Unit 5

Non-Finite Verbs
Dalam kalimat, beberapa kata kerja (verb) mengalami pergeseran bentuk atau pola tatkala dihubungkan
dengan subjek dalam bentuk orang dan atau subjek bertali jumlah (singular/plural), dan dihubungkan
dengan pola waktu. Kata kerja seperti ini disebut finite verb. Sementara kata kerja yang tidak mengalami
pergeseran bentuk (seperti gerund, infinitive, participle) disebut non-finite verb.
Perhatikan:
I want to go.
She wants
They wanted
finite non-finite
verb verb

Bahasan finite verb dapat tereksplisitkan secara komprehensif pada ulasan Unit 2 dan 4. Dalam unit ini
akan diulas pemakaian non-finite verbs.

Beberapa kata kerja (verb) mengambil kata kerja lain sebagai complement, selain kata benda. Adakalanya
kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai complement harus dalam bentuk infinitive, dan kerapkali juga dalam
bentuk gerund. Juga bentuk kata kerja yang mengisi fungsi tertentu dalam kalimat (selain fungsi
verb/predicate) terkadang harus dalam gerund, infinitive, ataupun participle.

Gerund
Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja yang karena kasus tertentu harus ditambah –ing (verb-ing).
Berikut adalah kondisi yang mengharuskan penggunaan gerund:

1. Kt kerja (Verb) sebagai subject.

Contoh:
Speaking is better than thinking.
S V Complement

2. Kt. kerja (verb) sebagai object/complement

Contoh:
She likes dancing.
S P O

3. Kt. kerja (verb) sebagai prepositional object (kt. kerja terletak setelah kata depan)
Contoh:
I am sorry for coming late.

4. Setelah conjunction/kt. hubung.

Contoh:
She is away after having lunch.

5. Setelah istilah khusus

a. no use (tiada guna)
It is no use studying without practicing.
b. to be worth (bermanfaat)
 It is worth reading source books.
c. to be busy (sibuk)
She is busy preparing for the exams.
d. can’t help/can’t bear (tidak bisa menahan)
She usually can’t help laughing when she hears a joke.
e. to be used to (terbiasa)
I am used to eating gudeg Yogya.
Tetapi
I used to eat gudeg Yogya. (pernah)
f. get used to (telah terbiasa)
She gets used to living near the airport
g. to be accustomed to (telah terbiasa)
Setiawan is accustomed to wearing a tie during his work.

6. Kt. kerja setelah possessive adjective: my, your, his, her, our, their, your, Prabu’s, etc.
Contoh:
Her teaching is fascinating.
His staring frightens me.
I hate Prabu’s wearing earring.

7. Kt. kerja setelah kata kerja tertentu:

admit consider enjoy mind recall prefer
appreciate avoid finish miss regret advise
claim delay quit postpone report suggest
can't help deny resist practice recent
resume risk suggest advise resist
Contoh:
Would you mind helping me?
We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.
Bob admitted stealing the money.
The coast guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida strait.

8. Kt. kerja setelah kata kerja/kata sifat tertentu yang selalu dirangkai dengan ‘to’ namun harus
diikuti gerund (ver-ing)
confess to dedicate to
object to to be used to
advance to get used to
look forward to to be accustomed to
to be opposed to key to
devote to

Contoh:
We are looking forward to going back to school.
Bob confessed to stealing the jewels.
I object to giving you another allowance.

To Infinitive
To infinitive merupakan bentuk kata kerja (verb) simple atau kata kerja dasar dengan mendapat awalan
‘to’.
To infinitive digunakan:

1. Setelah kt. tanya/question word

Contoh:
- I don’t know where to go.
- Please tell me what to do.

2. Sebagai pelengkap objek/object complement

Contoh:
- I have an important thing to talk to you.
- Prabu is a good fellow to share with.

3. Setelah kata kerja tertentu:

agree hope seem
attempt need strive
claim intent tend
decide learn want
demand offer try
desire plan wish
fail prepare expect
forget pretend suppose
hesitate refuse

Contoh:
- I am learning to speak French.
- What do you want to do?
- She seems to ignore you.

4. Sebagai object complement dalam causative ‘get’ aktif.

Contoh:
- I always get the maid to iron my dresses.
(Saya selalu menyuruh pembantu menyetrika pakaian saya)
- She got her husband to buy anything she wanted.
(Dia meminta suaminya membeli apapun yang dia inginkan)
(Detail tentang causative, lihat Unit 28)

5. Menyatakan tujuan dari suatu kegiatan atau kondisi

Contoh:
- I come here to help you.
- My purpose studying in this university is to learn more about informational technology.

6. Sebagai adjective Complement/pelengkap kt. sifat

Contoh:
- She is eager to help you.
- I am happy to meet you.

7. Sebagai pelengkap dari pola ‘it + to be + adjective’

Contoh:
- It is easy to answer such questions.
- It is nice to meet you again.
Bare Infinitive
Bare infinitive merupakan bentuk kata kerja dasar, atau bentuk pertama (verb-1) yang tidak mendapat
awalah ‘to’.
Bare infinitive digunakan:

1. Setelah kata help

Contoh:
- Please help me make a wish.

2. Setelah modal
Contoh:
- You must go.
- She will stay here for two days.

3. Sebagai object complement dalam causative ‘have’ aktif.

Contoh:
- I want to have you prepare yourself for the next test.
- My mother always had me pray before doing anything.
(Detail tentang causative, lihat Unit 28)

4. Sebagai object complement dalam causative ‘make’ /‘let’ aktif.

Contoh:
- Don’t make me cry!
- I don’t want to make him go.

