FISIKA GETARAN DAN GELOMBANG

Edisi ke-enam
H. J. Pain
Sebelumnya Departemen Fisika,
Imperial College of Science and Technology, London,
 DAFTAR ISI
Pengantar Edisi Pertama ........................................................................................................... xi

Pengantar Edisi Kedua .............................................................................................................. xii

Pengantar Edisi Ketiga ............................................................................................................... xiii

Pengantar Edisi Keempat ........................................................................................................... xiv

Pengantar Edisi Kelima.............................................................................................................. xv

Pengantar Edisi Keenam. .......................................................................................................... xvi

1 Gerak Harmonis Sederhana ............................................................................................... 1

Pemindahan in Motion Harmonic Simple .............................................................................. 4

Kecepatan dan Percepatan in Motion Harmonic Sederhana .................................................. 6

Energi Oscillator Harmonic Sederhana ................................................................................. 8

Sederhana Harmonic Osilasi dalam Sistem Listrik ............................................................... 10

Superposisi Dua Getaran Harmonic Sederhana dalam Satu Dimensi ................................... 12

Superposisi Dua Getaran Perpendicular Simple Harmonic ................................................... 15

? Polarisasi ............................................................................................................................. 17

Superposisi dari Jumlah Besar n Getaran Harmonic Sederhana

Sama Amplitudo dan Fase Perbedaan Equal Berturutan d .................................................... 20

? Superposisi Vektor n SHM Sama Panjang dengan Tahap Acak ......................................... 22

Beberapa Berguna Matematika .............................................................................................. 25

2 teredam Gerak Harmonic Sederhana ................................................................................ 37

Metode Menggambarkan Damping dari Oscillator ............................................................... 43

3 Osilator Paksa ...................................................................................................................... 53

Operasi i di atas Vector .......................................................................................................... 53

 Vektor bentuk Hukum Ohm ................................................................................................... 54

The Impedansi dari Circuit Mekanikal .................................................................................. 56

Perilaku Oscillator Paksa ....................................................................................................... 57

Perilaku v Velocity di Besaran dan Tahap dibandingkan Mengemudi Frekuensi Angkatan x

................................................................................................................................................. 60

Perilaku Pengungsian dibandingkan Mengemudi Frekuensi Angkatan x ............................. 62

Masalah pada Getaran Isolasi ................................................................................................ 64

Signifikansi dari Dua Komponen Curve Pemindahan ........................................................... 66

Daya Disediakan untuk Oscillator oleh Angkatan Mengemudi ............................................ 68

Variasi dari Pav dengan x. Penyerapan Resonansi Curve ..................................................... 69

The Q-Nilai dalam rangka Bandwidth Penyerapan Resonansi .............................................. 70

The Q-Nilai sebagai Faktor Amplifikasi ................................................................................ 71

Pengaruh Jangka Transient .................................................................................................... 74

4 Ditambah Osilasi .................................................................................................................. 79

Kekakuan (atau Kapasitansi) Ditambah Oscillators .............................................................. 79

Koordinat yang normal, Derajat Kebebasan dan Mode Normal Getaran .............................. 81

Metode Umum untuk Mencari Frekuensi Normal Mode, Matriks,

Eigenvektor dan Nilai Eigen .................................................................................................. 86

Massa atau Induktansi Coupling ............................................................................................ 87

Ditambah Osilasi dari String Loaded ..................................................................................... 90

Persamaan Gelombang ........................................................................................................... 95

5 Gerak Gelombang Transverse ............................................................................................ 107

Partial Diferensiasi ................................................................................................................. 107

gelombang .............................................................................................................................. 108

Kecepatan in Motion Gelombang .......................................................................................... 109

 Persamaan Gelombang ........................................................................................................... 110

Solusi Persamaan Gelombang ................................................................................................ 112

Karakteristik Impedansi dari sebuah String (string sebagai osilator paksa) .......................... 115

Refleksi dan Transmisi Gelombang di String di sebuah Batas ............................................... 117

Refleksi dan Transmisi Energi ............................................................................................... 120

Para Koefisien Intensitas Tercermin dan Menular ................................................................. 120

The Matching dari Impedansi ................................................................................................ 121

Berdiri Gelombang pada String Length Tetap ....................................................................... 124

Energi String getar ................................................................................................................ 126

Energi dalam Setiap Normal Mode dari String getar ............................................................ 127

