Opportunity and Challenge of Functional Foods Industry

PANGAN FUNGSIONAL UNTUK

KESEHATAN PENCERNAAN

LILIS NURAIDA

SEAFAST CENTER
DAN
DEPARTEMEN ILMU DAN TEKNOLOGI PANGAN
IPB
 Outline
• Pengertian pangan fungsional
• Mikrobiota saluran pencernaan dan kesehatan
• Disbiosis saluran pencernaan
• Probiotic dan prebiotic sebagai ingredient
fungsional untuk kesehatan pencernaan
• Pengembangan pangan probiotik

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 Pengertian Pangan Fungsional
• ILSI: a food can be considered functional if it can demonstrate satisfactorily
that it has beneficial effect on one, or several specific functions in the
organism, beyond the normal nutrition effects that improve the state of
health and well being, or reduce the risk of a disease
• European Commission Concerted Action on Functional Food Science in
Europe: foods to be functional if they have a beneficial affect on one or
more functions of the body and are still in the form of food, not a dietary
supplement
• The American Dietetic Association (ADA) defines functional foods as foods
"that include whole foods and fortified, enriched or enhanced foods have a
potentially beneficial effect on health when consumed as part of a varied
diet on a regular basis, at effective levels.“
• FOSHU: Food products fortified with special constituents that possess
advantageous physiological effects.

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 Peningkatan pasar pangan fungsional dan
probiotik
2020
Pangfung:
>$305.4
Probiotik:
$46.55 M

Faktor pendorong:
Populasi dan pendapatan
Kesadaran konsumen
Pangfung
Biaya kesehatan
(2013): $168 M Industri-industri pangan
Probiotik pengguna probiotik
(2015):
$33.19 M

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 Biaya kesehatan Indonesia
Per capita expenditure in US$

Average of SEAR
Low-Mid income
countries 58US$

Biaya kesehatan di Indonesia

semakin meningkat  peluang
untuk pengembangan pangan
WHO 2012 fungsional
http://apps.who.int/nha/atlasfinal.pdf

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Mikrobiota saluran pencernaan
dan kesehatan
Sehat Sakit
Komunitas Komunitas
mikroorganisme beragam mikroorganisme
dan seimbang tidak seimbang

Sistem imun normal Sistem imun Gangguan

kurang metabolisme
dan penyakit

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Spatial and temporal aspects of intestinal microbiota composition.

Inna Sekirov et al. Physiol Rev 2010;90:859-904

©2010 by American Physiological Society

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 Mikrobiota dan Kesehatan
Fungsi mikrobiota menguntungkan
• Mematangkan Perubahan
komposisi
neurochemicals sistem syaraf mikrobiota
pusat dan
tingkah laku
• Menstimulir respon
imun
• Melindungi dari
bakteri patogen
• Membantu
pencernaan Firmicutes << Bacteriodetes

Modulasi Insulin
permeabi- Inflamasi resisten,
litas usus T2DM

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Gut microflora function:
• Metabolic,
• Protective and trophic
• Structure

Changes in composition or function of gut microbiota may lead to acute or

chronic disease states and syndromes.
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 Disbiosis Mikrobiota Saluran Pencernaan

Stress,
Terapi
Antibiotik,
Pola makan,
Gaya hidup,
Permeabilitas usus
Permeabilitas usus Umur Toksemia/Septisemia
Toksemia/Septisemia Inflamasi sistemik
Proinflamasi Resistensi insulin, Adiposity,
diabetes,
Sensitivitas insulin
IBD, IBS, infeksi, coloreectal
Kesehatan cancer, kardiovascular

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 The GIT diseases
• Diarrhea: Antibiotic Associated diarrhea (AAD),
Clostridium difficile Disease (CDD), Infectious
diarrhea (ID), and Travellers diarrhea (TD)
• Destruction or inflammation of tissues in the
stomach, large intestine, ileal reservoir, or bowel:
Helicobacter pylori infection (HPP), Necrotizing
Enterocolitis (NEC), Infamatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)
and Pouchitis
• Abdominal pain, flatulence, and irregular bowel
movements: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
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Modulasi Mikrobiota Saluran Pencernaan: Konsep Probiotik,
Prebiotik dan Sinbiotik