5. Setelah why untuk menyantakan pertanyaan retorika atau saran.

- Why pay more at other shops? We have the lowest prices in town.
- Why not let me lend you some money?
- Why stand up if you can sit down? Why sit down if you can lie down?

6. Dalam bahasa Inggris formal sekelompok kata kerja dan kata sifat yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan anjuran, saran, permintaan, tuntutan sering diikuti that-clause; verb pada that-
clause harus dinyatakan dalam bare infinitive.

S1 + suggest + S2 + V1/be
recommend
demand
request
insist
urge
ask
require
prefer

It’s + important + S2 + V1/be

urgent
necessary
essential
imperative
a good idea
 Perhatikan:
- I recommend that your daughter stop drinking.
- My father insisted that I enter UPI ten years ago.
- I suggest that you stay home tonight.
- It is necessary that you be here on time.
- It was a good idea that she be there last night.

Participle
Participle memiliki dua varian: verb-ing (active participle) dan verb-3 (passive participle).

1. Active Participle.

a) Active participle (verb-ing) digunakan untuk membentuk continuous/progressive tense; detail

tentangnya, lihat bahasan Unit 4.

b) Active participle (verb-ing) digunakan sebagai sub-clause yang menunjukkan penyebab dan atau
keterangan waktu (dalam bentuk short form); detail tentangnya lihat bahasan Unit 10 Shortened
Forms of Adjective Clauses and Adverbial Clauses.
- Walking along the street, I met an old friend = when I was walking along the street, I met and
old friend.
- Loving her, he will do anything for her = because he loves her, he will do anything for her.
- Being ill, my mother had her breakfast brought to her room.
= Because/as/since my mother was ill, she had her breakfast brought to her room.
- Having studied English at Express, Ratu went home with her friends.
= After she had studied English at Express, Ratu went home with her friends

c) Active participle digunakan untuk memberi penjelasan pada suatu kata benda, pengertian yang
dibawakannya adalah yang me-/yang ber-.
- The accident involving a bus and a truck took the lives of four people and injured numerous
others.
(Kecelakaan yang melibatkan sebuah bis dan sebuah truk memakan empat nyawa dan melukai
sejumlah penumpang lainnya)
- The person presenting a paper is Mr. Setiawan.
(Orang yang menyajikan makalah dalam seminar adalah Bapak Setiawan)

d) Active participle (verb-ing) digunakan sebagai object complement yang mengikuti kt. kerja: see,
hear, smell, feel, watch, notice, listen to, look at, observe, keep, find, catch, leave.
Contoh:
- I felt the house shaking.
- I saw the boat sinking.
- He noticed me leaving the house.

e) Active participle (verb-ing) digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu klausa; sebagai sub-clause yang
hadir setelah main clause yang memiliki pengertian dengan/sambil me—.
- He left the room, saying no single word.
(Dia meninggalkan ruangan, dengan tidak mengatakan sepatah katapun.)
- The spacecraft was launched to the moon early this month, carrying seven crew.
(Pesawat ruang angkasa diluncurkan ke bulan awal bulan ini, dengan membawa tujuh awak.)
 f) Active participle digunakan sebagai sebagai modifier dalam noun phrase—bentuk kata kerja verb-
ing yang hadir sebelum suatu frase benda yang bersifat memberi penjelasan atau menerangkan
frase benda bersangkutan —active participle memiliki pengertian ‘yang [sedang] me-/ber-’.
- A crying child is soothed by his mother.
(Anak yang [sedang] menangis ditimang-timang ibunya)
- A good-looking boy is approaching a charming girl.
(Si pria yang berparas bagus sedang mendekati si wanita yang menawan.)

2. Passive Participle.

a) Passive participle (verb-3) manakala diawali to be digunakan untuk membentuk passive; detail
tentangnya, lihat bahasan Unit 6.
- This book is written by Otong Setiawan Djuharie.
(Buku ini ditulis oleh Otong Setiawan Djuharie).

b) Passive participle (verb-3) digunakan sebagai sub-clause yang menunjukkan penyebab dan atau
keterangan waktu (dalam bentuk short form); detail tentangnya lihat bahasan Unit 10 Shortened
Forms of Adjective Clauses and Adverbial Clauses.
- Built on a hill, Setiawan’s house looks outstanding
= Because/as/since it is built on a hill, Setiawan’s house looks outstanding.
- Given some money, Kadita smiled.
= When she was given some money, Kadita smiled.

c) Passive participle digunakan untuk memberi penjelasan pada suatu kata benda, pengertian yang
dibawakannya adalah yang di-/yang ter-.
- The window broken by Edi has not been repaired yet.
(Jendela yang dipecahkan Edi belum diperbaiki)
- Two of my friends involved in the school fight have been arrested by the police.
(Dua dari teman saya yang terlibat tawuran telah ditangkap polisi)

d) Passive participle digunakan sebagai object complement dalam causative ‘have’ pasif.
- I want to have the next test prepared well.
(Saya menghendaki test berikutnya dipersiapkan dengan baik).
- My mother always has the meal cooked as she can’t cook herself.
(Ibu saya selalu menyuruh makanan dimasakin karena beliau sendiri tidak bias masak)
(Detail tentang causative, lihat Unit 28)

e) Passive participle digunakan sebagai sebagai modifier dalam noun phrase—bentuk kata kerja
verb-3 yang hadir sebelum suatu frase benda yang bersifat memberi penjelasan atau menerangkan
frase benda bersangkutan —passive participle memiliki pengertian ‘yang [sedang] di-/ter-/ke-’.
- The frightened child ran to his mother when he heard a thunder.
(Anak yang ketakutan berlari ke ibunya ketia mendengar geledek)

Gerund Vs To Infinitive
Terdapat sekelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti baik gerund (verb-ing) ataupun to infinitive (to + Verb
1), yang mana memiliki pengertian berbeda.

