Review Jurnal Green Chemistry

Fotokatalitik dari ZnSnO3

Fera Dwiyanti / 4311416018

1. Pendahuluan
Dengan berkembangnya industrialisasi dan penduduk, pencemaran lingkungan
yang disebabkan oleh polutan organik menjadi salah satu masalah besar di seluruh
dunia. Namun, terdapat efek samping yang mengerikan dalam lingkungan.
Penggunaan domestik dan kegiatan industri keduanya menghasilkan sejumlah air
limbah, kemudian dibuang ke saluran alam yang mengarah ke risiko polusi yang
tinggi. Sebuah jumlah kecil dari air tercemar adalah mencukupi untuk mencemari
kapasitas yang jauh lebih besar dari air bersih. Industri harus mengevaluasi dampak
toksisitas seluruh siklus hidup pengembangan produk, meminimalkan limbah beracun,
dan penggunaan bahan baku beracun. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, Green chemistry
menargetkan proses sintetis satu produk dengan merancang metode yang baru. Hal ini
bertujuan untuk meningkatkan selektivitas, meningkatkan tingkat konversi dan hasil
reaktan inti, dan mengurangi limbah, dan bertujuan untuk mencapai semua ini secara
bersamaan bila memungkinkan.
Berbagai metode telah diusulkan untuk pemurnian air tercemar, meliputi;
adsorpsi permukaan ( Meshko et al., 2001 dan Iqbal et al., 2011 ), bio-degradasi (
Elias dkk., 2000; Saratale et al., 2009 , dan Shah et al., 2012 ), penggunaan membran (
Joong et al., 2008 ). Reaksi fotokatalitik pada semikonduktor telah digunakan untuk
banyak aplikasi, seperti pembersih udara ( Hoffmann et al., 1995 ), bahan
membersihkan diri ( Libby, 1971 ), dan bahan antibakteri ( Wang et al., 2010 ).
2. Metodologi
2.1 Sintesis
Sintesis fotokatalis oksida logam campuran dengan menggunakan pendekatan
Green Chemistry. Reagennya adalah ZnO (merck, batch no. Md6m561095 cas
1314-13-2, 99,9% murni) dan SnO2 (loba chem. Batch no. 27.685, cas no 18282-
10-5, 99,9% murni). Campuran ekimolar ZnO dan SnO2 itu digiling dengan
lesung dan alu, kemudian dikalsinasi pada 500oC selama 3 jam. Serbuk yang
diperoleh selanjutnya dikalsinasi pada 800oC berikut penggilingan setelah setiap
interval waktu tiga jam. Kalsinasi dilanjutkan selama berikutnya dua puluh jam
dengan penggilingan. Setelah itu, pada campuran akhir dipanaskan sampai suhu
terminal. Tungku disetting dalam suhu 10oC per menit dari satu suhu ke suhu yang
lebih tinggi berikutnya. Produk ZnSnO3 yang diperoleh kemudian dikarakterisasi.
2.2 Karakterisasi
Katalis ZnSnO3 dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrumen FT-IR yang diperkirakan
berada pada frekuensi getaran dikisaran 400-4000 cm1, instrumen
Spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 200-800 nm, dan sifat dari
katalis ZnSnO3 dapat dilihat menggunakan X-Ray Difraktometer.
 2.3 Aktivitas Fotokatalitik
Percobaan dilakukan dengan larutan pewarna 20 dan 10 ppm, dengan 6 dan 10 g/L
fotokatalis untuk mempelajari pengaruh dari jumlah konsentrasi zat warna dan
jumlah konsentrasi katalis pada degradasi.
Dalam satu set percobaan, larutan pewarna (20 dan 10 ppm) diradiasi dengan
fotokatalis ZnSnO3, 6 g/L (0,3 g katalis dalam 50 ml) dan 10 g/L (0,5 g katalis
dalam 50 ml) di hadapan sinar matahari.
Penurunan absorbansi karena fotodegradasi zat warna diukur pada systronics
ganda spektrofotometer berkas setelah setiap 30 menit. Intensitas cahaya matahari
dipantau dengan menggunakan Lux meteran Kusam-Meko, KMLUX.
3. Hasil dan Pembahasan
a. Karakterisasi ZnSnO3
Penyerapan spektrum inframerah dari SnO2, ZnO (bahan awal) dan ZnSnO3, (
fotokatalis) ditunjukkan pada Gambar. 1 . (A-
c), IR spektrum menunjukkan, adanya Zn-O
pada frekuensi 425 dan pita frekuensi sekitar
600 cm menunjukkan adanya getaran SnO di
SnO2 dan ZnSnO3.

