WDM

DWDM, CWDM
Spektrum Frekwensi
 Mengapa WDM
• Tahun 1990 WDM mulai memainkan peran
besar dalam jaringan telekomunikasi.
• Permintaan kapasitas link yang besar dan
terbatasnya instalasi serat optik untuk laju
sinyal optik yang cepat.
• Awalnya bekerja dengan baik pada laju bit
mencapai 2,5 Gb/s (Optical Core 48). Kedepan
kecepatan level multiplexing berikutnya
mencapai 10 Gb/s dengan OC 192.
Optical Network - Issues
• Capacity
2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s 40 Gb/s Larger

• Control (switching)
– Electronics
• 10 Gb/s (GaAs, InP) dapat memberikan orde rendah
optical cross connects (16 x 16)
• > 10 Gb/s ??(terutama disipasi daya)
– Optical
• Reconfiguration:
– Statis atau dinamis

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Sejarah WDM
 Teknologi WDM

NTT tahun 2010 tanggal 25 Maret telah mampu mencapai

transmisi 69,1 Tb/s dengan menggunakan WDM 432 kanal kapasitas
171 Gb/s dan untuk long haul panjang serat optik singlemode 240 km.
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

WDM = A Capacity Multiplier

Perkembangan teknologi telah didorong oleh kebutuhan bandwidth
Sumber pertumbuhan trafik adalah Internet
Internet diperkirakan masih tumbuh pada 100%/tahun
Jaringan harus tumbuh dalam kapasitas dengan 32x dalam 5 tahun!

.
Klasifikasi WDM
 Point-to-Point Wavelength Multiplexing Systems

• Multiplexing sebanyak ~ 200 panjang gelombang pada serat ("Dense

WDM", atau DWDM)
• Laju 2.5 and 10 Gb/s; sistem bekerja pada 40 Gb/s
• Penggelaran jaringan jarak jauh yang significant (largest aggregation of
traffic, long distances)
• Products yang tersedia dari berbagai produsen (Ciena, Nortel, Lucent,...)
• Fundamental layer Optic menyediakan transport paket IP
 Optical Switches
• Untuk menyediakan switching kecepatan tinggi
• Untuk menghindari kemacetan kecepatan
elektronik
• Interface I / O dan switching fabric di optik
• Switching kontrol dan switching fabric di optik
• Switch bertindak sebagai router dan mengarahkan
kembali sinyal optik dalam arah tertentu.
• Ini menggunakan switch 2x2 sederhana sebagai
building blok

Main feature: Switching time (msecs - to- sub nsecs)

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Optical Switches - Types
 Waveguide
 Electro-optic effect
- Fast
- Semiconductor optical amplifier
- Complex
- LiNbO - Maturing
- InP - Lossy
 Thermo-optic effect
- Slow
- SiO2 / Si - Maturity
- Polymer - Reliable

 Free Space - Slow

- Liquid crystal - Low loss & crosstalk
- Mechanical / fibre - Inherently scalable
- Micro-optics (MEM’s)
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 Optical Switches - Thermo-Optic Effect
• Some materials have strong thermo-optics effect that
could be used to guide light in a waveguide.
• The thermo-optic coefficient is:

– Silica glass dn/dt = 1 x 10-5 K-1

– Polymer dn/dt = -1 x 10-5 K-1

• Difference thermo-optic effect results in different switch

design.
+v

Electrodes

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Thermo-Optic Switch - Silica
Mach – Zehnder Configuration

Outputs
Input Ii
Heater I1

I2

I1 I2
 sin 2 ( / 2)  cos 2 (  / 2)
Ii Ii
Directional coupler
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Thermo-Optic Switch - Polymer
Y – Junction Configuration

I1
PH1
Ii
PH2
I2

• If PH1 = PH2 = 0, then I1 = I2 = Ii /2

• If PH1 = Pon & PH2 = 0, then I1 = 0, and I2 = Ii
• If PH1 = 0 & PH2 = Pon, then I1 = Ii, and I2 = 0
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Thermo-Optic Switch - Characteristics

Parameters Switch Size

2x2 8x8 16 x 16
Si Poly. Si Poly. Si
No. of S/W 1 1 64 112 256

Insertion Loss (dB) 2 0.6 4 10 18

Crosstalk 22 39 18 17 13

S/W time (ms) 2 1 ~3 1.5 ~4

S/W power (W) 0.6 0.005 5 4.5 15

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Mechanical Switches
1st Generation – Mid. 1980’s
• Loss Low (0.2 – 0.3 dB)
• Speed slow (msecs)
• Size Large
• Reliability Has moving part
• Applications: - Instrumentation
- Telecom (a few)
Size: 8X8
Loss: 3 dB
Crosstalk: 55 dB
Switching time: 10 msecs
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 Micro Electro Mechanical Switches
Combines optomechanical structures, microactuators, and micro-optical elements
on the same substrate

 Made using micro-

machining
Input fibres

 Free-space: polarisation
independent
 Independent of:
– Bit-rate
– Wavelength
– Protocol
 Speed: 1 10 ms
4 x 4 Cross point
Output fibres switch

Lens Flat mirror Raised mirror

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 Micro Electro Mechanical Switches
This tiny electronically tiltable mirror

is a building block in devices such

as all-optical cross-connects and new types of

computer data projectors.

