydroxide/Ferum(III) hidroksida
9 State three other substances that can be used to replace bromine water.
Nyatakan tiga bahan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan air bromin.
(a) Chlorine water/Air klorin
(b) Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution/Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
(c) Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution/Larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid
oxidised
Conclusion Iron(II) ion can be to iron(III) ion by bromine water. At the same
reduced
time, bromine is to bromide ion.
Ion ferum(II) dapat dioksidakan kepada ion ferum(III) oleh air bromin. Pada masa
diturunkan
CHAPTER
yang sama, bromin kepada ion bromida.
fo Galleryy
I fo
In
Concentrated nitric acid and acidied hydrogen peroxide solution can also be used to replace bromine water.
Asid nitrik pekat dan larutan hidrogen peroksida berasid juga boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan air bromin.
3
Date:
REINFORCEMENT
RE
REINFORCEMEN
REINFOR
REINFORCE
EIIIN
NF
N
NFORCEM
FORCEM
FO
FORC
CE
EM
EM
ME
EN
ENT ACTIVITY
NT ACTIV
ACTIVIT
VITY
TY
Y
Complete the spaces for the redox reaction that takes place in the activity below.
Lengkapkan ruang tentang tindak balas redoks yang berlaku dalam aktiviti di bawah.
chlorine water/air klorin

test tube holder
pemegang tabung uji
iron(II) chloride solution

larutan ferum(II) klorida
heat
panaskan
(a) Half equation/Persamaan setengah:

Cl2(aq/ak) + 2e 2Cl(aq/ak)
(b) Ionic equation/Persamaan ion:
2Fe2+(aq/ak) + Cl2(aq/ak) 2Fe3+(aq/ak) + 2Cl(aq/ak)
(c) Observations/Pemerhatian:
(i) The yellow chlorine water decolourises .
Warna kuning air klorin dinyahwarnakan .
(ii) The green solution changes to brown .
Larutan hijau bertukar menjadi perang .
(d) (i) Oxidation agent/Agen pengoksidaan:
Chlorine water/Air klorin
(ii) Reducing agent/Agen penurunan:
Iron(II) chloride/Iron(II) ion
Ferum(II) klorida/Ion ferum(II)
99
Date:
3.7 INQUIRY
EXPERIMENT
Change of iron(III) ion to iron(II) ion
Pertukaran ion ferum(III) kepada ion ferum(II)
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2008 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(c) 2009 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(a)

Aim To study the reaction in the change of iron(III) ion, Fe3+ to iron(II) ion, Fe2+
Mengkaji tindak balas dalam pertukaran ion ferum(III), Fe3+ kepada ion ferum(II), Fe2+
Materials Iron(III) chloride solution, FeCl3, sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, zinc powder, Zn,
colour pencils
Larutan ferum(III) klorida, FeCl3, larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH, serbuk zink, Zn, pensel
berwarna
Apparatus Test tube, dropper, Bunsen burner, test tube holder, spatula
Tabung uji, penitis, penunu Bunsen, pemegang tabung uji, spatula
CHAPTER
Procedure
test tube holder
pemegang tabung uji
3 iron(III) chloride solution

larutan ferum(III) klorida
zinc powder
serbuk zink
heat
panaskan
1 Pour 2 cm3 of iron(III) chloride solution into a test tube.

Tuangkan 2 cm3 larutan ferum(III) klorida ke dalam satu tabung uji.
2 Add half a spatula of zinc powder into the iron(III) chloride solution.
Tambahkan setengah spatula serbuk zink ke dalam larutan ferum(III) klorida.
3 The mixture is then heated slowly.
Campuran itu kemudian dipanaskan perlahan-lahan.
4 Record the observation on the colour change of the solution.
Catatkan pemerhatian tentang perubahan warna pada larutan.
5 Then, add sodium hydroxide solution into the solution that is produced.
Kemudian, tambahkan larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam larutan yang terhasil.
6 Use the colour pencils to colour the colour changes that occur in the following table.
Gunakan pensel berwarna untuk mewarnakan perubahan warna yang berlaku dalam jadual
yang berikut.
Observation
Zinc powder is added and The zinc powder dissolves .

the mixture is heated. terlarut
Serbuk zink .
Serbuk zink ditambah dan brown
campuran dipanaskan. The solution changes to
green .
perang
Larutan bertukar menjadi
hijau
.
Sodium hydroxide green precipitate

A is formed.
solution is added.
Mendakan hijau
Larutan natrium terbentuk.
hidroksida ditambah.
Analysis 1 (a) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs on the iron(III) ion.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada ion ferum(III).
Fe3+(aq/ak) + e Fe2+(aq/ak)
(b) What is the change in oxidation number of the iron?
Apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan yang dialami oleh ferum?
+3 to +2/+3 ke +2
100
(c) State the electron transfer that occurs in the iron(III) ion.
Nyatakan pemindahan elektron yang berlaku pada ion ferum(III).
receives
Iron(III) ion an electron.
menerima
Ion ferum(III) elektron.
(d) State the reaction that occurs on the iron(III) ion.
Nyatakan tindak balas yang berlaku pada ion ferum(III).
Reduction/Penurunan
2 (a) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs to the zinc.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada zink.
Zn(s/p) Zn2+(aq/ak) + 2e
(b) What is the change in oxidation number of the zinc?

Apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan yang dialami oleh zink?
0 to +2/0 ke +2
CHAPTER
(c) State the electron transfer that occurs to the zinc.
Nyatakan pemindahan elektron yang berlaku pada zink.
3
donates menderma
Zinc electrons./Zink elektron.
(d) State the reaction that occurs to the zinc.
Nyatakan tindak balas yang berlaku pada zink.
Oxidation/Pengoksidaan
3 What type of reaction occurs in this activity?

Apakah jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam aktiviti ini?
Redox reaction/Tindak balas redoks
4 Write the ionic equation to represent this redox reaction.

Tulis persamaan ion untuk mewakili tindak balas redoks ini.
2Fe3+(aq/ak) + Zn(s/p) 2Fe2+(aq/ak) + Zn2+(aq/ak)
5 (a) What is the role of the zinc?

Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh zink?
As the/Sebagai reducing agent/agen penurunan .
(b) How does zinc act on the iron(III) ion?
Bagaimanakah zink bertindak terhadap ion ferum(III)?
donates iron(III) ion iron(II) ion
Zinc electrons and reduces to .
menderma ion ferum(III) ion ferum(II)
Zink elektron dan menurunkan kepada .
6 (a) What is the role of the iron(III) ion?

Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh ion ferum(III)?
oxidising agent agen pengoksidaan
As the ./Sebagai .
(b) How does iron(III) ion act on the zinc?
Bagaimanakah ion ferum(III) bertindak terhadap zink?
receives zinc
Iron(III) ion an electron and oxidises to
zinc ion
.
menerima zink
Ion ferum(III) elektron dan mengoksidakan kepada
ion zink
.
7 (a) Name the product that is produced when sodium hydroxide solution is added
into the product of the reaction.
Namakan hasil yang terbentuk apabila larutan natrium hidroksida ditambahkan ke
dalam hasil tindak balas.
Iron(II) hydroxide/Ferum(II) hidroksida
(b) Write the ionic equation to represent the reaction that occurs.
Tulis persamaan ion untuk mewakili tindak balas yang berlaku.
101
8 State three other substances that can be used to replace zinc.
Nyatakan tiga bahan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan zink.
(a) Magnesium/Magnesium
(b) Aluminium/Aluminium
(c) Sulphur dioxide gas/Gas sulfur dioksida
reduced
Conclusion Iron(III) ion can be to iron(II) ion by zinc metal. At the same time,
oxidised
zinc is to zinc ion.
Ion ferum(III) dapat diturunkan kepada ion ferum(II) oleh logam zink. Pada masa
yang sama, zink dioksidakan kepada ion zink.
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CHAPTER
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Gas hidrogen sulda, larutan natrium sult dan larutan stanum(II) klorida juga boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan zink.
Date:
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Complete the spaces for the redox reaction that takes place in the activity below.
Lengkapkan ruang tentang tindak balas redoks yang berlaku dalam aktiviti di bawah.
test tube holder

pemegang
tabung uji
iron(III) nitrate
solution aluminium plate
larutan ferum(III) kepingan aluminium
nitrat
heat
panaskan

Fe3+(aq/ak) + e Fe2+(aq/ak)
Al(s/p) Al3+(aq/ak) + 3e

3Fe3+(aq/ak) + Al(s/p) 3Fe2+(aq/ak) + Al3+(aq/ak)
(i) The aluminium plate dissolves/becomes thinner .
Kepingan aluminium terlarut/menjadi nipis .
(ii) The brown solution changes to yellow .
perang kuning
Larutan bertukar menjadi .
Iron(III) nitrate/Iron(III) ion
Ferum(III) nitrat/Ion ferum(III)

Aluminium/Aluminium
102
Date:
3.8 INQUIRY
EXPERIMENT
Displacement reaction of metal from its salt solution
Tindak balas penyesaran logam daripada larutan
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2000 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q4(b) 2003 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5

Aim To study the displacement reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulphate solution
as a redox reaction
Mengkaji tindak balas penyesaran antara logam zink dengan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat sebagai
satu tindak balas redoks
Materials Copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4, zinc pieces, Zn, sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH,
colour pencils
Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4, ketulan zink, Zn, larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH, pensel
berwarna
CHAPTER
Apparatus Test tube/Tabung uji
Procedure
3
copper(II) sulphate
solution
larutan kuprum(II) zinc pieces
sulfat ketulan zink
1 Pour 2 cm3 of copper(II) sulphate solution into a test tube.

Tuangkan 2 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat ke dalam tabung uji.
2 Put zinc pieces into the copper(II) sulphate solution in the test tube.
Masukkan seketul zink ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dalam tabung uji itu.
3 Record the observation on the solutions colour change.
4 Then, add sodium hydroxide solution into the solution that is produced.
Kemudian, tambahkan larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam larutan yang terhasil.
5 Use the colour pencils to colour the colour change that occurs in the table below.
Gunakan pensel berwarna untuk mewarnakan perubahan warna yang berlaku dalam jadual
di bawah ini.
Observation
A piece of zinc is put into the brown solid

A forms.
copper(II) sulphate solution. Pepejal perang
Seketul zink dimasukkan ke terbentuk.
dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat. dissolves/become thinner
The zinc piece .
Ketulan zink terlarut/menipis .
blue fades
The solution .
biru pudar
Larutan menjadi semakin .
Sodium hydroxide solution white precipitate

A is formed.
is added. Mendakan putih
Larutan natrium hidroksida terbentuk.
ditambah.
Analysis
1 What is meant by displacement reaction?
Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan tindak balas penyesaran?
more electropositive
A reaction where the metal displaces the
less electropositive
metal from its salt solution.
lebih elektropositif
Tindak balas dengan logam yang menyesarkan suatu logam lain
kurang elektropositif
yang daripada larutan garamnya.
103
2 Explain why zinc is able to displace copper from copper(II) sulphate solution.
Terangkan mengapa zink dapat menyesarkan kuprum daripada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
Zinc is more electropositive than copper.
Zink lebih elektropositif daripada kuprum.
3 (a) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs on zinc.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada zink.
Zn(s/p) Zn2+(aq/ak) + 2e
(b) What is the change in oxidation number of the zinc?

Apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan pada zink?
0 to +2/0 ke +2
(c) State the type of reaction that occurs on the zinc.

Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku pada zink.
CHAPTER
4 (a) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs on the copper(II) ion.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada ion kuprum(II).
3 Cu2+(aq/ak) + 2e Cu(s/p)
(b) What is the change in oxidation number of the copper(II) ion?
Apakah perubahan nombor pengoksidaan pada ion kuprum(II)?
+2 to 0/+2 ke 0
(c) State the type of reaction that occurs on the copper(II) ion.
Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku pada ion kuprum(II).
Reduction/Penurunan
5 Write the ionic equation to represent this redox reaction.

Zn(s/p) + Cu2+(aq/ak) Zn2+(aq/ak) + Cu(s/p)
6 How does electron transfer occur in this reaction?