Standing Wave Ratio ............................................................................................................. 128

Gelombang Grup dan Velocity Kelompok ............................................................................ 128

Gelombang Kelompok Komponen Banyak. Teorema Bandwidth ........................................ 132

Gelombang transversal dalam Struktur Periodik ................................................................... 135

Linear Array Dua Jenis Atom dalam Kristal ionik ................................................................ 138

Penyerapan Radiasi Inframerah oleh Kristal ionik ................................................................ 140

Efek Doppler .......................................................................................................................... 141

6 longitudinal Gelombang ...................................................................................................... 151

Gelombang suara dalam Gas ................................................................................................. 151

Distribusi energi di Waves Suara ........................................................................................... 155

Intensitas Gelombang Suara .................................................................................................. 157

Gelombang longitudinal dalam Padat ................................................................................... 159

Aplikasi untuk Earthquakes ................................................................................................... 161

Gelombang longitudinal dalam Struktur Periodik ................................................................. 162

Refleksi dan Transmisi Gelombang Suara di Batas ............................................................... 163

 Refleksi dan Transmisi Intensitas Suara ................................................................................ 164

7 Waves on Transmission Lines ............................................................................................. 171

Ideal atau Lossless Jalur Transmisi ........................................................................................ 173

Coaxial Kabel ......................................................................................................................... 174

Karakteristik Impedansi dari Line Transmisi ........................................................................ 175

Refleksi dari End of Line Transmisi ...................................................................................... 177

Hubung singkat Jalur Transmisi ðZL ¼ 0TH ........................................................................ 178

Line Transmisi sebagai Filter ................................................................................................ 179

Pengaruh Perlawanan di Jalur Transmisi ............................................................................... 183

Karakteristik Impedansi dari Line Transmisi dengan Resistance .......................................... 186

Persamaan Difusi dan Penyerapan Energi di Waves ............................................................. 187

Persamaan gelombang dengan Efek Difusi ........................................................................... 190

Lampiran ................................................................................................................................ 191

8 elektromagnetik Gelombang ............................................................................................... 199

Maxwell Persamaan ............................................................................................................... 199

Gelombang elektromagnetik dalam Medium memiliki l Permeabilitas terbatas dan

Permitivitas e tetapi dengan Konduktivitas r ¼ 0 202

Persamaan Gelombang untuk Gelombang Elektromagnetik ................................................. 204

Ilustrasi Poynting Vector ....................................................................................................... 206

Impedansi Dielektrik untuk Gelombang elektromagnetik .................................................... 207

Gelombang elektromagnetik dalam Medium Properties l, e dan r (dimana r 6 ¼ 0) ............. 208

Kulit Kedalaman .................................................................................................................... 211

Gelombang elektromagnetik Velocity dalam Konduktor dan Dispersi anomali ................... 211

Ketika adalah Medium Konduktor atau Dielektrik suatu? .................................................... 212

Mengapa akan sebuah Gelombang elektromagnetik tidak merambat ke sebuah konduktor? 214
 Impedansi dari Sedang Melakukan ke Gelombang Elektromagnetik .................................... 215

Refleksi dan Transmisi Gelombang elektromagnetik pada batas .......................................... 217

Refleksi dari Conductor (Kejadian Normal) .......................................................................... 222

Gelombang elektromagnetik dalam Plasma ........................................................................... 223

Gelombang elektromagnetik di Ionosfer .............................................................................. 227

9 Gelombang di Lebih dari Satu Dimensi ............................................................................. 239

Pesawat Gelombang Perwakilan dalam Dua dan Tiga Dimensi ............................................ 239

Persamaan gelombang dalam Dua Dimensi .......................................................................... 240

Gelombang Guides ................................................................................................................. 242

Mode normal dan Metode Pemisahan Variabel ...................................................................... 245

Dua-Dimensi Kasus ............................................................................................................... 246

Tiga-Dimensi Kasus ............................................................................................................... 247

Mode normal dalam Dua Dimensi pada Membran Rectangular ........................................... 247

Mode normal dalam Tiga Dimensi ........................................................................................ 250

Frekuensi Distribusi Energi Radiated dari Badan Hot. Planck Hukum ................................. 251

Debye Teori Spesifik Heat ..................................................................................................... 253

Refleksi dan Transmisi Gelombang Tiga-Dimensi pada

Pesawat Batas ......................................................................................................................... 254