Gambar 3. UV-tampak fl ectance spektrum (a)

SnO 2, ( b) ZnO dan (c) disintesis ZnSnO 3
fotokatalis. Terlihat spektrum UV- disebarkan
ulang fl ectance dari SnO2 menunjukkan
pemotongan tepi penyerapan di wilayah 344
nm memberikan celah pita ( E g = hc / k) nilai
3,6 eV, ZnO pemotongan tepi serapan pada
369 nm menunjukkan celah pita 3,36 eV.
Spektrum re fl ectance menggambarkan bahwa
penyerapan masuk ke daerah UV-tampak. UV-
DRS dari ZnSnO3 memiliki tepi penyerapan
cut-off pada 370 nm.

Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa ZnSnO3 katalis

mungkin memiliki aktivitas fotokatalitik
sangat baik dan sangat stabil melalui berbagai
suhu.
b. Properti fotokatalitik ZnSnO3
Evaluasi aktivitas fotokatalitik ZnSnO3 oleh fotodegradasi Methyl biru, Indigo
carmine, dan pewarna asam ungu dalam larutan air (10 dan 20 ppm). Intensitas
sinar matahari terendah dan tertinggi selama percobaan adalah 0,01098 dan
0,0139 W/cm2. Degradasi cepat dari larutan zat warna di hadapan ZnSnO3
fotokatalis (6 g/L) saat disinari dengan sinar matahari. Kurva p2, q2, dan r2 grafik
menunjukkan tidak ada penurunan absorbansi ketika larutan zat warna disimpan
 dalam gelap di hadapan fotokatalis tersebut. Ini menunjukkan bahwa, tidak ada
reaksi fotokimia yang terjadi di dalam ketiadaan cahaya dan di hadapan katalis.

4. Keterkaitan dengan prinsip Green Chemistry

Katalis yang berperan pada peningkatan selektifitas, mampu mengurangi penggunaan

reagen dan mampu meminimalkan penggunaan energi dalam suatu reaksi.
Katalis dalam jurnal ini adalah ZnSnO3 yang digunakan untuk mendegradasi Methyl
biru.

5. Kesimpulan
ZnSnO3 disintesis oleh kimia hijau menggunakan metode mechanochemical solid
state diikuti oleh kalsinasi, band gap energi serta kegiatan fotokatalitik yang dipelajari
secara rinci. ZnSnO3 photocatalysis mampu mineralisasi pewarna tanpa
mempengaruhi kehidupan air. Fotodegradasi efektif pewarna oleh ZnSnO3 fotokatalis
di bawah sinar matahari terstimulasi sangat menarik di daerah fotokatalitik. Degradasi
ditemukan menjadi yang tertinggi dengan 10 solusi ppm MB, IC dan pewarna AV
dengan 10 g / L dari ZnSnO3 fotokatalis.
6. Daftar Pustaka
Eissen, M., Metzger, J.O., Schmidt, E., Schneidewind, U., 2002. 10 years after Rio –
concepts on the contribution of chemistry to a sustainable
development.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (3), 414–436.

Hoffmann, MR, Martin, ST, et al., 1995. Chem 95, 69-96.

Jensen, P., 2016. The role of geospatial industrial diversity in the facilitation
ofregional industrial symbiosis. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 107, 92–103.
Libby, WF, 1971. Ilmu 171 (3970), 499-500. Lodha, S., Jain, A., Punjabi, P., 2011.
Arab. J.
Yune, J.H., Tian, J., Liu, W., Chen, L., Descamps-Large, C., 2016. Greening
Chinesechemical industrial park by implementing industrial ecology
strategies: a casestudy. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 112, 54–64.

Wang, C., Wang, X., et al., 2004. J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 168, 47-52.