1. Setelah kata: Stop, remember, forget, and regret

Gerund setelah kata stop/remember/forget/regret mengacu pada tindakan yang sudah dilakukan;
sementara to infinitive mengacu pada tindakan yang belum dilakukan.
 Contoh:
- Setiawan stops studying. (Setiawan tidak belajar lagi—kegiatan belajar sudah setiawan lakukan)
- Setiawan stops to study. (Setiawan berhenti melakukan sesuatu lantas belajar—kegiatan belajar
belum setiawan lakukan)
- Setiawan remembers visiting Bandung. (Setiawan pernah mengunnjungi Bandung, dan sekarang dia
ingat akan hal itu.
- Setiawan remembers to visit Bandung. (Setiawan ingat bahwa dia harus berkunjung ke Bandung—
kegiatan berkunjung belum setiawan lakukan)

2. Setelah kata: want, need, dan require

Gerund setelah kata want/need/require bermakna pasif (di-/ter-); sementara to infinitive bermakna
aktif (me-/ber-).
Contoh:
- The gate needs painting. (pagar perlu dicat)
- I need to paint the gate. (saya harus mencat pagar)
- The students are required to do the assignment immediately.
(para siswa diharuskan mengerjakan tugas secepatnya)
- The assignment requires doing immediately.
(tugas harus dikerjakan secepatnya)

3. Setelah kata try

Kata try yang diikuti gerund mengandung pengertian coba-coba; sementara yang diiukuti to infinitive
bermakna berusaha.
Contoh:
- I try flattering Kadita. (saya coba-coba merayu Kadita)
- I try to approach Kadita. (saya berusaha untuk mendekati Kadita)

4. Terdapat kelompok kata kerja yang dapat diikuti gerund (verb-ing) dan to infinitive (to + verb
1), yang mana arti dan maknanya sama.

begin, like, love, continue, prefer, dread, start, hate

Contoh:
- He started to study after midnight = he started studying after midnight.
- John hates to ride his bicycle to school = John hates riding his bicycle to school.

Bare Infinitive Vs To Infinitive

Kata help (bukan can’t help) dapat diikuti baik oleh bare infinitive maupun to infinitive tanpa adanya
perbedaan dalam makna.
Contoh:
- Can somebody help me to find my ring? = Can somebody help me find my ring?
- Help me to get him to bed. = Help me get him to bed.
Di lain pihak ungkapan can’t help harus diikuti gerund; lihat ulasan gerund di atas.

Bare Infinitive Vs Active Participle

Kata kerja-kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan panca indra seperti see, hear, smell, feel, watch, notice,
observe, find,dapat diikuti baik active participle maupun bare infinitive. Active participle digunakan
untuk menunjukkan sebagian dari peristiwa/kegiatan; sementara bare infinitive menunjukkan keseluruhan
peristiwa/kegiatan.
Perhatikan:
- I saw her cross the road. (saya melihat dari mulai sisi jalan yang satu hingga sampai pada sisi yang lain).
- I saw her crossing the road. (yang saya lihat hanya mulainya saja di satu sisi jalan, atau hanya pas dia
tiba di sisi yang lain, atau pas dia sedang di tengah jalan)

Latihan 5.1

Ubah kata kerja dalam kurung kedalam bentuk yang tepat apakah dalam bentuk: gerund, bare infinitive,
atau to infinitive.