I/O Fibers

Imaging
Lenses
Reflector

MEMS 2-axis
Tilt Mirrors
Lightwave
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 Micro Electro Mechanical Switches
 Monolithic integration --> Compact, lightweight, scalable
Batch fabrication --> Low cost
 Share the advantages of optomechanical switches without their
adverse effects
 General Characteristics:
+ Low insertion loss (~ 1 dB)
+ Small crosstalk (< - 60 dB)
+ Passive optical switch (independent of wavelength, bit rate, modulation
format)
+ No standby power
+ Rugged
+ Scalable to large-scale optical crossconnect switches
– Moderate speed ( switch time from 100 nsec to 10 msec)

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 Large Optical Switches - Optical Cross Connects
• Switch sizes > 2 X 2 can be implemented by means of cascading small
switches.
• Used in all network control
• Bit rate at which it functions depends on the applications.
– 2.5 Gb/s are currently available
• Different sizes are available, but not up to thousands (at the moment)
Control

1 1
2 2

N N X N Cross Connect N
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Optical Cross Connects

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 Optical Switches
Electrical switching and optical
cabling: inputs come
from different clock domains
resulting in a switch that is
generally timing-transparent.

Optical switching and optical cabling, clocking

and synchronization are not significant
issues because the streams are independent.
Inputs come from different clock domains,
so the switch is completely timing-transparent.

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 Optical Switches - System Considerations

• For a given switch size N,

– the number of 2x2 switches should be as small as
possible. When the number is large it will result in:
• high cost
• large optical power loss and crosstalk.
• A switch with reduced number of crosspoints in
each configured path, can have a large internal
blocking probability
• In some switching architectures, the internal
blocking probability can be reduced to zero by:
– using a good switching control
– or rearranging the current switch configuration

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 Optical Cross-Connects (OXCs)

OXC

Input fibers Output fibers

with WDM with WDM
channels channels

• OXC switches signals on input {wavelengthi, fiberk} to output {wavelengthm,

fibern}
 Optical Cross-Connects (OXCs)
OXC

Input fibers Output fibers

with WDM with WDM
channels channels

• ‘Opaque’: o-e, e-o, electronic switch fabric

• ‘Transparent’: o-o-o, optical switch fabric
• Hybrid, (o-e-o): optical switch fabric, o-e-o
• Hybrid: both opaque and transparent fabrics
• Tunable lasers + passive waveguide grating
 Important optical layer capability: reconfigurability

IP IP IP IP
Router Router Router Router

OXC - A OXC - C
OXC - B

IP
Router
OXC - D

Crossconnects are reconfigurable:

Can provide restoration capability
Provide connectivity between any two routers
Smaller routers combined with optical crossconnects

OXC
OXC
OXC

OXC

• Router interconnectivity through OXC’s

• Only terminating traffic goes through routers
• Thru traffic carried on optical ‘bypass’
• Restoration can be done at the optical layer
• Network can handle other types of traffic as well

•But: network has more NE’s, and is more complicated

Optical Gateway Cross-Connect

Performs digital grooming, traditional multiplexing, and routing of lower-speed

circuits in mesh or ring network configurations. Specifically, it brings in lower rate
SONET/SDH layer OC-3/STM-1, OC-12/STM-4 and OC-48/STM-16 rates and
electrical DS-3, STS-1 and STM-1e rates and grooms them into higher rate optical
signals. Alcatel. 2001
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 IP-router with Tb/s throughput can be built with
fast tunable lasers & NxN optical mux

From Input Port Buffer

Output

T-Tx 40 G mod 40G Rx retiming

T-Tx 40 G mod 40G Rx
T-Tx 40 G mod 40G Rx
Sche-
duler

T-Tx 40 G mod 40G Rx

Clock

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Yamada et al., 1998
 Router & Optical Switch

37
CHIARO- OptIPuter Optical Switch Workshop
 The Optical Future- Tomorrow's Architecture
• Services are consolidated onto a
single access line at the user site and
fed into a Sonet multi-service
provisioning platform at the carrier’s
POP (point of presence). Several
POPs feed traffic into a terabit switch
capable of handling all traffic—
including IP, ATM and TDM. The
terabit switches sit at the edge of a
three-tier network of optical
switches—local, regional and long
distance-each of which has a mesh
topology. DWDM is used throughout
the network and access lines. Where
fiber is scarce, FDM (frequency
division multiplexing) is used to pack
as much traffic as possible into
wavelengths. Light signals no longer
need regeneration on long distance
routes.

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 • Separate access networks carry
telephony and data into the
carrier’s point of presence. Voice
traffic runs over a TDM (time
division multiplexer) network
running over a Sonet (synchronous
optical network) backbone. IP
traffic is shunted onto an ATM
backbone running over other
Sonet channels. The Sonet
backbone comprises three tiers of
rings at the local, regional and
national level, interconnected by
add-drop multiplexers and cross-
connects. DWDM (dense wave
division multiplexing) is in use in
the regional and national rings,
but not the local rings. Light
signals need regenerating on long
distance routes.

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Pengertian DWDM
Definisi
Teknologi DWDM
Perkembangan DWDM
Perangkat DWDM
Perangkat DWDM
Alternatif Pemenuhan Kapasitas
Pemilihan DWDM
Keunggulan DWDM
DWDM 40 Kanal