7. Lampiran Artikel
a. Study of photocatalytic asset of the ZnSnO3 synthesized by green chemistry
Ashok V. Borhade *, Yogeshwar R. Baste
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.10.001
Abstract In this paper, we report a simple one-step mechanochemical synthesis
method with a green chemistry approach for a light-induced heterogeneous oxide
photocatalyst, ZnSnO3. The catalyst was characterized by various investigative
techniques, like Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, Diffused Reflectance UV–
visible Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Tunnelling
Electron Microscopy, and Thermogravimetric analysis to carry out structural and
spectroscopic properties of the photocatalyst. The synthesized ZnSnO3 particles had
an average size of 105 nm with a band gap of 3.34 eV. The photocatalyst was
thermally stable over a wide range of temperatures. The sunlight mediated
degradation of Methyl blue, Indigo carmine and Acid violet dyes were achieved by
using ZnSnO3.ª 2012 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
With growing industrialization and population, environmental contamination caused
by organic pollutants is being one of the overwhelming problems all over the world.
However, its horrible adverse effects have appeared in the shape of environmental
collapse. The domestic use and industrial activity both produce a large amount of
wastewater, which then disposed into natural channels leading to a high pollution risk.
A small quantity of polluted water is sufficient to contaminate much greater capacity
of clean water. Synthetic dyes are toxic refractory chemicals, which generate murky
colour to the water and are hazardous to the environment. The dyes were detected in a
dissolved state in wastewater (Esther et al., 2004). Most of these dyes are toxic and
carcinogenic in nature (Blake et al., 1999). One must note down that, a wide spectrum
of compound can transform themselves into potentially dangerous substances during
the water treatment process. A non-biodegradable pollutant present in wastewater is a
point of major serious pain to the researchers in the world. Various methods have
been suggested for the purification of polluted water, these includes; surface
adsorption (Meshko et al., 2001 and Iqbal et al., 2011), and bio-degradation (Elias et
al., 2000; Saratale et al., 2009, and Shah et al., 2012), use of membrane (Joong et al.,
2008). The light induced photocatalytic process has received considerable attention in
the last decades. The photocatalytic reactions on semiconductors have been utilized
for many applications, such as air cleaners (Hoffmann et al., 1995), self-cleaning
materials (Libby,1971), and antibacterial materials (Wang et al., 2010).
b. Size-controlled synthesis of porous ZnSnO3 cubes and their gas sensing and
photocatalysis properties
Jiarui Huanga,∗, Xiaojuan Xua, Cuiping Gua,∗, Weizhi Wanga, Baoyou Genga,
Yufeng Sunb, Jinhuai Liuc
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2012.05.036
Uniform and monodisperse porous ZnSnO3 cubes were synthesized by a template-
free, economical aqueous solution method combined with subsequent calcination. The
size of the precursor, ZnSn(OH)6 cubes, was carefully controlled from 80–100 nm to
280–310 nm by adjusting the pH value of the solution. The as-fabricated sensors
based on the porous ZnSnO3 cubes showed high sensitivity, fast response, and short
recovery time toward formaldehyde and toluene gases. The results have showed that
the sensitivity of gas sensors increases as the particle-size of porous ZnSnO3 cubes
decreases. Moreover, the sensors also exhibit good responses to ethanol, acetone, and
n-butanol, indicating that the porous ZnSnO3 cubes are highly promising for the
applications of gas sensors. Furthermore, due to the unique porous 3D structures of
the samples, the photocatalytic property of the obtained porous ZnSnO3 cubes was
also investigated. The results have showed that the as-prepared porous ZnSnO3 cubes
exhibit superior photocatalytic property on photocatalytic decomposition of
Rhodamine B.
© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the synthesis of porous materials
because of their promising applications such as catalysis [1–3], sensor [4,5],
luminescence [6,7], gas storage [8,9], and host-guest chemistry [10]. Over the past
few years, many strategies, including aqueous sol–gel technique [11], microwave-
assisted fabrication [12], solvothermal method [13,14], and template (hard and soft
template) [15–17], and so on, have been employed successfully to fabricate porous
nanostructures. The most conventional method for porous material production
involves in the introduction of template molecules such as organic molecules (e.g.,
surfactants, block copolymers) or silica into the system [18–20]. In general, the
above-mentioned methods usually involved a special polymer as the template and/or a
complicated synthesis process with a unique precursor. On the other hand, the
hydrothermal synthesis route requires too much time and wastes too much energy