Bagaimanakah pemindahan elektron berlaku dalam tindak balas ini?
zinc copper(II) ion
Electrons move from the to the .
zink ion kuprum(II)
Elektron berpindah daripada kepada .
7 State the oxidising agent and reducing agent.
Nyatakan agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan.
(a) Oxidising agent/Agen penurunan:
Copper(II) ion/Copper(II) sulphate/Ion kuprum(II)/Kuprum(II) sulfat
(b) Reducing agent/Agen pengoksidaan:
Zinc/Zink
8 Write the ionic equation to show the reaction between the product of the reaction and
sodium hydroxide solution to form a precipitate.
Tulis persamaan ion untuk menunjukkan tindak balas antara hasil tindak balas dengan
larutan natrium hidroksida untuk membentuk mendakan.
Zn2+(aq/ak) + 2OH(aq/ak) Zn(OH)2(s/p)
9 State two substances that can be used to replace zinc in displacing copper from the
copper(II) sulphate solution.
Nyatakan dua bahan yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan zink untuk menyesarkan
kuprum daripada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
Magnesium/Magnesium
(a)
Lead/Iron/Aluminium/Plumbum/Ferum/Aluminium
(b)
Conclusion Zinc reduces copper(II) ion to copper. At the same time, zinc is
oxidised by copper(II) ion to zinc ion.
menurunkan
Zink ion kuprum(II) kepada kuprum. Pada masa yang sama, zink
dioksidakan oleh ion kuprum(II) kepada ion zink.
104
Date:
3.9 INQUIRY
EXPERIMENT
Displacement reaction of halogen from its halide solution
Tindak balas penyesaran halogen daripada larutan
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2008 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q2(f) 2009 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(b) 2014 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(c)
Aim To study the displacement reaction of halogen from its halide solution as a redox reaction
Mengkaji tindak balas penyesaran halogen daripada larutan halidanya sebagai satu tindak balas
redoks
Materials Bromine water, Br2(aq), potassium iodide solution, KI, 1,1,1-trichloroethane liquid,
CH3CCl3
Air bromin, Br2(ak), larutan kalium iodida, KI, cecair 1,1,1-trikloroetana, CH3CCl3
Apparatus Test tube, dropper/Tabung uji, penitis BE ALERT

Carry out this
CHAPTER
bromine water experiment in the
Procedure air bromin WATCH Reaction between chlorine fume chamber. The
VIDEO and sodium iodine solution 1,1,1-trichloroethane
Tindak balas antara klorin
3
vapour is poisonous.
dengan larutan natrium
Jalankan eksperimen
iodida
https://www.youtube.com/ ini dalam kebuk
watch?v=TuL_26IYgCg&li wasap. Wap
potassium iodide st=PL7eEpjZmHhKVOr0R 1,1,1-trikloroetana
solution Enks9e7fKRHLOXX82&in adalah beracun.
larutan kalium dex=3
iodida
1 Pour 2 cm3 of potassium iodide solution into a test tube.

Tuangkan 2 cm3 larutan kalium iodida ke dalam tabung uji.
2 Add a few drops of bromine water into the potassium iodide solution and shake the
test tube.
Tambahkan beberapa titik air bromin ke dalam larutan kalium iodida dan goncangkan
tabung uji itu.
3 Record the observation for the colour change of the solution.
4 Add 1 cm3 of 1,1,1-trichloroethane liquid into the mixture of the solution and shake
the test tube.
Tambahkan 1 cm3 cecair 1,1,1-trikloroetana ke dalam campuran larutan dan goncangkan
tabung uji.
5 Record your observation on the colour change.
Catatkan pemerhatian anda tentang perubahan warna.
Observation
Material Observation
Bahan Pemerhatian
Bromine water is poured into brown

The bromine water
the potassium iodide solution.
Air bromin dituangkan ke
decolourises .
dalam larutan kalium iodida. Warna perang air bromin
dinyahwarnakan .
The colourless potassium iodide
solution changes to yellow/brown .
tidak berwarna
Larutan kalium iodida yang
bertukar menjadi kuning/perang .
1,1,1-trichloroethane liquid Purple

colour appears.
is added into the mixture ungu
of the solution. Warna kelihatan.
Cecair 1,1,1-trikloroetana
ditambah ke dalam
campuran larutan.
105
Analysis 1 (a) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs on the bromine.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada bromin.
Br2(aq/ak) + 2e 2Br(aq/ak)
(b) State the change in oxidation number of the bromine.
Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan pada bromin.
0 to 1/0 ke 1
(c) State the type of reaction that occurs on the bromine.
Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku pada bromin.
Reduction/Penurunan
2 (a) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs on the iodide ion.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada ion iodida.
2I(aq/ak) I2(aq/ak) + 2e
(b) State the change in oxidation number of the iodide ion.
CHAPTER
Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan pada ion iodida.

1 to 0/1 ke 0
(c) State the type of reaction that occurs on the iodide ion.
3 Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku pada ion iodida.

3 Write the ionic equation to represent this reaction.

Br2(aq/ak) + 2I(aq/ak) 2Br(aq/ak) + I2(aq/ak)
4 State the electron transfer that occurs in this reaction.

Nyatakan pemindahan elektron yang berlaku dalam tindak balas ini.
Electrons move from the iodide ion to the bromine .
ion iodida bromin
Elektron bergerak dari ke .
5 State the oxidising agent in this reaction.
Nyatakan agen pengoksidaan dalam tindak balas ini.
Bromine water/Air bromin
6 State the reducing agent in this reaction.

Nyatakan agen penurunan dalam tindak balas ini.
Iodide ion/Ion iodida
7 How does bromine act on the iodide ion?

Bagaimanakah bromin bertindak terhadap ion iodida?
Bromine receives an electron and oxidises iodide ion to iodine .
Bromin menerima satu elektron dan mengoksidakan ion iodida kepada
iodin .
8 How does iodide ion act on the bromine?
Bagaimanakah ion iodida bertindak terhadap bromin?
Iodide ion donates/releases an electron and reduces bromine to
bromide ion .
menderma/membebaskan bromin
Ion iodida satu elektron dan menurunkan
ion bromida
kepada .
9 What type of reaction occurs in this activity?
Apakah jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam aktiviti ini?
Redox reaction/Tindak balas redoks
10 State one other substance that can be used to replace bromine water.
Nyatakan satu bahan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan air bromin.
Chlorine water/Chlorine gas/Air klorin/Gas klorin
11 Predict the observation if starch solution is added into the mixture of the solution.
Ramalkan pemerhatian jika larutan kanji ditambah ke dalam campuran larutan.
A dark blue colour appears./Warna
biru tua
kelihatan.
106
12 Based on the given information, tick the pair of chemicals (halogens and halides)
which will undergo a displacement reaction and cross out those will not. Then,
give the reason for your answer.
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, tandakan pada pasangan bahan kimia (halogen dan
halida) yang akan mengalami tindak balas penyesaran dan pada pasangan yang tidak
akan mengalami tindak balas penyesaran. Kemudian, beri sebab untuk jawapan anda.
Fluorine/Fluorin Chlorine/Klorin Bromine/Bromin Iodine/Iodin
Decreasing reactivity/electronegativity
Semakin kurang kereaktifan/keelektronegatifan
Chemicals or Reason/Sebab
Bahan kimia atau
Chlorine is more reactive
CHAPTER
(electronegative) than iodine.
(a) KI(aq/ak) + Cl2(aq/ak) lebih
Klorin reaktif
3
(elektronegatif) daripada iodin.
Chlorine is more reactive

(b) KBr(aq/ak) + Cl2(aq/ak) lebih
than bromine./Klorin
reaktif daripada bromin.
Bromine is less reactive

(c) KCl(aq/ak) + Br2(aq/ak) kurang
than chlorine./Bromin
reaktif daripada klorin.
Iodine is less reactive

(d) KBr(aq/ak) + I2(aq/ak) kurang
than bromine./Iodin
reaktif daripada bromin.
Potassium chloride does not

react with potassium bromide.
(e) KCl(aq/ak) + KBr(aq/ak) tidak
Kalium klorida
bertindak balas dengan kalium
bromida.
Conclusion Halogens that are more electronegative/more reactive will displace another
halogen that is less electronegative/less reactive from its halide solution. This is
a redox reaction.
lebih elektronegatif/lebih reaktif
Halogen yang akan menyesarkan satu halogen lain
yang kurang elektronegatif/kurang reaktif daripada larutan halidanya. Tindak balas ini
adalah satu tindak balas redoks .
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In
1.
Halogen conrmatory test/Ujian pengesahan halogen
The halogen colour in the 1,1,1-trichloroethane/tetrachloromethane
Warna halogen dalam lapisan 1,1,1-trikloroetana/tetraklorometana
Chlorine water (chlorine solution), Cl2(aq) Bromine water (bromine solution), Br2(aq) Iodine solution, I2(aq)
Air klorin (larutan klorin), Cl2(ak) Air bromin (larutan bromin), Br2(ak) Larutan iodin, I2(ak)
Yellow/Kuning Brown/Perang Purple/ungu
2. Strength as an oxidising agent decreases from chlorine, bromine to iodine.

Kekuatan sebagai agen pengoksidaan berkurang daripada klorin, bromin ke iodin.
107
Date:
3.10 INQUIRY
EXPERIMENT
Electron transfer at a distance
Pemindahan elektron pada suatu jarak
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2001 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q3(c) 2006 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q7(b) 2009 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(b)
Aim To study the redox reaction in terms of electron transfer at a distance
Mengkaji tindak balas redoks dari segi pemindahan elektron pada satu jarak
Materials Iron(II) sulphate solution, FeSO4, acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution, KMnO4/H+,
2 mol dm3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Larutan ferum(II) sulfat, FeSO4, larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid, KMnO4/H+, asid sulfurik,
H2SO4, 2 mol dm3
Apparatus U-tube, galvanometer, connecting wire, retort stand with clamp, rubber stopper, carbon
electrode, dropper, colour pencils
Tiub-U, galvanometer, wayar penyambung, kaki retort dengan pengapit, penyumbat getah, elektrod
CHAPTER
karbon, penitis, pensel berwarna

Procedure
electrons/elektron carbon electrodes
3
G elektrod karbon
+
acidied potassium
iron(II) sulphate solution manganate(VII) solution
larutan ferum(II) sulfat larutan kalium
clamp manganat(VII) berasid
pengapit
dilute sulphuric acid

U-tube asid sulfurik cair
tiub-U
1 Fill the U-tube with dilute sulphuric acid./Isi tiub-U dengan asid sulfurik cair.
2 Add iron(II) sulphate solution into one of the arms of the U-tube.
Tambahkan larutan ferum(II) sulfat ke dalam salah satu lengan tiub-U.
3 Add acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution into the other arm.
Tambahkan larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid ke dalam satu lengan lagi.
4 Immerse the carbon electrodes into the solution and connect the galvanometer using
the connecting wires to complete the circuit.
Celupkan elektrod-elektrod karbon ke dalam larutan dan sambungkan galvanometer dengan
menggunakan wayar penyambung untuk melengkapkan litar.
5 Observe the galvanometer pointer and the colour change of the solution.
Perhatikan jarum galvanometer dan perubahan warna pada larutan.
6 Use the colour pencils to colour the boxes to show the colour changes that occurs in
the following table.
Gunakan pensel berwarna untuk mewarnakan petak untuk menunjukkan perubahan warna
yang berlaku dalam jadual yang berikut.
Observation Electrode Apparatus/Solution Observation

Elektrod Radas/Larutan Pemerhatian
Galvanometer pointer
Deflects/Terpesong
Jarum galvanometer
Negative Iron(II) sulphate solution Green

Negatif Larutan ferum(II) sulfat solution changes to
brown hijau
./Larutan
berubah menjadi perang .
Positive Acidified potassium Purple decolourises

Positif manganate(VII) solution solution .
Warna ungu larutan dinyahwarnakan .
Larutan kalium
manganat(VII) berasid
108
Analysis 1 What is the function of the dilute sulphuric acid?
Apakah fungsi asid sulfurik cair?
To allow the ions to move through it to complete the circuit
Membenarkan ion-ion bergerak melaluinya untuk melengkapkan litar
2 What is the function of the galvanometer?

Apakah fungsi galvanometer?
To detect the electric current that is produced.
Untuk mengesan arus elektrik yang terhasil.
3 Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs in the

Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di
(a) negative electrode (negative terminal)
elektrod negatif (terminal negatif)
CHAPTER
(b) positive electrode (positive terminal)
elektrod positif (terminal positif)
MnO4(aq/ak) + 8H+(aq/ak) + 5e Mn2+(aq/ak) + 4H2O(l/ce)
4 Write the ionic equation for this redox reaction.

3
Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas redoks ini.
5Fe2+(aq/ak) + MnO4(aq/ak) + 8H+(aq/ak) 5Fe3+(aq/ak) + Mn2+(aq/ak) + 4H2O(l/ce)
5 What is the reaction that occurs to the iron(II) ion at the negative electrode? Give
the reason for your answer.
Apakah tindak balas yang berlaku pada ion ferum(II) di elektrod negatif? Beri sebab untuk
jawapan anda.
Oxidation . Iron(II) ion releases an electron and is oxidised
iron(III) ion
to .
Pengoksidaan . Ion ferum(II) membebaskan satu elektron dan
dioksidakan kepada ion ferum(III) .
6 What is the reaction that occurs to the manganate(VII) ion at the positive electrode?
Give the reason for your answer.
Apakah tindak balas yang berlaku pada ion manganat(VII) di elektrod positif? Beri sebab
untuk jawapan anda.
Reduction receives
. Manganate(VII) ion electrons and is
reduced manganese(II) ion
to .
Penurunan menerima
. Ion manganat(VII) elektron dan
diturunkan ion mangan(II)
kepada .
7 Mark the direction of electron flow that occurs through the outer circuit in the diagram
in page 107.
Tandakan arah pengaliran elektron yang berlaku melalui litar luar dalam rajah di halaman
107.
8 State the oxidising agent and reducing agent.