1. When I was a child I used to _____ (go) swimming everyday.

2. It took me a long time to get used to ______ (wear) glasses.
3. There used to _____ (be) a cinema on this corner but it was knocked down.
4. I’m the boss. I am not used to _____ (be) told what to do.
5. You’ll have to get used to ____(eat) less if you want to lose weight.
6. I used to ____ (like) Ratu but now she gets on my nerves.
7. Perdana got tired very quickly. He wasn’t used to _____(run) so fast.
8. Prabu used to ___ (drink) a lot of coffee when he was a students.
9. After a long time we eventually succeeded in ____(find) a flat.
10. I’ve been thinking of ____ (look) for a new job.
11. His parents didn’t approve of his ____ (stay) out so long.
12. I wonder what prevented him from ____ (come) to the party.
13. I’m getting hungry. I’m looking forward to ____ (have) dinner.
14. I don’t feel like ____ (study) today.
15. Forgive me for ____ (interrupt) you but I must ask you a question.
16. I’ve always dreamed of ____ (live) on a small island in the pacific.
17. We have decided _____ (buy) a new ca.
18. This room hasn’t been painted for years. It needs ____ (paint).
19. Your hair is too long. It needs ____ (cut).
20. This plant hasn’t been watered for some time. I need ____ (water) it.
21. Those screws are loose. You need _____ (tighten) them.
22. If you want to pass your exams, you need ____ (study) more.
23. I’m sorry I broke the glass. I couldn’t help ____ (drop) it.
24. Does this job require ____ (do) now or can I leave it until later?
25. Tom helped his mother _____ (get) the dinner ready.
26. Those shirts need _____ (iron) but you don’t need ____ (do) it now.
27. Please remember ____ (post) this letter!
28. Prabu intends _____ (buy) a house.
29. We tried ____ (put) the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire brigade.
30. When you see Perdana, remember _____ (give) him my best regard, won’t you?
31. What do you intend ____ (do) about this problem?
32. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember ____ (leave) it by the window and now it has
gone.
33. When she saw what happened, she began ____ (laugh) loudly.
34. I asked them to be quiet but they continued ____ (make) a lot of noise.
35. I enjoy ____ (be) alone.
36. Would you like _____ (come) to a party?
37. Do you mind ____ (travel) such a long way to work everyday?
38. Kadita loves _____ (cook) but she hates _____ (wash) up.
39. Do you like ____ (drive)?.
40. It’s a pity I didn’t meet Ann. I think I must ___ (meet) her as soon as possible.
41. Kadita always makes me ___ (do) everything for her.
42. The fact that he was put into prison for something that he hadn’t done made his girl ____ (cry).
43. Mr. Setiawan doesn’t let anyone ____ (smoke) in his office.
44. I don’t know Seanu but I’d like ____ (meet) him.
45. She wanted me ____ (lend) her some money.
46. She wanted ____ (help) to do her assignment as she can’t find the solution by herself.
47. The film was very sad. It made me ____ (cry).
48. Have you decide what ____ (cook) for dinner?
49. Can you show me how ____ (use) the washing machine?
50. Do you know what ____ (do) if there is a fire in the building?
51. Have you finished _____ (wash) your hair yet?
52. He admitted ____ (steal) but he denied ____ (drive) it dangerously.
53. Why do you keep on ___ (look) at me like that?
54. She didn’t want me ____ (go).
55. He refused ____ (cooperate).
56. I gave a comic ____ (read).
57. I hope ____ arrive) soon.
58. She is very nice ____ (talk) to.
59. There is nothing ____ (do)—I’m bored.
60. Does your shirt need ____ (press), sir?

Latihan 5.2

Pelajari kalimat di bawah ini. Tentukan apakan kata atau kata-kata yang tercetak miring benar atau salah;
bila benar lingkari C, dan bila salah lingkari I.
C I 1. Doctors recommend that a pregnant mother not take medicine if possible.
C I 2. Amny Americans requested that Martin Luther King’s birthday be made a national holiday.
C I 3. The city council thinks it is imperative that the mayor will repair the city streets soon.
C I 4. Laws now insist on that drunk drivers pay stiff fines and go to jail.
C I 5. In the past men generally prefered that their wives worked in the house.
C I 6. It’s necessary that every student pays the tuition fee on time.
C I 7. The demonstrators demanded that the management had to raise the welfare facilities.
C I 8. My sister prefers that our parents will give us the same allowance.
C I 9. It is a good idea for you to enter UPI for your later study.
C I 10. Most students urge that the university employ qualified professors.

Latihan 5.3

Pilih jawaban yang paling tepat.

1. ‘What did the speaker say at the seminar?’

‘____ while they are watching TV is very important.’

(A) That you should accompany your children

 (B) You should accompany your children

(C) That accompanying your children

(D) Accompanying your children

(E) You are accompanying your children

2. ‘What can we do to improve our employees’ skills?’

‘____ them more training is the first what we can do.’
(A) Giving (C) To give (E) It is giving
(B) We give (D) To be given
(

3. ‘What is annoying your mother so much?’

‘____ in the bedroom.’
(A) My father is smoking
(B) It is my father who smokes
(C) My father smokes
(D) The smoking of my father
(E) My father’s smoking

4. ‘What has made him so busy these days?’

‘____ for the Bazaar that will be held next month.’
(A) To prepare (D) Preparing
(B) She prepares (E) In preparing
(C) Its preparation

5. According to the latest issue of the journal of American Medical Association, ______ can reduce
the risk of sudden cardiac death in men.
(A) fish being eaten every week
(B) if we eat fish once a week
(C) to eat weekly fish
(D) fish to be eaten weekly
(E) eating fish just once a week

6. ____ clothes can often be very time consuming.

A. They buy C. In buying E. Buying
B. To be buying D. Man buying

7. (Stay) at work all day will mean (we have) only sardines sandwiches for lunch.
The correct form of the sentence is ____.
(A) Staying – our having (D) To stay – our having
(B) To stay – we have (E) Staying – us have
(C) Staying – we having

8. ‘Why don’t you want Amir to be the team leader?’

‘Well, I don’t like ___ people around.’
(A) his ordering (D) he orders
(B) why he orders (E) with his ordering
 (C) he is ordering

9. “What don’t you like about Irwan?”

“______.”
A. Why he wears earrings
B. His wearing earrings
C. For wearing earrings
D. His wearing earrings
E. To wear earrings

10. “What are your mother’s hobbies?”

“Growing orchids and ___ antique jewelry.”
A. collect C. she collect E. to collect
B. collecting D. is collecting

11. ‘What is she worrying about this time?’

‘____ from her son after the car accident.’
(A) No to hear
(B) Having heard
(C) She hasn’t heard
(D) Not having heard
(E) Having to hear

12. ‘What has the donated money been used for?’

‘____ a school for the needy.’
(A) We set up
(B) Setting up
(C) It is set up
(D) In setting up
(E) Sets up

13. ‘What has the donated fund been used for?