Probiotik,
Prebiotik,
Sinbiotik

Preventing dysbiosis is the key,

as modulating gut bacteria after
infection proves difficult.
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• Probiotik: mikroorganisme hidup
yang memberikan manfaat
kesehatan.
• Terbanyak: Strain Lactobacillus
dan Bifidobacterium.
• Lain: Saccharomyces boulardii
• Prebiotik: ingridien pangan yang
tidak dapat dicerna namun
menstimulir pertumbuhan
mikroorganisme menguntungkan.
• Sinbiotik: kombinasi probiotik dan
prebiotik.
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Bapak Probiotik
“The Prolongation of Life”
(Metchnikoff, 1907):
• Beberapa bakteri dalam saluran
pencernaan dapat menghasilkan
senyawa toksin yang dapat
menyebabkan penyakit dan penuaan.
• Bakteri asam laktat untuk melawan
dominasi bakteri patogen dalam
Ellie Metchnikoff
saluran pencernaan.

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Perkembangan konsep probiotik
1995
(Gibson&Roberfroid)
1989 (Fuller), probiotik: , konsep prebiotik
1965 (Lily dan Stillwell), suplemen
probiotik: senyawa dari mikroorganisme hidup 2001: Definisi
mikroorganisme yang yang memberikan probiotik
1907: Ellie menstimulasi pertumbuhan manfaat kepada FAO/WHO
Metchnikoff mikroorganisme lainnya. inangnya

Henry Tisseir: 1974 (Parker), probiotik: 1998 (Salminen et 2011 (Taverniti

pemberian bakteri organisme dan senyawa al.), probiotik : &Guglielmetti),
berbentuk Y pada yang dapat berkontribusi pangan yang paraprobiotik .
anak-anak yang terhadap keseimbangan mengandung bakteri 2013 (Patel &
mengalami diare mikroorganisme saluran hidup yang dapat Denning),
pencernaan memberikan postbiotik.
manfaat kesehatan Sel probiotik yang
telah diinaktivasi
atau komponen sel
dapat menstimulir
sistem imun

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Example of probiotics marketed
in the world
• Lactobacillus casei Shirota Yakult, Japan • Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 Danone,
• Lactobacillus crispatus CTV05 Gynelogix, France
USA • Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010
• Lactobacillus reuteri MM53 BioGaia, • Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Probi AB,
Sweden
Sweden
• Lactobacillus casei F19 Arla Foods,
Denmark/Sweden • Lactobacillus rhamnosus 271
• Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 Danisco, • Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 Chr. Hansen,
France USA
• Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Valio, Finland • Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12
• Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM Rhodia, USA • Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5
• Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFB 1748
• Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 (NCC 533)
Nestle´, Switzerland
• Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 Urex,
Canada

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Probiotic organism other than LAB
• Yeast:
– Saccharomyces bourladii
– Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• Bacteria:
– Propionibacterium
freudenreichii
– Bacillus coagulan, B. subtilis,
B. licheniformis
– Non-pathogenic Escherichia
coli–strain Nissle
• Some advantages of the
bacterial spores (Bacillus) are
their resistance to heat,
allowing the storage at room
temperature and in a dried
form.
• These bacteria are able to
reach small intestine since they
survive the gastric pH of the
stomach, resitant to enzymatic
degradation
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 Apakah yoghurt
Probiotik?
• The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health
Organization Working Group (2001), a probiotic is a:
– “Live microorganism which when administered in adequate
amounts confer a health benefit to the host.”

• Kultur yoghurt merupakan probiotik jika memenuhi kriteria:

– Memiliki efek fisiologi sebagai hasil dari konsumsi kultur hidup
– Manfaat kesehatan telah dibuktikan pada studi terhadap manusia

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Potensi Manfaat Probiotik untuk meningkatkan
kesehatan
Mengatasi
intoleransi
laktosa
Mencegah
Penyakit IBD, IBS,
Mencegah
saluran diare infeksi
pencernaan Helicobacter
pylori

Mencegah
Modulasi diabetes
Penyakit di sistem mellitus
luar saluran imun Tipe 2
pencernaan

Efek Mencegah
hipokoleste Alergi
rolemik

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 Probiotics and GIT diseases/disorder
Summary of gastrointestinal
disorders that are currently known
to respond to probiotics.

Probiotics Prevent
and/or Treatment

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 Intoleransi laktosa
• Gangguan metabolisme yang disebabkan oleh defisiensi aktivitas enzim β-
galaktosidase/laktase dalam usus halus
• Masalah di negara berkembang.

Pada beberapa negara

Asia hampir 100%.
Indonesia 80-100%

www.foodbeast.com
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Probiotik dan Intoleransi laktosa

Probiotik menyediakan β-galaktosidase dan laktase intraseluler.