Nyatakan agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan.
(a) Oxidising agent/Agen pengoksidaan:
Manganate(VII) ion/Ion manganat(VII)
(b) Reducing agent/Agen penurunan:

Iron(II) ion/Ion ferum(II)
9 State two substances that can be used to replace acidified potassium manganate(VII)
solution.
Nyatakan dua bahan yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan larutan kalium
manganat(VII) berasid.
Bromine water and acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution/chlorine water
Air bromin dan larutan kalium dikromat(VI) berasid/air klorin
109
10 Dilute sulphuric acid can be replaced by dilute hydrochloric acid. Give one reason.
Asid sulfurik cair boleh digantikan dengan asid hidroklorik cair. Beri satu sebab.
allows the ions to move through it
Dilute hydrochloric acid also
membenarkan ion-ion bergerak melaluinya
Asid hidroklorik cair juga
11 Predict what will happen if sodium hydroxide solution is added to the negative
electrode at the end of the reaction. Give the reason for your answer.
Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku jika larutan natrium hidroksida ditambahkan kepada
elektrod negatif pada akhir tindak balas. Beri sebab untuk jawapan anda.
brown precipitate iron(III) ion
A is formed, indicating the presence of .
Mendakan perang ion ferum(III)
terbentuk dan ini menunjukkan kehadiran .
oxidises
Conclusion Manganate(VII) ion iron(II) ion into iron(III) ion. At the same
reduced
time, the manganate(VII) ion is to manganese(II) ion.
CHAPTER
mengoksidakan
Ion manganat(VII) ion ferum(II) kepada ion ferum(III). Pada masa yang
diturunkan
sama, ion manganat(VII) kepada ion mangan(II).
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t 5IFPYJEBUJPOOVNCFSPGNBOHBOFTFJONBOHBOBUF 7**
JPO .O04JT
Nombor pengoksidaan mangan dalam ion manganat(VII), MnO4, ialah +7.
t &MFDUSPOUSBOTGFSBUBEJTUBODFJTCBTJDBMMZUIFTBNFBTUIFSFEPYSFBDUJPOUIBUXBTTUVEJFECFGPSFUIJT
Pada asasnya, pemindahan elektron pada satu jarak adalah sama dengan tindak balas redoks yang dipelajari
sebelum ini.
Date:
REINFORCEMENT
RE
REINFOR
REINFORCE
EIIIN
NF
N
NFORCEM
FORCEM
FO
FORCE
CE
EM
ME
MEN
ENT ACTIVITY
NT ACTIV
ACTIVIT
ACTIVITY
V TY
Y
Complete the spaces for the redox reaction that takes place in the U-tube below.
Lengkapkan ruang tentang tindak balas redoks yang berlaku dalam tiub-U di bawah.
electrons/elektron carbon electrodes
G elektrod karbon
+
acidied potassium
potassium iodide solution dichromate(VI) solution
larutan kalium iodida larutan kalium
clamp dikromat(VI) berasid
pengapit
dilute sulphuric acid

tiub-U

(): 2I (aq/ak) I2(aq/ak) + 2e
(+): Cr2O72(aq/ak) + 14H+(aq/ak) + 6e 2Cr3+(aq/ak) + 7H2O(l/ce)

6I(aq/ak) + Cr2O72(aq/ak) + 14H+(aq/ak) 3I2(aq/ak) + 2Cr3+(aq/ak) + 7H2O(l/ce)
tidak berwarna
(): The colourless solution turns brown /Larutan bertukar menjadi perang
(+): The orange solution turns green /Larutan jingga bertukar menjadi hijau

Dichromate(VI) ion/Ion dikromat(VI)
Potassium iodide/Iodide ion/Kalium iodida/Ion iodida
110
Learning Objective
3.2 Analysing rusting as redox reaction Date:
3.11 DISCUSSION
ACTIVITY
Corrosion of metals
Kakisan logam Constructivism
Fill in the blanks with the suitable words regarding the corrosion of metals.
Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang kakisan logam.
Redox reaction Higher Corroded More electropositive

Tindak balas redoks Lebih tinggi Terkakis Lebih elektropositif
Lose electrons Oxidised Metal ions Release electrons
Kehilangan elektron Dioksidakan Ion-ion logam Membebaskan elektron
Oxidation Donate Electrolyte Come into contact
Pengoksidaan Menderma Elektrolit Bersentuhan
CHAPTER
3
lose electrons oxidised

1 Corrosion of metals occur when metals spontaneously and is
to form metal ions.
kehilangan elektron dioksidakan
Kakisan logam berlaku apabila logam secara spontan dan untuk
membentuk ion-ion logam.
M Mn+ + ne (oxidation/pengoksidaan)
higher more electropositive

2 Metals that are placed in the electrochemical series or will
be corroded more easily. This is because the metal has a greater tendency to release electrons in
order to form metal ions .
lebih tinggi lebih elektropositif
Logam-logam yang terletak dalam siri elektrokimia atau
membebaskan elektron
lebih mudah terkakis. Ini adalah kerana logam ini lebih cenderung untuk untuk
ion-ion logam
membentuk .
3 The corrosion of metals is a redox reaction because this process involves oxidation and
reduction.
Kakisan logam merupakan satu tindak balas redoks kerana proses ini melibatkan pengoksidaan dan
penurunan.
4 The corrosion of metals electrochemically is a process that occurs when two metals of different
electropositivity come into contact with each other in an electrolyte .
Kakisan logam secara elektrokimia ialah satu proses yang berlaku apabila dua logam yang berlainan
keelektropositifan bersentuhan antara satu sama lain dalam suatu elektrolit .
donate oxidation
5 The metal that is more electropositive will electrons (undergo )
and become corroded, while the metal that is less electropositive will be protected from being
corroded .
menderma pengoksidaan
Logam yang lebih elektropositif akan elektron (mengalami ) dan
terkakis, manakala logam yang kurang elektropositif akan dilindungi daripada terkakis .
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Corroded iron results in rust. Other metals such as magnesium and zinc can only be corroded but do not rust.
Besi terkakis menyebabkannya karat. Logam-logam lain seperti magnesium dan zink hanya dapat terkakis tetapi tidak berkarat.
111
Date:
3.12 DISCUSSION
ACTIVITY
Rusting of iron (corrosion of iron) as a redox reaction
Pengaratan besi (kakisan besi) sebagai satu tindak balas redoks Constructivism
2007 PAPER 2 SEC A Q6(a) & (b)

Study the diagram and the ionic equation carefully. Then, complete the flow chart regarding the rusting
process of iron.
Teliti rajah dan persamaan ion yang diberi. Kemudian, lengkapkan carta aliran tentang proses pengaratan besi.
Iron(II) ion Oxidised Loses Iron Electrons Iron(III) oxide

Ion ferum(II) Dioksidakan Kehilangan Besi Elektron-elektron Ferum(III) oksida
Reduced Hydroxide Water Oxygen Iron(II) Iron(II) hydroxide
Diturunkan Hidroksida Air Oksigen Ferum(II) Ferum(II) hidroksida
water droplet/titisan air

CHAPTER
OH Fe2+ OH
3 cathode/katod
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH anode/anod
cathode/katod
O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH
Fe Fe2+ + 2e
e
e

iron/ferum
1 At the centre of the water droplet, the iron loses electrons and is oxidised
iron(II) ion
into . The iron is corroded.
Di pusat titisan air, besi kehilangan elektron dan dioksidakan kepada
ion ferum(II)
. Besi terkakis.
Anode/Terminal (): Fe(s/p) Fe2+(aq/ak) + 2e (oxidation/pengoksidaan)
Anod/Terminal ()
2 Electrons that are released flow to the edge of the water droplet through the
iron .
Elektron-elektron besi
yang terbebas mengalir ke pinggir titisan air melalui .
oxygen
3 At the edge of the water droplet, the electrons are received by the dissolved
water reduced hydroxide
and , and are into ions.
Di pinggir titisan air, elektron-elektron diterima oleh oksigen terlarut dan air ,
dan diturunkan kepada ion-ion hidroksida .
Cathode/Terminal (+): O2(g) + 2H2O(l/ce) + 4e 4OH(aq/ak) (reduction/penurunan)

Katod/Terminal (+)
iron(II) hydroxide
4 The ions and the ions combine to form a
green solid, i.e. iron(II) hydroxide .
Ion-ion ferum(II) dan ion-ion hidroksida bergabung untuk membentuk pepejal hijau,
contohnya ferum(II) hidroksida .
5 Iron(II) hydroxide is then oxidised by oxygen in the air to a brown

iron(III) oxide
solid, i.e. hydrated (rust).
Ferum(II) hidroksida kemudian dioksidakan oleh oksigen dalam udara kepada
ferum(III) oksida
pepejal perang, contohnya terhidrat (karat).
Oxygen in the air/Oksigen dalam udara
Fe(OH)2 Fe2O3.xH2O
Rust/Karat
112
Date:
3.13 GUIDED
EXPERIMENT
Electrochemical corrosion of metals
Kakisan logam secara elektrokimia
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2001 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q3(b) 2004 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q4(b) 2007 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q6(c)
2008 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(b) 2013 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q8(c) 2015 PAPER 3 Q3
Aim To study the effect on the iron nail when it comes into contact with different metals
Mengkaji kesan pada paku besi apabila bersentuhan dengan logam-logam berlainan
Problem How do different metal that come into contact with iron affect the rusting of iron?
Statement Bagaimanakah logam-logam berlainan yang bersentuhan dengan besi mempengaruhi pengaratan
besi?
Hypothesis If the iron nail comes into contact with a metal that is more electropositive than it is,
rusting does not takes place. Meanwhile, if the iron nail comes into contact with
a metal that is less electropositive than it is, the rusting takes place.
CHAPTER
Jika paku besi bersentuhan dengan logam yang lebih elektropositif daripadanya,
pengaratan tidak berlaku. Sebaliknya, jika paku besi bersentuhan dengan logam yang
Variables
kurang elektropositif daripadanya, pengaratan
(a) that is manipulated/yang dimanipulasikan:

paku besi berlaku.
3
Different metals that come into contact with the iron nail
Logam berlainan yang bersentuhan dengan paku besi
(b) that responds/yang bergerak balas:
Rusting of iron/Pengaratan besi
(c) that is kept constant/yang dimalarkan:
Type of iron nail/Jenis paku besi
Materials Iron nail, magnesium ribbon, copper strip, agar solution (gelatin), potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III) solution, phenolphthalein indicator
Paku besi, pita magnesium, jalur kuprum, larutan agar-agar (gelatin), larutan kalium
heksasianoferat(III), penunjuk fenolftalein
Apparatus Test tube, test tube rack, sandpaper/Tabung uji, rak tabung uji, kertas pasir
Procedure A B C
iron nail
paku besi iron nail
iron nail paku besi
paku besi magnesium
ribbon copper strip
pita magnesium jalur kuprum
agar solution/larutan agar-agar

+
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution
larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III)
+
phenolphthalein indicator
penunjuk fenolftalein
1 Clean the iron nail, magnesium ribbon and copper strip using the sandpaper.
Bersihkan paku besi, pita magnesium dan jalur kuprum dengan menggunakan kertas pasir.
2 Put an iron nail into test tube A, an iron nail that is coiled with magnesium ribbon
into test tube B, and an iron nail that is coiled with copper strip into test tube C.
Masukkan paku besi ke dalam tabung uji A, paku besi yang dililit dengan pita magnesium ke
dalam tabung uji B, dan paku besi yang dililit dengan jalur kuprum ke dalam tabung uji C.
3 Mix the hot agar solution with a few drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution
and a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator, and pour the mixture into test tubes
A, B and C.
Campurkan larutan agar-agar panas dengan beberapa titik larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III)
dan beberapa titik penunjuk fenolftalein, dan tuangkan campuran ke dalam tabung uji A, B dan C.
4 Leave the test tubes in the test tube rack for one day.
Biarkan tabung uji di rak tabung uji selama satu hari.
5 Record and compare the observation on the colour change in each test tube.
Catatkan dan bandingkan pemerhatian tentang perubahan warna dalam setiap tabung uji.
113
Observation Observation/Pemerhatian
Test Intensity of Intensity

tube Pair of metals the colour of of the pink Gas bubbles
Tabung Pasangan logam dark blue spot colour Gelembung-
uji Keamatan Keamatan gelembung
warna tompok warna merah gas
biru tua jambu
Iron nail only Low

A
Paku besi sahaja Rendah
Iron nail and

magnesium ribbon None High A lot
B
Paku besi dan Tiada Tinggi Banyak
CHAPTER
pita magnesium
3
Iron nail and
copper strip High Low A little
C
Paku besi dan Tinggi Rendah Sedikit
jalur kuprum
Analysis 1 Write the formula for the metal ion that is formed when the iron nail rusts.
Tulis formula bagi ion logam yang terbentuk apabila paku besi berkarat.
Fe2+
2 Write the half-equation for the rusting of iron.

Tulis setengah persamaan bagi pengaratan besi.
Fe(s/p) Fe2+(aq/ak) + 2e
3 Name the reaction that occurs during the rusting of iron.

Namakan tindak balas yang berlaku semasa pengaratan besi.
4 What is the function of the potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution?

Apakah fungsi larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III)?
To detect the presence of iron(II) ions if the iron nail becomes corroded.
Untuk mengesan kehadiran ion-ion ferum(II) jika paku besi terkakis.
5 (a) Based on the observation, which test tube shows that rusting has not occurred?
Berdasarkan pemerhatian, tabung uji yang manakah tidak menunjukkan pengaratan?
Test tube B/Tabung uji B
(b) Name the metal that can protect iron from being corroded.
Namakan logam yang dapat melindungi besi daripada terkakis.
Magnesium
(c) Give the inference to your answer.