‘_____ a school for the needy.’
(A) We set up
(B) Setting up
(C) It is set up
(D) In setting up
(E) Sets up

14. Tati declined the offer of ____ to Singapore a representative of our company.
A. being transferred D. to transfer
B. is transferred E. be transferred
C. transferred

15. We decided to stay home because Sita wasn’t very keen on ___ out in the rain.
A. go D. to go
B. goes E. going
C. went

16. ‘What does this song remind you of?’

 ‘_____ with my first date.’
A. I dance
B. To dance
C. Dancing
D. To be dancing
E. Dance

17. Little children are usually afraid of ____ by their mothers.

A. left C. being left E. been left
B. to leave D. leaving

18. My parents are very happy about ____ the first prize in the essay contest.
A. my winning D. that I win
B. I win E. I am winning
C. me winning

19. My brother has been away from home for years without ever ____ to us.
A. to write C. have written E. written
B. to be writing D. writing

20. “What are the horn of buffalo used for?”

“Well, mostly for _____ handicrafts.”
A. make C. being made E. making
B. to make D. they make

21. We are astonished at _____ a good score for his TOEFL in spite of his poor English.
A. he could get D. to be able to get
B. be able to get E. being able to get
C. his being able to get

22. She was very sad because her father did not approve of _____ too often.
A. I saw her D. me seeing her
B. me to see her E. that I see her
C. my seeing her

23. “What was he punished for?”

“_____ others to break school rules.”
A. When he persuaded D. In order to persuade
B. To persuade E. Persuading
C. By persuading

24. Don’t put off ____ the application form.

A. to fill in C. for filling in E. you fill in
B. fill in D. filling in

25. Please excuse me _____ you.

A. to interrupt C. interrupt E. interrupting
B. interrupted D. for interrupting

26. ‘How did your sister get a scholarship to study in Japan?’

‘She got it after ___ a writing competition.’
 (A) win
(B) winning
(C) won
(D) to win
(E) she win

27. After _____ his pass, he was allowed to enter the building.
A. shown C. showed E. to show
B. have shown D. showing

28. Dylan formed several group in high school before ___ to Minnesota University.
(A) gone
(B) goes
(C) went
(D) to go
(E) going

29. President Bush was on his trip since _____.

(A) been re-elected
(B) be re-election
(C) being re-elected
(D) was re-election
(E) was to be re-elect

30. ‘Why don’t you ask Mr. Abidin for a donation?’

‘Well, you know that he is not generous. So it’s no use ___ him.’
A. to ask C. to be asking E. ask
B. you ask D. asking

31. The patient can’t help ____ worried about the operation on his eyes. He risks ___ his
eyesight altogether if it is not successful.
(A) feel – lose (D) feeling – to lose
(B) feeling – losing (E) to feel – to lose
(C) to feel – losing

32. Despite criticisms from political opponents, the new president continues his _____ abroad to
appeal to foreign countries to invest in Indonesia.
(A) to travel
(B) traveled
(C) travelling
(D) be travelling
(E) to be traveled

33. “Did you thank Andi for dictionary he bought for you?”
“Yes, I did; I really appreciate _____ it for me.”
(A) to buy (C) buying it (E) his buying
(B) buys (D) to have bought

34. The man sitting next to Ratu said, “Do you mind ____?”
A. smoking C. smoke E. to smoke
B. my smoking D. be smoking
35. ‘What is annoying your mother so much?’
‘____ in the bedroom.’
(A) My father is smoking
(B) It is my father who smokes
(C) My father smokes
(D) The smoking of my father
(E) My father’s smoking

36. ‘I need to do some exercise to stay up fit.’

‘Have you considered ____ for one hour everyday?’
A. walking D. to be walking
B. you walk E. walk
C. to walk

37. “Did you thank Andi for dictionary he bought for you?”
“Yes, I did; I really appreciate _____ it for me.”
(A) to buy (C) buying it (E) his buying
(B) buys (D) to have bought

38. Fast-food restaurants have become popular in big cities because many people prefer _____
quickly.
(A) served (D) they are served
(B) being served (E) be serving
(C) serving

39. When I received my salary last month, I avoided ___ to the mall; otherwise, I would have spent
all my money.
A. going C. to have gone E. I go
B. to go D. having gone

40. ‘Do you think I can wear my new necklace?’

‘I wouldn’t advise ____ jewelry in a difficult time like this.’
(A) wear (D) wearing
(B) to wear (E) you wear
(C) to be wearing

41. Have you considered ____ to an apartment closer to your office?

(A) move
(B) to move
(C) moved
(D) moving
(E) to be moving

42. My friend Hasan is considering _____ school before finishing it because of financial reasons.
A. he leaves
B. about leaving
C. he wants to leave
D. in leaving
E. leaving
43. We always try to avoid ____ preserved foods.
A. consuming D. we consume
B. to consume E. being consumed
C. consumed

44. The thief denied _____ the jewelry although the police forced him to admit it.
A. steal C. stealing E. to steal
B. in stealing D. stolen

45. They have considered _____ down the factory because of continuous losses.
A. to close C. in closing E. closing
B. they close D. closed

46. Since my father and my mother are both working, we usually go ___ on Sundays.
A. to shop C. shopping E. shop
B. they shop D. for shopping

47. We always avoid ___ to the zoo on Sundays because it was too crowded.
A. going C. we go E. to be going
B. go D. to go