Jumlah internal Refleksi dan Gelombang cepat berlalu dr ingatan ....................................... 256

10 Metode Fourier ................................................................................................................... 267

Fourier Series ......................................................................................................................... 267

Penerapan Seri Fourier Sine ke Fungsi Segitiga .................................................................... 274

Aplikasi untuk Energi dalam Mode Normal String getar ...................................................... 275

Fourier Series Analisis dari Pulse Velocity Rectangular pada String .................................... 278

Spektrum dari Seri Fourier ..................................................................................................... 281

 Fourier Integral ...................................................................................................................... 283

Fourier Transforms ................................................................................................................ 285

Contoh Fourier Transforms .................................................................................................... 286

Fungsi Slit .............................................................................................................................. 286

The Fourier Transform Diterapkan untuk Difraksi Optical dari celah tunggal ..................... 287

The Gaussian Curve ............................................................................................................... 289

The Dirac Delta Fungsi, Properti yang Memilah dan nya Fourier Transform ....................... 292

Konvolusi ............................................................................................................................... 292

Teorema Konvolusi ................................................................................................................ 297

11 Gelombang dalam Sistem Optical .................................................................................... 305

Cahaya. Gelombang atau Rays? ............................................................................................ 305

Prinsip Fermat ........................................................................................................................ 307

Hukum Refleksi ..................................................................................................................... 307

Hukum Pembiasan ................................................................................................................. 309

Ray dan Muka gelombang ..................................................................................................... 310

Ray Optik dan Sistem Optical ................................................................................................ 313

Kekuatan Permukaan Bulat ................................................................................................... 314

Perbesaran oleh Permukaan Bulat ........................................................................................ 316

Kekuatan Dua Permukaan optik pembiasan .......................................................................... 317

Kekuatan Lensa Tipis di Air (Gambar 11.12) ....................................................................... 318

Kepala Pesawat dan Persamaan Newton ............................................................................... 320

Optical Helmholtz Persamaan untuk Pesawat Conjugate di Infinity ..................................... 321

Metode Deviasi untuk (a) Dua Lensa dan (b) Lensa Tebal ................................................... 322

The Matrix Metode ................................................................................................................ 325

12 Interferensi dan Difraksi ................................................................................................... 333

Interferensi ............................................................................................................................. 333

Divisi Amplitudo ................................................................................................................... 334

Newton Rings ......................................................................................................................... 337

Michelson Interferometer spektral ......................................................................................... 338

Struktur Garis spektral ........................................................................................................... 340

Fabry - Perot Interferometer .................................................................................................. 341

Menyelesaikan Kekuatan Fabry - Perot Interferometer ......................................................... 343

Divisi Wavefront .................................................................................................................... 355

Gangguan dari Dua Sumber Equal Pemisahan f .................................................................... 357

Gangguan dari Array Linear dari N Sumber Equal ............................................................... 363

Difraksi .................................................................................................................................. 366

Skala Distribusi Intensitas ...................................................................................................... 369

Intensitas Distribusi untuk Interferensi dengan Difraksi dari celah N Identik ...................... 370

Fraunhofer untuk Difraksi dua celah Equal dn ¼ 2th ............................................................ 372

Transmisi Difraksi Kisi (N Large) ......................................................................................... 373

Menyelesaikan Kekuatan Grating Difraksi ............................................................................ 374

Menyelesaikan Daya dalam rangka Teorema Bandwidth ..................................................... 376

Fraunhofer Difraksi dari Aperture Rectangular ..................................................................... 377

Fraunhofer Difraksi dari Aperture Edaran ............................................................................. 379

Fraunhofer Jauh Lapangan Difraksi ....................................................................................... 383

Para Interferometer Michelson Stellar ................................................................................... 386

Array Konvolusi Teorema ..................................................................................................... 388

Fungsi Optical transfer ........................................................................................................... 391

Fresnel Difraksi ...................................................................................................................... 395

Holografi ................................................................................................................................. 403

13 Gelombang Mekanika ....................................................................................................... 411

Origins of Teori Quantum modern ........................................................................................ 411

Ketidakpastian Heisenberg Prinsip ........................................................................................ 414

Schro ¨ dinger Wave Equation ............................................................................................... 417

Satu-dimensi Tak Terbatas Potensi Nah ................................................................................ 419