Beri inferens kepada jawapan anda.
Magnesium is more electropositive than iron and can protect iron
from being corroded.
Magnesium adalah daripada besi dan dapat melindungi besi
daripada terkakis.
6 Which metal facilitates the rusting of iron in this experiment? Give the reason.
Apakah logam yang menggalakkan pengaratan besi dalam eksperimen ini? Beri sebab.
Copper Copper
. is less electropositive than
iron
.
Kuprum Kuprum besi
. kurang elektropositif daripada .
114
7 State the relationship between the intensity of colour of the dark blue spot and the
rusting of iron.
Nyatakan hubungan antara keamatan warna tompok biru tua dengan pengaratan besi.
higher
The the intensity of colour of the dark blue spot, the
faster
the rusting of iron.
tinggi cepat
Semakin keamatan warna tompok biru tua, semakin
pengaratan besi.
8 Name the gas that is produced in this experiment.

Namakan gas yang terhasil dalam eksperimen ini.
Hydrogen/Hidrogen
9 Write the formula for the ion that causes pink colour to form in the mixture.
Tulis formula bagi ion yang menyebabkan warna merah jambu terbentuk dalam campuran.
OH
CHAPTER
10 Iron can be prevented from rusting by using a sacrificial metal. Give a brief
explanation on how a large iron construction structures such as bridges and iron
3
pipes can be prevented from rusting by using the said method.
Besi dapat dielakkan daripada berkarat dengan menggunakan logam korban. Terangkan
secara ringkas bagaimana suatu struktur binaan besi yang besar seperti jambatan dan paip
besi dapat dielakkan daripada pengaratan dengan kaedah tersebut.
magnesium
The iron construction structure is tied with a bag filled with
zinc corroded
or to protect the iron from getting .
Magnesium zinc
or which is more electropositive will become
replaced
corroded and is from time to time.
magnesium zink
Struktur besi diikat dengan beg yang berisi atau untuk
terkakis Magnesium zink
melindungi besi daripada . atau
yang lebih elektropositif akan terkakis dan digantikan dari semasa ke semasa.
Conclusion 1 Can the hypothesis made be accepted?

Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat diterima?
Yes/Ya
2 What conclusion can be made from this experiment?

Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini?
The rusting of the iron nail will be slowed down if the iron nail comes into contact
with a metal that is more electropositive than it. On the other hand, the rusting of
iron will be accelerated if the iron nail comes into contact with a metal that is less
electropositive than it.
Pengaratan paku besi akan dilambatkan jika paku besi bersentuhan dengan logam yang lebih
elektropositif daripadanya. Sebaliknya, pengaratan besi akan dicepatkan jika paku besi bersentuhan
dengan logam yang kurang elektropositif daripadanya.
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Water in the solution ionises partially to produce hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
H2O H+ + OH
Electrons that are released from the magnesium in test tube B and the iron in test tube C are accepted by the hydrogen ions in the solution.
Colourless hydrogen gas bubbles are released. The discharge of hydrogen ions leaves a lot of hydroxide ions that cause the area around the
iron nail to have alkaline characteristics. This alkaline condition can be detected by the phenolphthalein indicator by turning the indicator pink.
Air dalam larutan mengion separa untuk menghasilkan ion hidrogen dan ion hidroksida.
H2O H+ + OH
Elektron-elektron yang terbebas daripada magnesium dalam tabung uji B dan besi dalam tabung uji C diterima oleh ion-ion hidrogen dalam
larutan. Gelembung-gelembung gas hidrogen yang tanpa warna terbebas. Nyahcas ion-ion hidrogen meninggalkan banyak ion-ion hidroksida
yang menyebabkan kawasan di sekeliling paku besi bersifat alkali. Keadaan beralkali ini dapat dikesan oleh penunjuk fenolftalein dengan
menukarkan penunjuk menjadi merah jambu.
115
Learning Objective
3.3 Understanding the reactivity series of metals and its application Date:
3.14 GUIDED
EXPERIMENT
Reactivity of metals with oxygen
Kereaktifan logam terhadap oksigen
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2013 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q8(b)

Aim To compare the reactivity of metals with oxygen
Membandingkan kereaktifan logam terhadap oksigen
Problem How do different metals react with oxygen?

Statement
Bagaimanakah logam-logam bertindak balas dengan oksigen?
Hypothesis Different metals have different levels of reactivity with oxygen.

Logam-logam yang berlainan mempunyai kereaktifan yang berbeza terhadap oksigen.
Variables (a) that is manipulated/yang dimanipulasikan:

CHAPTER
Type of metal/Jenis logam

Reactivity of metals/Kecergasan tindak balas logam
3 (c) that is kept constant/yang dimalarkan:

Form of the metals (i.e. similar fineness)/Quantity of metal
Rupa bentuk logam (iaitu sama halus)/Kuantiti logam
Materials Magnesium powder, zinc powder, iron powder, lead powder, copper powder, potassium
manganate(VII) crystals/Serbuk magnesium, serbuk zink, serbuk ferum, serbuk plumbum,
serbuk kuprum, hablur kalium manganat(VII)
Apparatus Boiling tube, glass wool, asbestos paper, spatula, retort stand with clamp, Bunsen burner
Tabung didih, wul kaca, kertas asbestos, spatula, kaki retort dengan pengapit, penunu Bunsen
Procedure metal powder
serbuk logam
glass wool
wul kaca test tube holder
pemegang tabung uji
potassium manganate(VII) crystals
hablur kalium manganat(VII) asbestos paper
kertas asbestos
heat heat
panaskan panaskan
1 Put a few spatulas of potassium manganate(VII) crystals into the boiling tube that is
clamped horizontally./Masukkan beberapa spatula hablur kalium manganat(VII) ke dalam
tabung didih yang diapit secara mengufuk.
2 Place a lump of glass wool into the boiling tube.
Letakkan satu gumpalan wul kaca ke dalam tabung didih.
3 Put one spatula of magnesium powder into the asbestos paper that is folded in the
shape of a dish and place it carefully in the boiling tube.
Masukkan satu spatula serbuk magnesium ke dalam kertas asbestos yang telah dilipat dalam
bentuk mangkuk dan letakkannya ke dalam tabung didih dengan berhati-hati.
4 Heat the magnesium powder strongly, followed by the potassium manganate(VII) crystals.
Panaskan serbuk magnesium dengan kuat dan diikuti dengan hablur kalium manganat(VII).
5 Record your observation based on:/Catatkan pemerhatian anda berdasarkan:
(a) the brightness of the flame/kecerahan nyalaan
(b) the reactivity/kecergasan tindak balas
(c) the colour of the product of the reaction/warna hasil tindak balas
6 Repeat the experiment using zinc, iron, lead and copper powders.
Ulangi eskperimen dengan menggunakan serbuk zink, ferum, plumbum dan kuprum.
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Glass wool is used to separate potassium manganate(VII) crystals from the metal. An explosion might happen if the mixture of potassium
manganate(VII) crystals and metal is heated.
Kapas kaca digunakan untuk memisahkan hablur kalium manganat(VII) daripada logam. Satu campuran hablur kalium manganat(VII) dan logam
mungkin meletup jika dipanaskan.
116
Observation
Type of metal Observation/Pemerhatian
Jenis logam Flame/Nyala Colour of the solid/Warna pepejal
Burns quickly with a White
powder is produced.
Magnesium shiny white flame putih
Magnesium Terbakar cepat dengan Serbuk terhasil.
nyalaan putih berkilauan
yellow
A bright flame spreads The colour of the powder is
Zinc slowly. white
when hot and when cold.
Zink Nyalaan terang merebak kuning
Serbuk berwarna apabila
secara perlahan. putih
panas dan apabila sejuk.
Reddish-brown
Embers spread slowly. powder is
CHAPTER
Iron
Ferum
Baraan merebak formed.
secara perlahan. perang kemerahan
Serbuk terbentuk.
Lead
Red hot embers glow
slowly.
The colour of the powder is
when hot and
yellow
brown
when cold.
3
Plumbum Baraan panas merah perang
Serbuk berwarna apabila
menyala secara perlahan. kuning
panas dan apabila sejuk.
Embers glow at a very Black

powder is formed.
Copper slow rate. hitam
Kuprum Serbuk terhasil.
Baraan menyala dengan
kadar yang sangat perlahan.
Analysis 1 What is the function of the potassium manganate(VII) crystals?

Apakah fungsi hablur kalium manganat(VII)?
To supply/Membekalkan oxygen gas/gas oksigen .
2 Why are metals in the form of powder used in this experiment?
Mengapakah logam dalam bentuk serbuk digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?
larger total surface area
The metal powder has a for the reaction to occur.
jumlah luas permukaan besar
Serbuk logam mempunyai untuk bertindak balas.
3 Complete the flow map below by arranging the metals according to a descending
order of reactivity./Lengkapkan peta alir di bawah dengan menyusun logam-logam mengikut
tertib kereaktifan secara menurun.
Magnesium Zinc Iron Lead Copper

Magnesium Zink Ferum Plumbum Kuprum
Decreasing reactivity/Semakin kurang reaktif

4 Complete the chemical equations below for reactions between metals and oxygen.
Lengkapkan persamaan kimia di bawah ini bagi tindak balas antara logam-logam dengan oksigen.
2 2MgO(s/p)
(a) Mg(s/p) + O2(g)
2 2ZnO(s/p)
(b) Zn(s/p) + O2(g)
4 3 2Fe2O3(s/p)
(c) Fe(s/p) + O2(g)
2 2PbO(s/p)
(d) Pb(s/p) + O2(g)
2 2CuO(s/p)
(e) Cu(s/p) + O2(g)
Conclusion 1 Can the hypothesis made be accepted?/Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat diterima?
Yes/Ya
2 What conclusion can be made?/Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat?
Different metals have different levels of reactivity with oxygen.
Logam yang berlainan mempunyai kereaktifan yang berbeza terhadap oksigen.
117
Date:
3.15 GUIDED
EXPERIMENT
Position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals
Kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2002 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5(d) 2014 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5(d)

Aim To determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals
Menentukan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam
Problem
Statement Where is the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals?
Di manakah kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam?
Hypothesis more less
Carbon is reactive than zinc but is reactive than
aluminium.
lebih kurang
Karbon reaktif daripada zink tetapi reaktif daripada aluminium.

CHAPTER
Type of metal oxide/Jenis oksida logam
3 Change in the mixture/Perubahan pada campuran tindak balas
(c) that is kept constant/yang dimalarkan:

Quantity of chemicals
Kuantiti bahan kimia
Materials Charcoal powder (carbon), lead(II) oxide powder, PbO, aluminium oxide powder, Al2O3,
zinc oxide powder, ZnO
Serbuk arang (karbon), serbuk plumbum(II) oksida, PbO, serbuk aluminium oksida, Al2O3, serbuk
zink oksida, ZnO
Apparatus Crucible, Bunsen burner, spatula, pipe clay triangle, tripod stand metal oxide powder
Mangkuk pijar, penunu Bunsen, spatula, alas segi tiga, tungku kaki tiga serbuk oksida logam
+
Procedure 1 Mix half a spatula of charcoal (carbon) and half a charcoal powder
spatula of lead(II) oxide in the crucible. serbuk arang
Campurkan setengah spatula arang (karbon) dan setengah
pipe clay crucible
spatula plumbum(II) oksida di dalam mangkuk pijar. mangkuk
triangle
2 Heat the mixture strongly./Panaskan campuran dengan kuat. alas segi pijar
3 Record the observation on the condition of the mixture. tiga
Catatkan pemerhatian tentang keadaan campuran. heat
4 The experiment is repeated using aluminium oxide panaskan
powder and zinc oxide powder.
Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan serbuk aluminium oksida dan serbuk zink oksida.
Results Does the Comparison on

reaction the reactivity of
Mixture Observation occur? carbon with metal
Campuran Pemerhatian Adakah Perbandingan
tindak balas kereaktifan karbon
berlaku? terhadap logam
Carbon and Bright flame Yes/Ya more

. Carbon is
lead(II) oxide Nyalaan terang reactive than lead.
Karbon dan .
shiny grey solid Karbon lebih
plumbum(II) A
oksida reaktif daripada plumbum.
is formed.
Pepejal kelabu berkilat
terbentuk.
Carbon and No glow or flame/ No/Tidak Carbon is less

aluminium No change. reactive than aluminium.
oxide Tiada baraan atau kurang
Karbon dan nyalaan/Tiada Karbon
aluminium oksida perubahan. reaktif daripada
aluminium.
118
Does the
reaction Comparison on
occur? the reactivity of
Mixture Observation carbon with metal
Adakah
Campuran Pemerhatian Perbandingan
tindak
kereaktifan karbon
balas
terhadap logam
berlaku?
Carbon and Bright embers Yes/Ya more

. Carbon is
zinc oxide Baraan terang
. reactive than zinc.
Karbon dan shiny grey solid lebih
A Karbon
zink oksida
is formed. reaktif daripada zink.
terbentuk.
CHAPTER
Analysis 1 Based on the observation in the table above/Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam jadual di atas,
(a) deduce the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals.
deduksikan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam.
The position of carbon is in between aluminium and zinc . 3
Karbon terletak di antara aluminium dengan zink .
(b) arrange carbon, lead, aluminium and zinc according to their reactivities in
decreasing order.
susun karbon, plumbum, aluminium dan zink mengikut tertib kereaktifan secara menurun.
Aluminium Carbon Zinc Lead
Aluminium Karbon Zink Plumbum
Reactivity decreasing/Semakin kurang reaktif

2 Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs, if any.
Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku, jika ada.
2PbO(s/p) + C(s/p) 2Pb(s/p) + CO2(g); 2ZnO(s/p) + C(s/p) 2Zn(s/p) + CO2(g)
3 (a) What is the role of carbon in this experiment?