48. The children enjoy playing on the beach and _____.

A. swim in the ocean
B. to swim in the ocean
C. swimming in the ocean
D. they are swimming in the ocean
E. to be swimming in the ocean

49. The man sitting next to Ratu said, “Do you mind ____?”
A. smoking C. smoke E. to smoke
B. my smoking D. be smoking

50. As a child I always enjoyed ___ in the rain.

A. be playing C. play E. played
B. playing D. to play

51. He must avoid _____ too hard because of his poor health.
A. be working C. in working E. work
B. working D. to be working

52. Iwan is working hard for his examination, he avoids ____ too much.
A. to be going out D. goes out
B. to go out E. going out
C. go out

53. Although Dino has denied ____ the money, They are still suspecting him.
A. stolen C. to steal E. have stolen
B. steal D. stealing

54. The man denied ____ in the spot of the killing.

(A) have being (D) have been
 (B) had being (E) had been

(C) having been

55. Do you object to _____?

(A) we smoke
(B) we smoking
(C) we are smoking
(D) our smoke
(E) our smoking

56. I am looking forward to ___ you next week.

(A) seeing (C) will see (E) be seen
(B) see (D) be seeing

57. I am looking forward to ____ a salary raise next month.

(A) get
(B) be getting
(C) getting
(D) have got
(E) got

58. Facing hard time, people with very low income are looking forward to ___ by the well-to-do in
getting the daily basic necessities.
A. support
B. supporting
C. being supported
D. supported
E. be supporting

59. My brother, who was not used to ____ a room with someone else, was quite unhappy when he
couldn’t have his own room in the dormitory.
(A) sharing
(B) share
(C) be sharing
(D) be shared
(E) being shared

60. In her letter my friend said that she was looking forward ____ from me again.
A. to hearing
B. to hear
C. hearing
D. having heard
E. to being heard

61. He was sentenced to two years’ imprisonment after he confessed _____.

A. steal the jewels
B. he stole the jewel
C. to be stealing the jewels
D. when stealing the jewels
E. to having stolen the jewels

62. “My niece is not used _____ in dormitory.’

A. to live C. living E. to living
B. live D. lives

63. I _____ to his behaving so rudely toward his sister.

A. object C. dislike E. disagree
D. complain D. regret

64. “Can you turn on this electric stove?”

“I’m sorry. I don’t know _____.”
(A) operating it (D) what is operated
(B) it is operated (E) how to operate it
(C) the way operating

65. ‘People are concerned about the depletion of energy sources. However, they should not
forget another important thing _____.’
A. to protect D. having to protect
B. it is protecting E. protected
C. they protect

66. The director wants the result of the research ____ at the regional meeting.
A. to present
B. to be presenting
C. is to present
D. to be presented
E. to have presented

67. He hasn’t got enough experience _____ principal of our school.

A. promoted D. to be promoting
B. he will be promoted E. be promoted
C. to be promoted

68. ‘You seem to like him very much.’

‘Yes, he is such a nice man _____.’
A. talking to D. be talking to
B. talked to E. to talk to
C. to be talked to

69. Being members of a team in a debate contest, you are all supposed ___ emotional response to
the opposite team.
(A) don’t give (D) that you don’t give
(B) you are not giving (E) not to give
(C) not giving

70. “Why am I not allowed to take Martha's picture?”

“Well, she doesn't like ___.”
(A) she photographed
(B) was photographing
 (C) to be photographed
(D) she was photographed
(E) photographed

71. Dony does not mind doing extra work, but doesn’t like ____.
A. criticise
B. criticising
C. is criticised
D. be criticised
E. to be criticised

72. The regulation in our dormitory does not allow dinner _____ before sunset during the fasting
month.
A. to serve
B. to be served
C. to be serving
D. is served
E. is serving

73. ‘What are you going to do with your research findings ?’

‘They expect me ____ them at the national seminar on technology to be held in Surabaya.’
A. I present C. to present E. for presenting
B. presenting D. present

74. ‘What did Adi finally decide?’

‘_____ his master’s degree in Australia.’
A. He takes
B. His taking
C. Taking
D. Be taking
E. To take

75. ‘What did Prabu promise you yesterday?’

‘_____ together in the library.’
A. We study C. In studying E. To study
B. Studying D. Studied

76. ‘What did the cashier of the bookstore tell you?’

‘_____ with a credit card.’
A. Not paying D. Not to pay
B. Not pay E. Did not pay
C. Let’s not pay

77. As I found out that not all of the workshop participants knew about this week's schedule, I got
my secretary ___ it right away.
(A) distributing (D) to distribute
(B) distributed (E) in distributing
(C) she distributes
 78. Even a very small satellite in orbit round the earth can be used ____ twice as much electricity
as the largest conventional power station.
(A) product
(B) to produce
(C) production
(D) productive
(E) productivity

79. The memory trace, which forms the internal representation of the specific information about
an event stored in the memory, is probably made by structural changes in the brain, although
the problem is that the memory trace isn’t really subject to direct observation because it’s
more a theoretical construct that we use ____ about how information presented at a particular
time can cause performance at a later time.
(A) speculating
(B) to speculate
(C) we speculate
(D) speculated
(E) to be speculating

80. The term “placebo” is used ____ a “pill” than contains no medical ingredients but that often
produces the same effect as genuine medication.
(A) describe
(B) to describe
(C) describing
(D) it describes
(E) they describe

81. Some people use music or clothing or certain hairstyles ____ them in connection with a
certain pieces of music for instance other, teenagers like them are examples of this use of
music.
(A) help
(B) helping
(C) helped
(D) to help
(E) they help

82. "What was the last thing you said to the students just now?"
"___ to campus."
(A) Not to wear sandals
(B) You don't wear sandals
(C) They don't wear sandals
(D) For not wearing sandals
(E) Wearing no sandals

83. “Why do you always leave so early?”