[21]. Therefore, simple, effective, economical, and template-free approaches by using
ordinary inorganic salts are strongly desirable for the fabrication of porous
nanostructures. Calcination of the precursor also can obtain porous micro- and
nanoporous materials [13,22–24]. Significantly, Wang et al. have successfully
synthesized nanoporous manganese oxide structures by calcination of as prepared
MnCO3 at appropriate temperatures for a certain period of time [23]. Fei et al. have
reported the synthesis of MnO2 hierarchical hollow nanostructures with controlled
morphologies that can be prepared by changing the morphologies of MnCO3
precursors [22]. Cao et al. have reported the synthesis of porous Co3O4 microcubes
by a simple one-pot solvothermal method combined with subsequent calcination of
the cube-like precursor [13]. In our previous work, 3D porous ZnO architectures were
synthesized by a template-free, economical aqueous solution method combined with
subsequent calcination of the precursor [25,26]. In brief, calcination of the precursor
is an effective method to prepare the porous materials. As a famous multifunctional
material, zinc stannate (ZnSnO3) has attracted considerable attention due to its
potential applications in the fields of photo-electrochemical device [27], photocatalyst
[28], gas sensor [29–31], and electrical nanodevice [32]. Recently, ZnSnO3 micro-
and nanostructures with various morphologies have been synthesized by various
synthesis routes, including thermal evaporation [32], co-precipitation method [33],
and hydrothermal synthesis [34]. For example, Wang et al. have reported the
preparation of ZnSnO3 hollow spheres and hierarchical nanosheets by the
cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-assisted hydrothermal method [35]. Zeng
et al. have reported the fabrication of hierarchical ZnSnO3 nanocages via a
hexamethylenetetramine (HMT)-assisted hydrothermal process.
c. Toxicity focus is essential for Green Chemistry Adoption and sustainable product
development
Neelam Vaidya
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2018.11.005
‘Green Chemistry Adoption’ prescribes that companies must evaluate toxicity impact
throughout the product development lifecycle, minimize the toxic waste generation,
and use of toxic raw material. As more companies are adopting Green chemistry,
there is a critical need to understand the toxicity of chemicals in terms of ecological
and health impact. ViridisChem has built the most comprehensive toxicity database
with over 90 million chemicals and 2.4 billion properties and has 10 times more
toxicity data than any other chemical database available in the global market.
Utilizing this information, it is developing products that can analyze any chemicals,
even the new and postulated molecules, mixtures/formulations, and processes.
Using these tools, pharmaceutical, biochemical, agrochemical industries and the
chemical suppliers can:
• Predict the toxicity of new molecules and their derivatives in real-time, thereby
screen out the toxic drug targets, and avoid spending R&D time on them
• Avoid the use of toxic raw materials, and quickly find better and less toxic
chemicals that satisfy the reaction specific requirements
• Fully understand the health, safety and ecological risks of toxic formulations, and
find better formulations that offer the same benefits
• Avoid the use of cocktail of formulations that may be non-toxic individually, but
become very potent when combined
• Define sustainable product development processes by avoiding toxic reagents during
every step, and minimizing the toxic waste
1. Ideas behind the start-up
ViridisChem is the 3rd successful company founded by Neelam Vaidya, a 30-year
veteran of the hi-tech and biotech industries, with the passion to provide solutions that
can help companies worldwide to adopt sustainable product development. The
Pharmaceutical and biochemical industries have celebrated innovations over the past
12 years in the green chemistry space, like the awards offered by the EPA Green
Chemistry Program “Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Winners”
(https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/ presidential-green-chemistry-challenge-
winners, 2017), where companies like Pfizer, Merck, BASF, Codexis, BristolMeyer
Squibb, Roche, Eli Lilly, etc. were able to establish that adopting sustainable product
development can save millions of dollars by avoiding wasted R&D effort in studying
high-risk drug targets, and by minimizing the cost of toxic waste disposal. By paying
attention to toxicity right from early discovery phase to product development phase,
they were able to eliminate high-risk drug targets. By consciously selecting less toxic
raw material and by avoiding the use of volatile organic compounds, they were able to
reduce the amount of toxic waste by up to 90%. Ms. Vaidya wanted to find out why
other companies were not adopting this practice. It seemed that with global
competitive market, manufacturing cost-cutting would be any company's first priority.