Apakah peranan karbon dalam eksperimen ini?
As a/Sebagai reducing agent/agen penurunan .
(b) Explain your answer in 3(a)./Terangkan jawapan anda di 3(a).
Carbon reduces metal oxides into its metals.
Karbon menurunkan oksida logam kepada logamnya.
4 (a) State a suitable method to extract tin from its ore.
Nyatakan kaedah yang sesuai untuk mengekstrakkan logam timah daripada bijih timah.
Heat tin ore together with carbon .
Memanaskan bijih timah bersama karbon .
(b) Explain your answer in 4(a)./Terangkan jawapan anda di 4(a).
Carbon is more reactive than tin./Karbon
lebih reaktif
daripada timah.
5 Can aluminium be extracted from its ore (bauxite or aluminium oxide) by heating
together with carbon? Explain your answer.
Bolehkah aluminium diekstrakkan daripada bijihnya (bauksit atau aluminium oksida)
dengan memanaskannya bersama karbon? Terangkan jawapan anda.
No . Aluminium is more reactive than carbon.
Tidak . Aluminium lebih reaktif daripada karbon.
Yes/Ya
2 What conclusion can be made?/Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat?

The position of carbon is in between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series of
metals./Karbon terletak di antara aluminium dengan zink dalam siri kereaktifan logam.
119
Date:
3.16 GUIDED
EXPERIMENT
Position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals
Kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
(Teachers demonstration/Demonstrasi guru) 2015 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q10(a)(i) & (ii)

Aim
Problem To determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals
Statement Menentukan kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logamWhere is the position of
hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals?
Di manakah kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam?
Hypothesis more less
Hydrogen is reactive than iron but is reactive than zinc.
lebih kurang
Hidrogen reaktif daripada ferum tetapi reaktif daripada zink.

Type of metal oxide/Jenis oksida logam
CHAPTER

Change in the mixture/Perubahan pada campuran
3 (c) that is kept constant/yang dimalarkan:

Quantity of metal oxide
Kuantiti oksida logam
Materials Zink granules, Zn, 1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, anhydrous calcium chloride,
CaCl2, copper(II) oxide powder, CuO, lead(II) oxide powder, PbO, zinc oxide powder,
ZnO, iron(III) oxide powder, Fe2O3, wooden splinter/Ketulan zink, Zn, asid hidroklorik, HCl,
1 mol dm3, kalsium klorida kontang, CaCl2, serbuk kuprum(II) oksida, CuO, serbuk plumbum(II)
oksida, PbO, serbuk zink oksida, ZnO, serbuk ferum(III) oksida, Fe2O3, kayu uji
Apparatus Round-bottomed flask, combustion tube with a small hole at its end, stopper with a
glass tube, retort stand with clamp, thistle funnel, U-tube, Bunsen burner, test tube,
asbestos paper
Kelalang dasar bulat, tabung pembakaran dengan lubang kecil pada hujungnya, penyumbat dengan
salur kaca, kaki retort dan pengapit, corong tisel, tiub-U, penunu Bunsen, tabung uji, kertas asbestos
Procedure metal oxide

dry H2 hydrogen ame
thistle funnel oksida logam nyalaan hidrogen
H2 kering
corong tisel combustion tube
tabung pembakaran
heat asbestos paper
dilute hydrochloric acid
panaskan kertas asbestos
asid hidroklorik cair
zinc granules anhydrous calcium chloride

ketulan zink kalsium klorida kontang
1 Put some dry copper(II) oxide powder onto the asbestos paper.
Masukkan sedikit serbuk kuprum(II) oksida kering ke atas kertas BE ALERT
asbestos. Ensure that all the
2 Channel the dry hydrogen gas through the apparatus for connections are airtight.
a few minutes to remove all air./Alirkan gas hidrogen kering A mixture of air and
melalui radas selama beberapa minit untuk menyingkirkan semua hydrogen will explode if
udara. ignited.
Pastikan semua
3 Collect the gas that comes out from the small hole with a test sambungan adalah
tube and test the gas with a lit wooden splinter. If the pop ketat. Campuran udara
sound is not heard, light the excess hydrogen gas that comes dan hidrogen akan
meletup jika dinyalakan.
out from the end of the combustion tube.
Kumpulkan gas yang keluar dari lubang kecil dengan tabung uji dan uji
dengan kayu uji bernyala. Jika bunyi pop tidak lagi kedengaran, nyalakan gas hidrogen berlebihan
yang keluar dari hujung tabung pembakaran.
4 Heat copper(II) oxide in the asbestos paper and record the changes that occur.
Panaskan kuprum(II) oksida dalam kertas asbestos dan catatkan perubahan yang berlaku.
5 Repeat the experiment using lead(II) oxide powder, zinc oxide powder and iron(III)
oxide powder./Ulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan serbuk plumbum(II) oksida, serbuk
zink oksida dan serbuk ferum(III) oksida.
120
Observation
Does the
reaction Comparison on
occur? the reactivity of
Mixture Observation hydrogen with metal
Adakah
Campuran Pemerhatian Perbandingan
tindak
kereaktifan hidrogen
balas
dengan logam
berlaku?
Hydrogen and Bright glow Yes/Ya more

. Hydrogen is
copper(II) oxide Nyalaan terang . reactive than copper.
Hidrogen dan lebih
A brown solid Hidrogen
kuprum(II)
reaktif daripada kuprum.
oksida is formed.
Pepejal perang
terbentuk.
CHAPTER
Hydrogen and Bright glow Yes/Ya less
. Hydrogen is
lead(II) oxide Nyalaan terang reactive than lead.
3
.
Hidrogen dan kurang
plumbum(II) A shiny grey solid Hidrogen
reaktif daripada plumbum.
oksida is formed.
terbentuk.
Hydrogen and No glow or flame/ No/Tidak more

Hydrogen is
zinc oxide No change. reactive than zinc.
Hidrogen dan Tiada baraan atau lebih
Hidrogen
zink oksida nyalaan/Tiada
reaktif daripada zink.
perubahan.
Hydrogen and Dim glow Yes/Ya more

. Hydrogen is
iron(III) oxide Nyalaan malap
. reactive than iron.
Hidrogen dan shiny grey solid lebih
A Hidrogen
ferum(III) oksida
reaktif daripada ferum.
is formed.
terbentuk.
Analysis 1 Based on the observation in the table,

Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam jadual,
(a) deduce the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.
deduksikan kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam.
zinc iron
The position of hydrogen is in between and .
zink ferum
Hidrogen terletak di antara dengan .
(b) arrange hydrogen, zinc, iron, lead and copper according to their reactivities in
decreasing order.
susun hidrogen, zink, ferum, plumbum dan kuprum mengikut tertib kereaktifan secara
menurun.
Zinc Hydrogen Iron Lead Copper

Zink Hidrogen Ferum Plumbum Kuprum
Reactivity decreasing/Semakin kurang reaktif
2 Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs, if any.
Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku, jika ada.
(a) CuO(s/p) + H2(g) Cu(s/p) + H2O(l/ce)
(b) PbO(s/p) + H2(g) Pb(s/p) + H2O(l/ce)
(c) Fe2O3(s/p) + 3H2(g) 2Fe(s/p) + 3H2O(l/ce)
121
3 What is the role of hydrogen in this experiment?
Apakah peranan hidrogen dalam eksperimen ini?
As a/Sebagaireducing agent/agen penurunan .
4 From your knowledge in Experiments 3.14 3.16, complete the reactivity series of
metals by arranging the substances given according to the decreasing reactivity in
the flow map below./Daripada pengetahuan anda dalam Eksperimen 3.14 3.16, lengkapkan
siri kereaktifan logam dengan menyusun bahan-bahan yang diberikan mengikut kereaktifan
yang semakin menurun dalam peta alir di bawah.
Reactivity series of metals/Siri kereaktifan logam
Substances Potassium/Kalium
Bahan
Copper Sodium/Natrium
CHAPTER
Kuprum
Iron Calcium/Kalsium
Besi
3 Zinc
Zink
Magnesium/Magnesium
Aluminium/Aluminium
Magnesium
Magnesium (Carbon/Karbon)
Aluminium Zinc/Zink Reactivity decreases
Aluminium Kereaktifan semakin menurun
(Hydrogen/Hidrogen)
Potassium
Kalium Iron/Besi
Lead Tin/Stanum (Timah)
Plumbum
Lead/Plumbum
Silver
Argentum (Perak)
Copper/Kuprum
Sodium
Natrium Mercury/Merkuri
Calcium Silver/Argentum (Perak)
Kalsium
Aurum/Aurum (Emas)
Yes/Ya
2 What conclusion can be made from this experiment?

Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat daripada eksperimen ini?
Hydrogen is more reactive than iron but is less reactive than zinc. The position of
hydrogen is in between zinc and iron in the reactivity series of metals.
Hidrogen lebih reaktif daripada ferum tetapi kurang reaktif daripada zink. Hidrogen terletak di
antara zink dengan ferum dalam siri kereaktifan logam.
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I fo
In
Silver oxide cannot be used to replace metal oxides in this experiment. This is because silver oxide will decompose to form silver metal
and release oxygen gas when heated.
Argentum oksida tidak boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan oksida logam dalam eksperimen ini. Hal ini demikian kerana argentum oksida
akan terurai untuk membentuk logam argentum dan membebaskan gas oksigen apabila dipanaskan.
2Ag2O(s/p) 4Ag(s/p) + O2(g)
122
Date:
3.17 DISCUSSION
ACTIVITY
Extraction of metal from its ore
Pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya Contextual
State a suitable method for the extraction of metal from its ore. Give the reason for your choice.
Nyatakan kaedah yang sesuai bagi pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya. Beri sebab bagi pilihan anda.
Carbon Less reactive Easily Electrolysis Decomposes

Karbon Kurang reaktif Mudah Elektrolisis Terurai
Can Cannot Free More reactive Cheap
Dapat Tidak dapat Bebas Lebih reaktif Murah
Reactivity Extraction method of metal

series of metals from its ore Reason
CHAPTER
Siri kereaktifan Kaedah pengekstrakan Sebab
logam logam daripada bijihnya
K Electrolysis less reactive
3
of molten metal ore Carbon is than
Na Elektrolisis
leburan bijih logam these metals. As such, carbon
Ca cannot
Mg Example:/Contoh: reduce these metal
Al oxides.
Electric current Karbon kurang reaktif daripada
Arus elektrik
2Al2O3(l/ce) 4Al(s/p) logam-logam ini. Oleh itu, karbon
tidak dapat
+ 3O2(g) menurunkan
oksida-oksida logam ini.
(C) carbon more reactive

Heating metal oxide with Carbon is
Zn (coke) than these metals. As such, carbon
Fe Pemanasan oksida logam dengan can
Sn karbon
reduce these metal
(arang kok) oxides. Other than that, carbon is
Pb
Decreasing Example:/Contoh: chosen because it is cheap
reactivity SnO2(s/p) + C(s/p) Sn(s/p) + CO2(g) and easily obtained.
Kereaktifan tin ore/bijih timah lebih reaktif
semakin Karbon daripada
berkurang logam-logam ini. Oleh itu, karbon
dapat menurunkan oksida-
oksida logam ini. Selain itu, karbon
dipilih kerana karbon adalah
murah mudah
dan diperoleh.
Cu Heating metal sulphide in air decomposes

Mercury ore into
Hg Pemanasan sulfida logam dalam udara
mercury when heated.
Example:/Contoh: terurai
Bijih merkuri kepada
HgS(s/p) + O2(g) Hg(s/p) + SO2(g) merkuri apabila dipanaskan.
Ag free
Exist as elements
Au on earth
bebas
Wujud sebagai unsur
di bumi
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I fo
In
The Thermite process is also used in the small-scale extraction of iron from iron ore using aluminium.
Proses Termit juga digunakan dalam pengekstrakan besi daripada bijih besi menggunakan aluminium.
Fe2O3(s/p) + 2Al(s/p) 2Fe(s/p) + Al2O3(s/p)
The extraction of iron using this method is more expensive because aluminium powder is expensive. The Thermite reaction is dangerous
because it produces a lot of heat.
Proses pengekstrakan besi menggunakan kaedah ini adalah lebih mahal kerana serbuk aluminium adalah mahal. Tindak balas Termit adalah
berbahaya kerana tindak balas ini menghasilkan banyak haba.
123
Date:
3.18 DISCUSSION
ACTIVITY
Extraction of tin from its ore
Pengekstrakan timah daripada bijihnya
HOTS
Contextual
Study the diagram given on the extraction of tin from its ore (tin oxide).
Kaji rajah yang diberikan tentang pengekstrakan timah daripada bijihnya (timah oksida).
gas M
In fo Galleryy
I fo
Besides carbon, carbon monoxide that is
tin ore produced during the extraction, also acts as
bijih timah a reducing agent to extract tin from tin ore.
+ Selain karbon, karbon monoksida yang terhasil
L semasa pengekstrakan juga bertindak sebagai
+ agen penurunan untuk mengekstrakkan timah
limestone daripada bijihnya.
batu kapur
2C(s/p) + O2(g) 2CO(g)
CHAPTER
hot air hot air SnO2(s/p) + 2C(s/p) Sn(s/p) + 2CO(g)

udara panas udara panas SnO2(s/p) + 2CO(g) Sn(s/p) + 2CO2(g)
3
substance N molten tin
bahan N timah lebur
blast furnace
relau bagas
1 What are the elements that make up tin ore?