“___ the first train to campus.”
(A) Not miss (D) For not missing
(B) I don't miss (E) Do not miss
(C) Not to miss

84. 'Why are your friends writing a petition to the headmaster?'

 "___ our canteen and sport facilities improved.'
(A) Get (C) Forgetting (E) To get
(B) Getting (D) Got

85. The motion picture originated when a series of still photographs were spliced and viewed in rapid
succession ___ the illusion of movement and continuity
(A) for creation (D) to create

(B) in the creation of (E) created

(C) to be created by

86. ‘What are you planning to do with all these paintings ?’

‘___ them in the cultural center next month.’
A. to be exhibiting D. be exhibiting
B. to exhibit E. we exhibit
C. will exhibit

87. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ____ a balanced and healthful
diet.
A. to keep
B. kept
C. keeping
D. they keep
E. for keeping

88. ____ a skillful photographer, a person should have both manual skill and a good eye for detail.
A. Becoming
B. He can become
C. To become
D. When he becomes
E. Having become

89. ‘What is Iwan’s decision concerning his house?’

‘_____ it before putting it up for sale.’
A. His renovating
B. For renovating
C. Be renovated
D. Renovated
E. To renovate

90. ‘What do you need my calculator for?’

‘____ this math problem.’
A. In solving
B. My solving
C. Solved
D. To solve
E. I solve

91. ‘Why do you have to stay at home tomorrow?’

 ‘____ my little brother.’
A. Takes care
B. Taking care
C. To take care
D. For taking care
E. I will take care

92. The reason why I am here is ____ you fill in the forms for the scholarship.
A. help
B. to help
C. helping
D. I will help
E. I am helping

93. The crowd has been waiting outside the hotel for hours just ____ a glimpse of the famous singer.
A. getting
B. they get
C. get
D. for getting
E. to get

94. I usually take a walk early in the morning ___ some fresh air.
A. getting
B. get
C. to get
D. I get
E. be getting

95. Would you like the merchandise ____ early in the morning?
A. delivering D. deliver
B. when delivered E. to be delivered
C. is delivered

96. We did not know ____ him stop drinking.

A. make C. to make E. making
B. made D. to be made

97. ‘Have you told your problem to the supervisor.’

‘No, he was too busy _____ to me yesterday.’
A. talk D. he didn’t talk
B. for talking E. to talk
C. talking

98. My sister thinks that the ceramic vase is too big ___ on the piano.
A. be put C. it is put E. to be put
B. being put D. for being put

99. Your hand writing is almost impossible _____.

A. my reading it D. be read
B. to read E. reading
C. for reading it
100. It is useful ____ chapters before they are discussed in class.
A. reads C. having read E. to read
B. reading D. for reading

101. I believe Seanu is too young ___ the personnel manager of our company.
A. when he is C. in being E. of being
B. to be D. if he be

102. The text is too long _____ within ten minutes.

A. be read C. to read E. reading
B. we read D. when read

103. She is very unhappy ____ the beginning of the play.

A. she misses D. when missing
B. has missed E. to have missed
C. in missing

104. It is often difficult for new university students ___ themselves to their new environment.
A. they adapt C. adapting E. being adapted
B. to adapt D. adapt

105. In a movie, music in the background helps ____ your mood. In a church or temple, music
makes the ceremonies more effective.
(A) determination
(B) determined
(C) determining
(D) determiner
(E) determine

106. ‘Can you send this letter for me? I’m in a hurry.’
‘Don’t worry. I will have Tina _____ it for you.’
(A) fax (C) will fax (E) to fax
(B) faxed (D) faxes

107. The teacher had students who didn’t bring their identification cards ____ the auditorium
where the exams were held.
(A) left (C) to leave (E) leaves
(B) leave (D) leaving

108. My little brother had scattered all his toys on my bed, so I had him ____ the bed before
night fell.
A. clear
B. to clear
C. cleared
D. be clearing
E. to be cleared

109. ‘I fixed the light in the bathroom yesterday, but it went out again today.’
‘Why don’t you have an electrician ____ it.’
A. checking
B. checked
C. to checked
D. check
E. checks

110. ‘I’ve tried to fixed my motorbike, but it is still not running well.’
‘Why don’t you have a mechanic ____ it?’
A. check
B. checking
C. to check
D. in checking
E. checked

111. ‘I’m having trouble with my computer again, I’ve done everything I can but it doesn’t
work properly.’
‘Why don’t you have Darno ____ it?’
A. to fix
B. fixing
C. he fixed
D. fix
E. fixed

112. The schoolmaster had the students ____ their lessons before the exam.
A. to review
B. reviewing
C. review
D. reviewed
E. they reviewed

113. Since her handwriting is very bad, we will have her ____ her composition.
A. types C. typing E. to type
B. typed D. type

114. “Aren’t you going to make hotel reservation?”