Signifikansi dari wnðxÞ Amplitudo Fungsi Gelombang ....................................................... 422

Partikel dalam Kotak Tiga-dimensi ....................................................................................... 424

Jumlah Energi Serikat dalam E Interval E þ dE .................................................................... 425

Langkah Potensi ..................................................................................................................... 426

Potensi Persegi Nah ............................................................................................................... 434

Osilator Harmonic .................................................................................................................. 438

Elektron Gelombang dalam Padat ........................................................................................ 441

Fonon ..................................................................................................................................... 450

14 Non-linear Osilasi dan Chaos ........................................................................................... 459

Getaran bebas dari Oscillator anharmonic - Amplitudo Gerak besar

sebuah Pendulum Sederhana .................................................................................................. 459

Isi ix

Paksa Osilasi - Non-linear Angkatan Mengembalikan .......................................................... 460

Pemuaian dari Crystal ............................................................................................................ 463

Non-linear Efek dalam Perangkat Listrik .............................................................................. 465

Listrik Relaksasi Oscillators .................................................................................................. 467

Kekacauan di Populasi Biologi .............................................................................................. 469

Chaos dalam Oscillator Non-linear Listrik ............................................................................ 477

Tahap Ruang .......................................................................................................................... 481

Repellor dan Siklus Limit ...................................................................................................... 485

 The Torus di Tiga dimensi ð_x, x; t) Tahap Ruang ............................................................... 485

Chaotic Respon dari Non-linear Oscillator Paksa Mekanik ................................................. 487

Kajian Singkat ........................................................................................................................ 488

Kekacauan di Cairan .............................................................................................................. 494

Rekomendasi Bacaan lebih lanjut .......................................................................................... 504

Referensi ................................................................................................................................ 504

15 Non-linear Gelombang, Guncangan dan Soliton ............................................................ 505

Non-linear Efek di Waves Acoustic ...................................................................................... 505

Syok depan Tebal ................................................................................................................... 508

Persamaan Konservasi ........................................................................................................... 509

Mach Nomor .......................................................................................................................... 510

Rasio Gas Bumi Di Front Syok ............................................................................................. 511

Guncangan kuat ..................................................................................................................... 512

Soliton .................................................................................................................................... 513

Daftar Pustaka ........................................................................................................................ 531

Referensi ................................................................................................................................ 531

Lampiran 1: Mode Normal, Ruang Fase dan Statistik Fisika ............................................ 533

Matematika Turunan Distribusi Statistik ............................................................................... 542

Lampiran 2: Integral Kirchhoff Teorema ............................................................................ 547

Lampiran 3: Non-Linear Schro ¨ dinger Persamaan .......................................................... 551

Indeks ........................................................................................................................................ 553

1
Gerakan harmonik Sederhana

Semua sistem ini osilator harmonik sederhana yang, ketika sedikit terganggu dari posisi yang
ekuilibrium atau istirahat mereka, akan berosilasi dengan gerak harmonik sederhana. Ini adalah
getaran yang paling mendasar dari partikel tunggal atau satu-dimensi sistem. A x perpindahan
kecil dari posisi kesetimbangan mendirikan sebuah gaya pemulih yang sebanding dengan x
bertindak dalam arah menuju posisi setimbang.

Dengan demikian, ini F gaya pemulih dapat ditulis

di mana s, konstanta proporsionalitas, disebut kekakuan dan tanda negatif menunjukkan bahwa
gaya bertindak melawan arah perpindahan bertambah dan kembali ke
Gambar 1.1 osilator harmonik sederhana dengan persamaan gerak mereka dan frekuensi
sudut! osilasi. (a) Sebuah pendulum sederhana. (b) Sebuah bandul puntir. (c) Sebuah massa di
pesawat gesekan dihubungkan dengan musim semi ke dinding. (d) Sebuah massa di pusat string
di bawah tegangan konstan panjang T. (e) A tetap non-kental cair dalam tabung U-konstan
penampang. (f) An Helmholtz resonator akustik. (g) Massa hidrometer m dalam cairan
kepadatan?. (h) Sebuah L listrik C sirkuit resonan.

posisi kesetimbangan. Sebuah nilai konstan kekakuan membatasi x perpindahan nilai-nilai kecil
(ini adalah Hukum Hooke Elastisitas). The s kekakuan jelas gaya pemulih per satuan jarak (atau
perpindahan) dan memiliki dimensi