Bukti terbanyak untuk L. rhamnosus dan bifidobacterium, serta
kombinasinya

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 Probiotic to prevent GI diseases
• Gastrointestinal disease is a major
Negara Lain cause of morbidity and mortality
worldwide each year.
Asia Timur dan Pasifik
• Treatment of chronic inflammatory
gastrointestinal conditions difficult due
Daerah

to the ambiguity surrounding their

Asia Selatan
precise aetiology.
• Infectious gastrointestinal diseases are
Afrika
also becoming increasingly difficult to
0 10 20 30 40 50 treat due to the increasing
(Black et al. 2010).
% kematian karena diare pada anak dissemination of antibiotic resistance
di bawah 5 tahun
among microorganisms.
• The emergence of the so-called
'superbugs'.
• Probiotic as a novel alternative to
prevent GI diseases

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Example of oral administration trials of a
specific probiotic strain
World Gastroenterology Organisation, 2008
Disorder, action Probiotics Recommended dose in the trials

Treatment of acute infectious L. rhamnosus GG 1010–1011 cfu, twice daily

diarrhea in children
Prevention of C. difficile
diarrhea in adults
L. reuteri ATTC 55730 1010–1011 cfu, twice daily
L. acidophilus + B. infantis (Infloran 109 cfu each, three times daily
strains)
L. casei DN-114 001 1010 cfu, twice daily
L. acidophilus + B. bifidum (Cultech strains) 2 × 1010 cfu each, once daily

Adjuvant therapy for H. pylori L. rhamnosus GG 6 × 109 cfu, twice daily

eradication
Prevention of necrotizing B. infantis, S. thermophilus, and B. bifidum 0.35 × 109 cfu each strain,
enterocolitis in preterm infants L. acidophilus + B. infantis once daily
(Infloran strains) 109 cfu each, twice daily

Alleviates some symptoms of B. infantis 35624 108 cfu, once daily

irritable bowel syndrome L. rhamnosus GG 6 × 109 cfu, twice daily

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 Probiotic use for Diarrhoea
Gastrointestinal disorder Effect
Travellers’ Diarrhoea *) A selective benefit of S. boulardii and a mixture
of L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, L. bulgaricus and S.
thermophilus probiotics as prophylaxis of
travellers’ diarrhoea.
C. difficile diarrhoea Lactobacillus species appear to be the most
effective in preventing C.difficile infections.
Diarrhoea associated with Lactobacillus and bifidobacteria have a beneficial
chemotheraphy in cancer role in the care of patients with diarrhoea
patient associated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
*) Pada meta studi yang lain strain yang
berbeda, probiotik tdk efektif untuk TD

Gastroenterol Pancreatol Liver Disord . 2014 1(4): 1-9.

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 Probiotic use for Diarrhoea
Gastrointestinal disorder Effect
Infectious diarrhea The most evidence exists for L. rhamnosus and L.
acidophilus.
L. rhamnosus GG has the most substantial
evidence for benefit in the prevention and
treatment of acute infectious diarrhea.
Antibiotic-associated For antibiotic-associated diarrhea, evidence
diarrhea exists for the efficacy of both S. boulardii and
lactobacilli
Necrotizing Enterocolitis Efficacy was not observed for the probiotic
species L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, and B.
infantis.

Am J Gastroenterol Suppl 2012; 1:34– 40

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 Probiotics use for IBS and IBD
Gastrointestinal disorder Effect
Irritable Bowel Syndrome*) A mixture of bacterial strains including
lactobacillus and bifidobacteria may be the
most effective in IBS collective symptoms
with a good safety record and are thus
appropriate for therapeutic trial in holistic
IBS therapy.
Inflammatory Bowel Probiotics, especially those containing
Disease multiple strains can maintain remission in
ulcerative colitis and also demonstrate
efficacy in pouchitis. There is currently no
evidence for probiotics in Crohn’s disease.
*)Other study: the overall effect of probiotics on IBS is modest.

Gastroenterol Pancreatol Liver Disord. 2014. 1(4): 1-9.