Apakah unsur-unsur yang membentuk bijih timah.
Tin and oxygen/Timah dan oksigen
2 L is a type of carbon. Name L.

L ialah sejenis karbon. Namakan L.
Coke/Arang kok
3 What is the function of limestone (calcium carbonate) in the extraction of tin ore?
Apakah fungsi batu kapur (kalsium karbonat) dalam pengekstrakan bijih timah?
sand slag
Reacts with to form a .
pasir sanga
Bertindak balas dengan untuk membentuk .
4 What are gas M and substance N?
Apakah gas M dan bahan N?
Carbon dioxide/Karbon dioksida
Gas M :
Slag/Sanga
Substance N/Bahan N :
5 Explain why tin can be extracted from its ore by using carbon.
Terangkan mengapa timah dapat diekstrak daripada bijihnya menggunakan karbon.
less reactive
Tin is than carbon.
kurang reaktif
Timah daripada karbon.
6 Tin ore consists of tin(IV) oxide, SnO2. Write a chemical equation to represent the reaction between
tin(IV) oxide, SnO2, and carbon. HOTS
Bijih timah terdiri daripada timah(IV) oksida, SnO2. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi mewakili tindak balas
antara timah(IV) oksida, SnO2, dan karbon.
SnO2(s/p) + C(s/p) Sn(s/p) + CO2(g)
7 Write the metals which can be extracted from the given ores.
Tuliskan logam-logam yang dapat diekstrak daripada bijih yang diberikan.
(a) Cassiterite/Kasiterit: (d) Magnesite/Magnesit:

Tin/Timah Magnesium/Magnesium
(b) Malachite/Malakit: (e) Bauxite/Bauksit:

Copper/Kuprum Aluminium/Aluminium
(c) Haematit/Hematit: (f) Galena/Galena:

Iron/Besi Lead/Plumbum
124
Learning Objective
3.4 Analysing redox reactions in electrolytical and chemical cells Date:
3.19 INQUIRY
EXPERIMENT
Redox reaction in the electrolytic cell and chemical cell
Tindak balas redoks dalam sel elektrolisis dan sel kimia
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2000 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q2 2000 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q4(b) 2001 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q3(a)(ii) 2005 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(c)
2009 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q8(b) 2010 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5 2012 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q6(b) & (c) 2012 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(b)
Aim To study the redox reaction in the electrolytic cell and chemical cell
Mengkaji tindak balas redoks dalam sel elektrolisis dan sel kimia
Materials Zinc plate, copper plate, zinc sulphate solution, ZnSO4, copper(II) sulphate solution,
CuSO4
Kepingan zink, kepingan kuprum, larutan zink sulfat, ZnSO4, larutan kuprum(II) sulfat, CuSO4
Apparatus Electrolytic cell, carbon electrodes, ammeter, voltmeter, battery, porous pot, beaker,
connecting wire and crocodile clips
CHAPTER
Sel elektrolisis, elektrod karbon, ammeter, bateri, pasu berliang, bikar, wayar penyambung dan
klip buaya
3
Procedure
V
copper plate
zinc plate kepingan kuprum
carbon electrodes kepingan zink
elektrod karbon copper(II) sulphate
solution
copper(II) larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
sulphate solution zinc sulphate
larutan kuprum(II) solution porous pot
sulfat larutan zink sulfat pasu berliang
Electrolytic cell Chemical cell

Sel elektrolisis Sel kimia
Diagram/Rajah (a) Diagram/Rajah (b)
Electrolytic cell
Sel elektrolisis
1 Prepare the electrolytic cell as shown in Diagram (a).
Sediakan sel elektrolisis seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a).
2 Immerse the carbon electrodes into the copper(II) sulphate solution.
Celupkan elektrod karbon ke dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
3 Turn on the switch and flow 0.5 A of current for a few minutes.
Hidupkan suis dan alirkan arus 0.5 A selama beberapa minit.
4 Observe the ammeter pointer and the changes on the carbon electrodes.
Perhatikan jarum ammeter dan perubahan pada elektrod karbon.
Chemical cell (Daniell cell)

Sel kimia (sel Daniell)
1 Prepare the chemical cell (Daniell cell) as shown in Diagram (b).
Sediakan sel kimia (sel Daniell) seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (b).
2 Pour the zinc sulphate solution and copper(II) sulphate solution into the beaker and
porous pot respectively.
Tuangkan larutan zink sulfat dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat masing-masing ke dalam bikar
dan pasu berliang.
3 Immerse the zinc plate and copper plate into the zinc sulphate solution and copper(II)
sulphate solution respectively.
Celupkan kepingan zink dan kepingan kuprum masing-masing ke dalam larutan zink sulfat
dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
4 Connect the zinc and copper plates to the voltmeter using the connecting wires to
complete the circuit.
Sambungkan kepingan zink dan kuprum kepada ammeter dengan menggunakan wayar
penyambung untuk melengkapkan litar.
5 Observe the voltmeter pointer and colour change in the solutions.
Perhatikan jarum voltmeter dan perubahan warna pada larutan.
125
Observation Electrolytic cell:/Sel elektrolisis:
Observation/Pemerhatian
Ammeter pointer Anode (+) Cathode ()
Jarum ammeter Anod(+) Katod()
Deflects Colourless gas bubbles are A brown solid is deposited.

Terpesong released. Pepejal perang terenap.
Gelembung-gelembung gas
tanpa warna terbebas.
Chemical cell:/Sel kimia:
Observation/Pemerhatian
CHAPTER
Voltmeter pointer Anode/Terminal () Cathode/Terminal (+)

Jarum voltmeter Anod/Terminal () Katod/Terminal (+)
3 Deflects
Terpesong
Zinc plate dissolves.
Kepingan zink terlarut.
A brown solid is formed.
Pepejal perang terbentuk.
Intensity of the blue
coloured solution decreases.
Keamatan biru
larutan berkurang.
Apparatus Electrolytic cell/Sel elektrolisis:

1 What is the product formed at the anode and cathode?
Apakah hasil yang terbentuk di anod dan katod?
(a) anode/anod : Oxygen gas/Gas oksigen
(b) cathode/katod : Copper metal/Logam kuprum
2 Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the

Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di
: 4OH (aq/ak) O2(g) + 2H2O(l/ce) + 4e

(a) anode/anod
(b) cathode/katod : Cu (aq/ak) + 2e Cu(s/p)
2+
3 State the electron transfer and type of reaction that occurs at the
Nyatakan pemindahan elektron dan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku pada
(a) anode/anod
releases Oxidation
Hydroxide ion an electron. occurs.
melepaskan Pengoksidaan
Ion hidroksida elektron. berlaku.
(b) cathode/katod
Copper(II) ion gains electrons. Reduction occurs.
Ion kuprum(II) menerima elektron. Penurunan berlaku.
4 What is the oxidising agent and reducing agent?

Apakah agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan?
(a) Oxidising agent/Agen pengoksidaan:
Copper(II) ion/Ion kuprum(II)
(b) Reducing agent/Agen penurunan:

Hydroxide ion/Ion hidroksida
5 What is the energy change that occurs in the electrolytic cell?

Apakah perubahan tenaga yang berlaku dalam sel elektrolisis?
Electrical chemical
energy changes to energy.
Tenaga elektrik berubah kepada tenaga kimia .
126
Chemical cell (Daniell cell)/Sel kimia (sel Daniell)
1 What is the function of the porous pot?/Apakah fungsi pasu berliang?
To allow the ions to move through it to complete the circuit.
Membenarkan ion-ion bergerak melaluinya untuk melengkapkan litar.
2 Complete the table below.

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah ini.
Change in
Type of
Type of the oxidation Electron
reaction
terminal Half-equation number transfer
Jenis
Jenis Setengah persamaan Perubahan Pemindahan
tindak
terminal nombor elektron
balas
pengoksidaan
Negative Zinc releases
CHAPTER
terminal Zn(s/p) Zn2+(aq/ak) 0 to +2 electrons Oxidation
Terminal + 2e 0 ke +2 Zink melepaskan Pengoksidaan
negatif elektron
Positive
Copper(II)
ion receives
3
terminal Cu (aq/ak) + 2e
2+
+2 to 0 electrons Reduction
Terminal Cu(s/p) +2 ke 0 Ion kuprum(II) Penurunan
positif menerima
elektron
3 Write the ionic equation for the reaction of the chemical cell.
Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas sel kimia itu.
Zn(s/p) + Cu2+(aq/ak) Zn2+(aq/ak) + Cu(s/p)
4 (a) What is the role of the zinc?

Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh zink?
Reducing agent./Agen penurunan.
(b) Give the reason for your answer in 4(a).
Beri sebab untuk jawapan anda di 4(a).
Zinc releases electrons and reduces copper(II) ion to copper.
Zink membebaskan elektron dan menurunkan ion kuprum(II) kepada kuprum.
5 (a) In which direction does the electron flow in the outer circuit?
Pada arah yang manakah elektron mengalir dalam litar luar?
zinc copper
From the plate to the plate.
zink kuprum
Dari kepingan ke kepingan .
(b) Why do the electrons flow in the direction that you stated in 5(a)?
Mengapakah elektron mengalir dalam arah yang anda nyatakan di 5(a)?
Zinc is than copper.
Zink daripada kuprum.
6 State the energy change that occurs in this cell.
Nyatakan perubahan tenaga yang berlaku dalam sel ini.
chemical electrical
From energy to energy.
kimia elektrik
Daripada tenaga kepada tenaga .
7 Write the symbols for the chemical cell in this activity.

Tulis simbol bagi sel kimia dalam aktiviti ini.
Zn(s/p) Zn2+(aq/ak) Cu2+(aq/ak) Cu(s/p)
8 Predict what will happen to the voltmeter pointer if the copper plate is replaced
by a zinc plate./Ramalkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada jarum voltmeter jika kepingan
kuprum digantikan dengan kepingan zink.
The voltmeter pointer does not deflect./Jarum voltmeter tidak terpesong.
127
9 (a) How will the voltmeter reading change if the zinc plate and zinc sulphate
solution are respectively replaced with magnesium ribbon and magnesium
sulphate solution?
Bagaimanakah perubahan bacaan voltmeter jika kepingan zink dan larutan zink sulfat
digantikan dengan pita magnesium dan larutan magnesium sulfat?
Increases/Bertambah
(b) Give one reason for your answer in 9(a)./Beri satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di 9(a).
Magnesium is than zinc.
Magnesium daripada zink.
10 By using dilute sulphuric acid as the salt bridge, draw another labelled apparatus
set-up that can be used to build the chemical cell.
Dengan menggunakan asid sulfurik cair sebagai titian garam, lukis susunan radas berlabel
lain yang boleh digunakan untuk membina sel kimia ini.
CHAPTER
3
+ copper plate
zinc plate kepingan kuprum
kepingan zink
copper(II) sulphate solution
zinc sulphate solution larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
larutan zink sulfat
dilute sulphuric acid (acts as a salt bridge)

asid sulfurik cair (bertindak sebagai titian garam)
11 Label the terminals in the circles ( ) and anode or cathode in the boxes ( )
for the combination of the chemical cell and electrolytic cell below.
Label terminal dalam bulatan ( ) dan anod atau katod dalam petak ( ) untuk
gabungan sel kimia dan sel elektrolisis di bawah ini.
e
V
Anode Cathode Anode Cathode
Anod Katod Anod Katod
copper plate
zinc plate copper plate
kepingan kuprum
kepingan zink kepingan kuprum
copper(II)
sulphate solution
zinc sulphate larutan kuprum(II)
solution sulfat
larutan zink sulfat
porous pot
chemical cell pasu berliang electrolytic cell
sel kimia sel elektrolisis
12 State the role of the chemical cell in 11(a)./Nyatakan peranan sel kimia dalam 11(a).
electrical energy electrolytic cell
To produce to be used by the .
Menghasilkan tenaga elektrik untuk digunakan oleh sel elektrolisis .
Conclusion A redox reaction that involves the oxidation and reduction processes occur in the
electrolytic chemical/redox
cell and cell.
Tindak balas redoks yang melibatkan proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan berlaku dalam sel
elektrolisis kimia/redoks
dan sel .
TIPS
Oxidation occurs at the anode of the cell, while redcution occurs at the cathode of the cell.
Pengoksidaan berlaku di anod sel manakala penurunan berlaku di katod sel.
Type of cell/Jenis sel Anode (Oxidation)/Anod (Pengoksidaan) Cathode (Reduction)/Katod (Penurunan)

Elelctrolytic cell/Sel elektrolisis Positive terminal/Terminal positif Negative terminal/Terminal negatif
Chemical cell/Sel kimia Negative terminal/Terminal negatif Positive terminal/Terminal positif
128
Date:
3.20 DISCUSSION
ACTIVITY
Comparison between the electrolytic cell and chemical cell
Perbandingan antara sel elektrolisis dengan sel kimia
HOTS
Inquiry-Discovery
2003 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q3(b)

Compare the characteristics of the electrolytic cell and chemical cell in the table below.
Bandingkan ciri-ciri sel elektrolisis dan sel kimia dalam jadual di bawah ini.
Diagram V
Rajah
A
copper plates zinc plate copper plate

kepingan kuprum kepingan kepingan kuprum
zink
CHAPTER
copper(II) sulphate solution copper(II) sulphate solution
larutan kuprum(II) sulfat larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
1 Type of cell
Jenis sel
Electrolytic cell
Sel elektrolisis
Chemical cell
Sel kimia
3
2 Type of Positive electrode/anode: Positive electrode/cathode:
electrode Elektrod positif/anod: Elektrod positif/katod:
Jenis elektrod Copper/Kuprum Copper/Kuprum
Negative electrode/cathode: Negative electrode/anode:

Elektrod negatif/katod: Elektrod negatif/anod:
Copper/Kuprum Zinc/Zink
3 Positive Anode Cathode

terminal of Anod Katod
the cell (+)
Terminal
positif sel (+)
4 Negative Cathode Anode

terminal of Katod Anod
the cell ()
Terminal
negatif sel ()
5 Half-equation Positive electrode/anode: Positive electrode/cathode:

Setengah Elektrod positif/anod: Elektrod positif/katod:
persamaan Cu Cu2+ + 2e Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Negative electrode/cathode: Negative electrode/anode:

Elektrod negatif/katod: Elektrod negatif/anod:
Cu2+ + 2e Cu Zn Zn2+ + 2e
6 Energy Electrical energy Chemical energy Chemical energy Electrical energy

change Tenaga elektrik Tenaga kimia Tenaga kimia Tenaga elektrik
Perubahan
tenaga
7 Transfer of Electrons move from the Electrons move from the

electrons positive negative
to the to the
Pemindahan negative positive
elektron electrodes terminals.
Elektron bergerak dari elektrod Elektron bergerak dari terminal
positif negatif
ke elektrod ke terminal
negatif positif
.
129
SPM ENHANCEMENT CORNER 3
Paper 1
Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer.
Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat jawapan pilihan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
1 The following equation 4 What is the oxidation number of 8 Diagram 1 shows the rusting
HOTS
represents the reaction between sulphur in sulphate ion, SO42? HOTS
of iron./Rajah 1 menunjukkan
chlorine and potassium iodide. Berapakah nombor pengoksidaan pengaratan besi.
Persamaan yang berikut mewakili sulfur dalam ion sulfat, SO42?
water droplet
tindak balas antara klorin dengan A 2 C 6 titisan air
kalium iodida. B +6 D 8
CHAPTER
SPM CLONE 2007/2009/2010/2011/2012/2015

Cl2 + 2KI I2 + 2KCl
5 When gas x is channelled into
Which of the following shows an iron(II) sulphate solution, it
3
the changes of the oxidation will change the green solution
cathode anode cathode
number of chlorine? katod anod katod
into brown. What is gas X? iron/besi
Antara yang berikut, yang
Gas X apabila dialirkan ke dalam Diagram 1/Rajah 1
manakah menunjukkan perubahan
larutan ferum(II) sulfat akan
nombor pengoksidaan klorin? Which of the following
menukarkan warna hijau larutan
A 0 to 1 C 1 to 1 kepada perang. Apakah gas X? equations occurs at the anode?
0 kepada 1 1 kepada 1 Antara persamaan yang berikut,
A Hydrogen chloride
B 1 to 0 D 2 to 0 Hidrogen klorida yang manakah berlaku di anod?
1 kepada 0 2 kepada 0
B Hydrogen sulphide A Fe Fe2+ + 2e
SPM CLONE 2001/2008/2014
Hidrogen sulfida B O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OH
C Chlorine/Klorin C 4OH O2 + 2H2O + 4e
2 Which of the following is a
D Ammonia/Ammonia D Fe2+ + 2e Fe
reduction process? SPM CLONE 2006
SPM CLONE 2005/2009/2012/2015
Antara yang berikut, yang
manakah proses penurunan? 6 Which of the following is an 9 Diagram 2 shows the extraction
A A potassium atom loses an oxidising agent? process of tin in a blast furnace.
electron. Antara yang berikut, yang Rajah 2 menunjukkan proses
Atom kalium kehilangan satu manakah agen pengoksidaan? pengekstrakan timah dalam relau
elektron. A Hydrogen sulphide bagas.
B A chlorine atom receives an Hidrogen sulfida
electron. B Sodium sulphite gases/gas
Atom klorin menerima satu Natrium sulfit tin ore
elektron. C Bromine/Bromin blast bijih timah
furnace +
C A magnesium atom gains D Sulphur dioxide relau Y
oxygen./Atom magnesium Sulfur dioksida bagas +
SPM CLONE 2009/2013
limestone
memperoleh elektron. batu kapur
D The oxidation number of a slag is
7 What happens to the oxygen and removed molten tin is
bromine atom increases. electron during reduction? sanga removed
Nombor pengoksidaan atom dikeluarkan timah lebur
Apakah yang berlaku kepada oksigen dikeluarkan
bromin bertambah.
dan elektron semasa penurunan?
SPM CLONE 2008/2009
Diagram 2/Rajah 2
Oxygen Electron
3 Which of the following is not Oksigen Elektron What is substance Y?
a redox reaction? A Gain Gain Apakah bahan Y?
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah A Iron
Penerimaan Penerimaan
bukan tindak balas redoks? Besi
A Mg + CuO MgO + Cu B Loss Gain
B Carbon
Kehilangan Penerimaan
B ZnCl2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 Karbon
+ 2NaCl C Gain Loss C Platinum
C 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 Penerimaan Kehilangan Platinum
D Zn + Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 D Loss Loss D Magnesium
+ Cu Kehilangan Kehilangan Magnesium
SPM CLONE 2006 SPM CLONE 2012 SPM CLONE 2006
130
10 What is the position of carbon A Cu Cu2+ + 2e 16 Diagram 5 shows the apparatus
in the reactivity series of metals? B Zn2+ + 2e Zn HOTS
set-up to study the reaction
Di manakah kedudukan karbon C Cu2+ + 2e Cu between potassium iodide
dalam siri kereaktifan logam? D Zn Zn2+ + 2e solution and bromine water.
A Between lead and copper SPM CLONE 2007 Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan
Antara plumbum dengan kuprum radas untuk mengkaji tindak balas
13 The following equation shows
B Between zinc and iron HOTS the
antara larutan kalium iodida dan
reaction between hydrogen
Antara zink dengan besi air bromin.
and copper(II) oxide./Persamaan
C Between magnesium and carbon electrodes
yang berikut menunjukkan tindak elektrod karbon
aluminium G
balas antara hidrogen dengan
Antara magnesium dengan potassium acidied
kuprum(II) oksida. iodide
aluminium potassium
solution dichromate(VI)
D Between aluminium and zinc H2(g/g) + CuO(s/p) Cu(s/p) + larutan
solution
Antara aluminium dengan zink H2O(l/ce) kalium larutan kalium
SPM CLONE 2007 iodida dikromat(VI)
CHAPTER
Which statement is true about U-tube berasid
11 Diagram 3 shows an apparatus this reaction? tiub-U dilute
set-up to study the corrosion of sulphuric acid
Pernyataan yang manakah benar
3
asid sulfurik cair
iron./Rajah 3 menunjukkan susunan tentang tindak balas ini?
radas untuk mengkaji kakisan besi. Diagram 5/Rajah 5
A Hydrogen is reduced to
metal container water./Hidrogen diturunkan Which of the following correctly
bekas logam
iron nail kepada air. shows the colour change of
paku besi potassium
nitrate solution B Copper(II) oxide is oxidised the two solutions used in this
larutan kalium to copper. experiment?/Antara yang berikut,
nitrat Kuprum(II) oksida dioksidakan yang manakah menunjukkan
Diagram 3/Rajah 3 kepada kuprum. dengan betul perubahan warna
The iron nail will be the C The oxidation number of dua larutan yang digunakan dalam
slowest to be corroded if the copper increases. eksperimen ini?
metal container is made from Nombor pengoksidaan kuprum Acidified
metal P. What is metal P? bertambah. Potassium potassium
Paku besi akan terkakis paling D The oxidation number of iodide dichromate
lambat jika bekas logam dibuat hydrogen increases. solution (VI) solution
daripada logam P. Apakah logam P? Nombor pengoksidaan hidrogen Larutan Larutan
A Magnesium C Copper bertambah. kalium kalium
Magnesium Kuprum iodida dikromat(VI)
B Aluminium D Tin 14 Which statement defines berasid
Aluminium Timah reduction?/Pernyataan yang
A Colourless Orange to
SPM CLONE 2010 manakah menakrifkan penurunan?
to brown green
A Loss of hydrogen Tidak Jingga kepada
12 Diagram 4 shows a Daniell cell. Kehilangan hidrogen
HOTS Rajah 4 menunjukkan suatu sel berwarna hijau
B Loss of electron kepada
Daniell. Kehilangan elektron perang
V C Gain of oxygen
copper B Colourless Colourless to
zinc plate plate Perolehan oksigen
to green brown
kepingan kepingan D Decrease in oxidation
zink kuprum Tidak Tidak
number/Nombor pengoksidaan
zinc copper(II) berwarna berwarna
berkurang
sulphate sulphate SPM CLONE 2010/2013
kepada hijau kepada perang
solution solution
larutan
C Brown to Orange to
larutan potassium
zink nitrate solution kuprum(II) 15 Which of the following is not colourless green
sulfat larutan kalium nitrat sulfat HOTS aredox reaction?/Antara yang Perang Jingga kepada
berikut, yang manakah bukan kepada tidak hijau
Diagram 4/Rajah 4
tindak balas redoks? berwarna
Which of the following A Mg + CuO MgO + Cu D Colourless Purple to
chemical reactions takes place B ZnCl2 + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2 to brown colourless
at the positive terminal of the + 2NaCl Tidak Ungu kepada
Daniell cell? C 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 berwarna tidak berwarna
Antara tindak balas kimia yang D Zn + Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 kepada
berikut, yang manakah berlaku di + Cu perang
terminal positif sel Daniell? SPM CLONE 2008 SPM CLONE 2008/2013/2014
131
Paper 2
Section A/Bahagian A
Instructions: Answer all the questions in this section.
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan di bahagian ini. SPM CLONE 2003 PAPER 2 SEC A Q5
1 Diagram 1 shows an apparatus set-up used to study the reaction that occurs in test tubes P and Q.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tabung uji
P dan Q.
chlorine water
air klorin
copper(II) sulphate
solution
larutan kuprum(II) sodium bromide
CHAPTER
sulfat solution
larutan natrium
zinc piece
bromida
ketulan zink
P Q
3 Diagram 1/Rajah 1
(a) What can be observed in test tubes P and Q?
Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan dalam tabung uji P dan Q?
(b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction in 1(a).
HOTS Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas dalam 1(a).
(c) Some of the products of the reaction in test tube Q is mixed with 1,1,1-trichloroethane liquid and
then shaken./Sedikit hasil tindak balas dalam tabung uji Q dicampur dengan cecair 1,1,1-trikloroetana dan
kemudiannya digoncang.
(i) What is the colour of the 1,1,1-trichloroethane liquid layer that is formed?
Apakah warna lapisan cecair 1,1,1-trikloroetana yang terbentuk?
(ii) Write an ion-electron equation to represent the formation of the substance that gives the colour
HOTS of 1,1,1-trichloroethane liquid layer./Tulis persamaan ion elektron untuk mewakili pembentukan bahan
yang memberi warna kepada lapisan cecair 1,1,1-trikloroetana.
(d) State the function of the zinc in test tube P./Nyatakan fungsi zink dalam tabung uji P.
(e) Write the change in oxidation number that is experienced by bromine in test tube Q.
Tulis perubahan nombor pengoksidaan yang dialami oleh bromin dalam tabung uji Q.
(f) For the reaction that occurs in test tube P,/Bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam tabung uji P,
(i) state the type of reaction that occurs./nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku.
(ii) name one other substance that can replace the zinc piece.
namakan satu bahan lain yang boleh menggantikan ketulan zink.
2 Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up that is used to study the transfer of electrons at a distance.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji pemindahan elektron pada satu jarak.
G carbon electrodes
elektrod-elektrod
karbon
iron(II) chloride bromine water

solution air bromin
larutan ferum(II)
klorida
U-tube dilute sulphuric acid

tiub-u asid sulfurik cair
Diagram 2/Rajah 2
(a) What is the function of the dilute sulphuric acid?/Apakah fungsi asid sulfurik cair?
(b) (i) What can be observed on the iron(II) chloride solution at the end of the experiment?
Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada larutan ferum(II) klorida pada akhir eksperimen?
132
(ii) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs in 2(b)(i).
HOTS Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di 2(b)(i).
(c) State the observation recorded on the bromine water.