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Probiotic and gastric ulcer
Gastric ulcer is characterized by a significant defect in the mucosal barrier

Major factor: Helicobacter pylori infection and the frequent long-term use of
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NASAID)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus

gasseri OLL2716, Lactobacillus acidophilus,
Bifidobacterium animalis VKL/VKB,
Bifidobacterium bifidum/brevis and
Saccharomyces boulardii
defensive factors
Damaging factors (bicarbonate and mucus
(gastric acidity, pepsin secretion, prostaglandin
secretion, H. pylori production, epithelial
regeneration, and mucosal
infection and NSAIDS)
blood flow) of the mucosa

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Mekanisme Probiotik untuk mencegah gangguan
pencernaan karena mikroorganisme
1. Sintesis senyawa antimikroba 2. Kompetisi terhadap sisi penempelan

4. Menjaga integritas 5. Menstimulasi sistem imun

3. Kompetisi eksklusi mukosa

Thirabunyanon, 2011

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Prebiotic effect of various oligosaccahrides

Carbohydrate Nondigesti- Fermentati- Selectivity Prebiotic status

bility on

Inulin and oligofructose Yes Yes Yes Yes

Galactooligosaccharides Probable ? Yes Yes
Lactulose Probable ? Yes Yes
Isomaltoligosaccharides Partly Yes Promising No

Lactosucrose NA NA Promising No
Xylooligosacchraides NA NA Promising No
Soybean NA NA NA No
oligosaccharides
Glucooligosaccharides NA NA NA No
Roberfroid, 2007

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 Effect of prebiotics
Sucrose Oligofructose (FOS)
• Increasing numbers of Inulin
1% 1%
2% 0.3%
bifidobacteria in the colon: 9%

26%
3% 16%

17%

– Stimulate the immune 17%

82%
system, produce Vitamin 72%
71% 71%
82%

B, inhibit pathogen
growth Bacteroides Bifidobacteria

• Produce SCFA, a major Fusobacteria Clostridia

source of energy for Br J Nutr 1998;80:S(II)S209-S212

epitheliacells in the colon,

reduce the development of
gastrointestinal disorders,
cardiovascular diseases, and
cancers.
• Increasing calcium absorption
• Increasing fecal weight
• Shortening gastrointestinal transit
time
• Possibly, lowering blood lipid levels
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Probiotic foods
• Milk is a good buffering capacity substance, it
is a good carrier for probiotic strains.
• Fermented products:
– Yoghurt and fermented milk drink
– Cheeses
• Non-fermented milk products:
– Ice cream and milk based dessert
– Powdered milk for infant
– Butter, Mayonnaise, Fat spread

• Non-diary products: Survival

• Soy based during
• Fruit and vegetable based processing
and storage
• Cereal based

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Factors affecting efficacy of probiotics
in health and preventing diseases
–Probiotic strains,
–Dosage,
–Type of diseases to be prevented
–Commercial preparations:
• Number of live bacteria
–The heterogeneity of consumers
physiological status

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Arah pengembangan pangan fungsional untuk
kesehatan pencernaan berbasis probiotik

1. Technological 2. Delivery and 3. Efficacy:

aspect : microbial Survival and delivery: Improved
stability in product, Engineering functional,
survival during technological therapeutic/prop
process, sensory robustness, Improved hylactic
acceptance, competitiveness in GI properties
tract, safety

Regulasi
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Regulasi
Pangan Olahan adalah
makanan atau minuman
hasil proses dengan cara
atau metode tertentu,
dengan atau tanpa bahan
tambahan.

• Klaim Gizi
• Klaim Kandungan Zat
Gizi
• Klaim Perbandingan Zat
Gizi.
• Klaim Kesehatan
• Klaim Fungsi Zat Gizi
• Klaim Fungsi Lain
• Klaim Penurunan Risiko
Penyakit

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Regulasi probiotik

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Pangan Probiotik dapat berupa:
a. Produk fermentasi yang mengandung satu atau lebih bakteri
Probiotik, atau
b. Pangan Olahan kering yang mengandung satu atau lebih bakteri
Probiotik kering dalam bentuk granula atau bubuk (powder) yang
dapat dikonsumsi sebagai makanan maupun minuman, atau
c. Pangan Olahan cair non fermentasi yang mengandung satu atau
lebih bakteri Probiotik.
• penggunaan Probiotik sebagai bahan Pangan, harus didasarkan pada
bukti ilmiah meliputi identifikasi strain, jumlah, lama pemakaian
yang dianjurkan oleh produsen dan manfaat kesehatan yang
dihasilkan serta kemungkinan efek samping yang ditimbulkan;
• bukti ilmiah harus berupa hasil uji eksperimental pada representatif
manusia Indonesia di Indonesia;

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TERIMA KASIH
lilis@seafast.org

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