Nyatakan pemerhatian yang dicatatkan tentang air bromin.
(d) Write the ionic equation for the reaction that occurs in the experiment.
HOTS Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam eksperimen ini.
(e) Mark the direction of electron flow that occurs in Diagram 2.

Tandakan arah pengaliran elektron yang berlaku dalam Rajah 2.
(f) (i) State the energy change that occurs in the chemical cell.
Nyatakan perubahan tenaga yang berlaku dalam sel kimia ini.
(ii) State the role of bromine in the reaction.
Nyatakan peranan bromin dalam tindak balas ini.
(g) What is the reaction that occurs on the bromine?
CHAPTER
Apakah tindak balas yang berlaku pada bromin?
(h) State the change in oxidation number for both the reactants.
Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bagi kedua-dua bahan tindak balas.
Section B/Bahagian B
3
Instructions: Answer the following questions.
Arahan: Jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.
3 Diagram 3 shows a combination of a chemical cell and an electrolytic cell. SPM CLONE 2010 PAPER 2 SEC A Q5
Rajah 3 menunjukkan gabungan sel kimia dan sel elektrolisis. SPM CLONE 2012 PAPER 2 SEC A Q6(a)(d)
e
V
copper plate
zinc plate kepingan kuprum copper plate
kepingan zink kepingan
copper(II) kuprum
sulphate
zinc sulphate solution
solution larutan
larutan zink kuprum(II)
sulfat chemical cell sulfat electrolysis cell
sel kimia porous pot sel elektrolisis
pasu berliang
Diagram 3/Rajah 3
(a) State the colours of/Nyatakan warna

(i) zinc sulphate solution/larutan zink sulfat
(ii) copper(II) sulphate solution/larutan kuprum(II) sulfat
(b) State all the cations present in zinc sulphate solution.
Nyatakan semua kation yang hadir dalam larutan zink sulfat.
(c) Mark in the boxes in Diagram 3 to show the negative terminal for the cell.
Tandakan dalam petak dalam Rajah 3 untuk menunjukkan terminal negatif sel ini.
(d) Write the half equation for the discharge of the cation in electrolytic cell.
HOTS Tulis setengah persamaan untuk nyahcas kation dalam sel elektrolisis.
(e) What can be observed on the copper(II) sulphate solution in chemical cell? Explain your answer.
Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dalam sel kimia? Terangkan jawapan anda.
4 (a) Diagram 4.1 shows two compound formulae. SPM CLONE 2006 PAPER 2 SEC B Q7(a)
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan dua formula sebatian.
NaCl PbO2
Diagram 4.1/Rajah 4.1
133
(i) Based on the two formulae, state the oxidation number of sodium and lead.
Berdasarkan dua formula itu, nyatakan nombor pengoksidaan bagi natrium dan plumbum.
[2 marks/2 markah]
(ii) Name both the compounds according to the IUPAC naming system.
Namakan kedua-dua sebatian itu mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC. [2 marks/2 markah]
(iii) Explain the difference between the names of the two compounds according to the IUPAC naming
HOTS system./Jelaskan perbezaan antara nama kedua-dua sebatian itu mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC.
[2 marks/2 markah]
(b) Diagram 4.2 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to study the electron transfer at a distance.
Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji pemindahan elektron melalui satu
jarak. SPM CLONE 2006 PAPER 2 SEC B Q7(b)
carbon electrodes
elektrod-elektrod
CHAPTER
karbon G +
3
potassium iodide bromine
solution water
larutan kalium air bromin
iodida
dilute sulphuric
acid
tiub-U
Diagram 4.2/Rajah 4.2
(i) Name the reducing agent in this experiment.

Namakan agen penurunan dalam eksperimen ini. [1 mark/1 markah]
(ii) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the negative terminal and positive terminal.
HOTS Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di terminal negatif dan terminal positif.
[5 marks/5 markah]
(iii) Based on the answer in 4(b)(ii), describe the oxidation and reduction processes in terms of
HOTS electron transfer that occurs at the negative terminal and positive terminal, as well as stating the
observation that can be made at the end of the experiment.
Berdasarkan jawapan di 4(b)(ii), huraikan proses pengoksidaan dan penurunan dari segi pemindahan
elektron yang berlaku di terminal negatif dan terminal positif. Nyatakan juga perubahan yang dapat
diperhatikan pada akhir eksperimen. [8 marks/8 markah]
Section C/Bahagian C
Instructions: Answer the following questions. SPM CLONE 2004 PAPER 2 SEC C Q4(a)&(b)
Arahan: Jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut. SPM CLONE 2015 PAPER 2 SEC C Q10(b)
5 (a) Define the process of reduction in terms of the change in oxidation number.
Takrifkan proses penurunan dari segi perubahan dalam nombor pengoksidaan. [1 mark/1 markah]
(b) Study the following statement./Teliti pernyataan yang berikut.
HOTS
Reaction/Tindak balas I: NaOH(aq/ak) + HCl(aq/ak) NaCl(aq/ak) + H2O(aq/ak)
Reaction/Tindak balas II: NaCl(aq/ak) + AgNO3(aq/ak) NaNO3(aq/ak) + AgCl(s/p)
Name Reaction I and Reaction II. Then, explain the reason why each of the reactions (Reaction I and
Reaction II) are not redox reactions.
Namakan Tindak balas I dan Tindak balas II. Kemudian, terangkan mengapa setiap tindak balas (Tindak balas
I dan Tindak balas II) bukan tindak balas redoks. [8 marks/8 markah]
(c) You are supplied with an iron nail, a magnesium ribbon and a copper strip. By drawing the apparatus
HOTS set-up and assuming that other required substances have been obtained, describe one experiment to
show the effect of magnesium and copper metals on the corrosion of iron.
Anda dibekalkan dengan paku besi, pita magnesium dan jalur kuprum. Dengan melukis rajah susunan radas dan
menganggap bahawa bahan lain yang diperlukan telah diperoleh, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menunjukkan
kesan logam magnesium dan kuprum terhadap kakisan besi. [11 marks/11 markah]
134
Paper 3
Instructions: Answer all the questions.
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
SPM CLONE 2004 PAPER 3 Q2
1 Diagram 1 shows an experiment that is carried out to determine the order of metals in the reactivity
series of metals by using the carbon element.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk menentukan susunan logam dalam siri kereaktifan
logam dengan menggunakan unsur karbon.
crucible
mixture of substances
mangkuk pijar
campuran bahan
heat
panaskan
CHAPTER
Diagram 1/Rajah 1
Mixtures of the following substances are heated strongly in the crucible.
Campuran bahan yang berikut dipanaskan dengan kuat dalam mangkuk pijar. 3
Lead(II) oxide and carbon
Plumbum(II) oksida dan karbon
Zinc oxide and carbon
Zink oksida dan karbon
Copper(II) oxide and carbon
Kuprum(II) oksida dan karbon
The result of the experiment is recorded in the table below.

Keputusan eksperimen dicatatkan dalam jadual di bawah ini.
Experiment Observation on the mixture of substances
Eksperimen Pemerhatian pada campuran bahan
crucible lead(II)
oxide and Bright embers
carbon
Baraan terang
heat up
crucible
zinc oxide
and carbon
heat up
crucible copper(II)
oxide and
carbon
heat up
(a) Based on the given mixture of substances, state the observation obtained on the reaction that
occurs./Berdasarkan campuran bahan yang diberi, nyatakan pemerhatian yang diperoleh terhadap tindak balas
yang berlaku. [Observing/Memerhati]
135
(b) Complete the table below based on the observations.
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah ini berdasarkan pemerhatian.
(i) Variable that is manipulated: (i) Way of manipulating variable:
Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan: Cara memanipulasikan pemboleh ubah:
(ii) Variable that responds: (ii) Observation of the responding variable:

Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas: Pemerhatian pada pemboleh ubah yang bergerak
balas:
(iii) Variable that is kept constant: (iii) Way to maintain the variable that is kept
constant:
Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan: Cara menetapkan pemboleh ubah yang
dimalarkan:
CHAPTER
[Method of controlling the variable/Cara mengawal pemboleh ubah]

3 (c) State the hypothesis of this experiment. [Making hypothesis]
Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini. [Membuat hipotesis]
(d) Based on the observation obtained in this experiment, arrange the lead, zinc and copper metals
according to their reactivities in descending order.
Berdasarkan pemerhatian yang diperoleh dalam eksperimen ini, susunkan logam plumbum, zink dan kuprum
mengikut tertib kereaktifan logam secara menurun.
Reactivity of metal decreasing/Kereaktifan logam semakin menurun

(e) The experiment is repeated by using a mixture of certain substances and the observation made in the
experiment is shown in the table below.
Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan campuran bahan-bahan tertentu dan pemerhatian pada eksperimen
ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah ini.
Mixture of substance Observation on the mixture

Campuran bahan Pemerhatian pada campuran
Aluminium oxide and carbon No change
Aluminium oksida dan karbon Tiada perubahan
Iron(II) oxide and carbon Embers
Ferum(II) oksida dan karbon Baraan
Magnesium oxide and carbon No change
Magnesium oksida dan karbon Tiada perubahan
Tin(II) oxide and carbon Embers
Stanum(II) oksida dan karbon Baraan
Based on the observation in the table above, classify the metals into two groups, namely the group
of metals that are more reactive than carbon and the group of metals that are less reactive than
carbon./Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam jadual di atas, kelaskan logam-logam kepada dua kumpulan, iaitu
kumpulan logam yang lebih reaktif daripada karbon dan kumpulan logam yang kurang reaktif daripada
karbon. [Classifying/Mengelaskan]
136

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CHAPTER Oxidation and Reduction

3 Pengoksidaan dan Penurunan

You will learn

3FEPY t -PTTBOEHBJO Displacement Chemical cell Electrolysis Extraction of metal

Terminal negatif (anod) Terminal positif (katod)

2001 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q3(a)(i)

1 The meaning The process of The process of

2 The meaning The process of The process of

3 The meaning of The process of The process of

4 The meaning increase decrease

2002 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5(c)(ii) 2013 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q8(a)(i)

1 The oxidation number of lead, Pb, in 2 The oxidation number of sulphur, S, in

5 The oxidation number of nitrogen in 6 The oxidation number of magnesium, Mg,

X + 3(2) = 1 X + 2[+5 + 3(2)] = 0

7 The oxidation number of carbon, C, in 8 The oxidation number of potassium, K, in

X + 3(2) = 2 2X + [+4 + 3(2)] = 0

2000 PAPER 2 SEC. B Q4(b) 2005 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q6(b)

Materials Magnesium ribbon, Mg

Apparatus Tongs, Bunsen burner

Procedure 1 Hold the magnesium ribbon using a pair of tongs.

Combustion of magnesium in air shiny white flame

Analysis 1 Name the product formed in this reaction.

3 State the change in the oxidation number of

(b) Receives electrons/Penerimaan elektron:

7 What is the role of

Oxidation Reducing agent Reduction Oxidising agent Redox reaction

2 A substance that oxidises another substance Oxidising agent

3 A substance that reduces another substance Reducing agent

4 A process undergone by an oxidising agent Reduction

5 A process undergone by a reducing agent Oxidation

Conclusion The reaction of magnesium and oxygen is a redox reaction.

03 SPS CHEMISTRY '17 FORM5-CH03-Ida F.indd 94 8/9/16 3:49 PM

2014 PAPER 2 SEC. A Q5(a)(ii)-(iv)

Analysis 1 Name the solid product that is formed in this reaction.

5 What substance has undergone/Apakah bahan yang mengalami

6 Which substance acts as/Apakah bahan yang bertindak sebagai

Ion/Element/Compound Colour Ion/Element/Compound Colour

(a) Iron(II) ion, Fe2+(aq) Green (g) Copper metal, Cu Brown

(h) Almost all metals Shiny grey

(c) Copper(II) ion, Cu2+(aq) Blue kecuali kuprum

(j) Chlorine gas, Cl2(g) Greenish-

(f) Acidified potassium Orange (m) Iodine water, I2(aq) Yellow/Brown

Reactants Conversion product Reactants Conversion product

(a) Fe2+ Fe3+ (i) Cu2+ Cu

Apparatus Test tube, dropper, Bunsen burner, test tube holder

1 Pour 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution into a test tube.

Bromine water is added The brown bromine water

The green solution changes to brown .

2 Write the half-equation for the reduction reaction.

3 Write the ionic equation for this redox reaction.

4 (a) State the substance that is oxidised (undergoes oxidation).

transfer./Terangkan jawapan anda dari segi perubahan dalam nombor pengoksidaan

(ii) Electron transfer/Pemindahan elektron:

(ii) Electron transfer/Pemindahan elektron:

7 What is the reducing agent in this reaction? Explain your answer.

chlorine water/air klorin

iron(II) chloride solution

(a) Half equation/Persamaan setengah:

2008 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(c) 2009 PAPER 2 SEC. C Q9(a)

3 iron(III) chloride solution

1 Pour 2 cm3 of iron(III) chloride solution into a test tube.

Zinc powder is added and The zinc powder dissolves .

Sodium hydroxide green precipitate