“No, I’ll have the travel agent _____.”
A. to do it C. doing it E. he does it
B. in doing it D. do it

115. I will have my secretary ____ an appointment with Mr. Setiawan for next wee.
A. makes C. make E. making
B. made D. to make

116. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife ___.
A. cry
B. to be crying
C. cried
D. to cry
E. crying

117. ‘Has there been a new policy about sick leaves?’

‘I don’t know, I don’t remember ____ about it.’
 (A) was being told

(B) being told

(C) I was being told

(D) to be told

(E) be told

118. Being lost, the tourist stopped ___ at his map for the place they wanted to visit.
(A) looking
(B) to look
(C) looked
(D) he looked
(E) was looking

119. ‘Let’s go and have lunch.’

‘I’ll join you later. I had better not stop ____ on this report now.’
(A) work
(B) to work
(C) I’ll work
(D) working
(E) am working

120. ‘Why are so late?’

‘We had to stop on the way ____ some gasoline.’
A. to buy
B. we bought
C. must buy
D. we had to buy
E. buying

121. ‘Where is Prabu?’

‘Oh, I completely forgot ____ him.’
A. to invite C. invite E. inviting
B. not inviting D. not to invite

122. I remember ____ in this town when traffic wasn’t too heavy yet.
A. be driving C. drive E. to drive
B. we drive D. our driving

123. I had to ask the boy to stop ___.

(A) to play (C) play (E) played
(B) playing (D) plays

124. Mrs. Darmawan required the children _____ off their muddy shoes before they came into
her house.
A. taking
B. take
C. to take
D. took
E. to be taking

125. ‘Do you really want to buy this old crumbling house ?’
‘Yes, we know the house needs ___, but we love the surroundings.’
A. to repair D. repaired
B. to be repairing E. be repaired
C. repairing

126. ‘It’s hot in here; the air-conditioner is not working.’

‘I think it only needs ____.’
(A) to clean
(B) cleaning
(C) cleaned
(D) clean
(E) be cleaned

127. All new students at this university are required _____ an English proficiency test.
(A) taking
(B) having to take
(C) take
(D) will take
(E) to take

128. ‘What do the employees exactly want?’

‘_____.’
A. To get better working conditions
B. Increasing worker’s motivation
C. Whether the number of employees should be reduced
D. Greater responsibilities are given to them
E. They get more training programs

129. The progress of this class needs _____.

A. to be evaluated
B. evaluated
C. to evaluate
D. in evaluating
E. be evaluated

130. ‘The students are talking so excitedly; what do they want?’

‘____ the test postponed until next week.’
A. In having C. I have E. They have
B. Having D. To have

131. "What is it that you want us to do?"

"___ all the lights when you leave the office."
(A) Turning off (D) To turn off
(B) For turning off (E) We turn off
(C) You turn off
 132. Cuben: I lost my key, now I can’t get into my room.
Iwan : Why don’t you try ___ this hairclip, sometimes it works.

(A) using (C) used (E) to be using

(B) to use (D) use

133. ‘I hate _____.’

(A) to say this
(B) for saying this
(C) in saying this
(D) says this
(E) said this

134. She likes _____.

(A) dancing
(B) to be dancing
(C) to dancing
(D) with dancing
(E) for dancing

135. One of the least effective ways of storing information is learning ____.
(A) to repeat (C) how do we repeat
(B) repeating (D) repeat

136. Strauss finished ____ two of his published compositions before his tenth birthday.
(A) written (C) to write
(B) write (D) writing

137. Indra: Your dress looks nice. Did you make it yourself?
Tutut: No, of course, I have it ____.
(A) make
(B) made
(C) making
(D) is made
(E) be making

138. ‘When do you want to have the flowers _____ to your house?’
A. to deliver C. delivering E. deliver
B. be delivering D. delivered

139. My watch is too slow. Can I have it ____ here?

A. fixed C. fixes E. to be fixed
B. fixing D. to fix
140.Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist ___ their teeth.
(A) fill (C) filling
(B) filled (D) to be filled

141.The Immigration and Naturalization Service often ____ their visas if they fill out the appropriate papers.
(A) lets the students extend
 (B) lets the students for extend
(C) lets the students to extend
(D) lets the students extending

142.Lobbyist who represent special interest groups get ____ that benefits their groups.
(A) Congress to pass the legislation
(B) Congress passed the legislation
(C) the legislation to pass by Congress
(D) the legislation that Congress passing

143.Psychologists believe that incentives ____ to increase our productivity.

(A) make us want
(B) make us to want
(C) making us want
(D) makes us wanting

144. According to the manufacturer, the new generator is capable of ____ the amount of power consumed
by our facility by nearly ten percent.
(A) reduced
(B) reducing
(C) reduce
(D) reduces

145. The lectures will cover the relevant methods of ____ the impact of currency fluctuations on
international transactions.
(A) determination
(B) determined
(C) determining
(D) determine

146. The Executive Council of the Fashion Buyer’s Congress is ____ of fifteen members from various
branches of the fashion industry.
(A) compose
(B) composing
(C) composed
(D) to compose

147. Battery-operated reading lamps ____ very well right now.

(A) sale
(B) sold
(C) are selling
(D) are sold

148. The owner of the hotel had the room ____.

(A) redecorated
(B) redecorate
(C) redecorating
(D) to redecorate

149. I’ll have my assistant ____ for an appointment

(A) called
(B) calling
(C) will call
(D) call

150. Mr. Wang can’t have the package ____ until Monday.
(A) deliver
(B) will deliver
(C) delivering
(D) delivered

151.“The telephone company is threatening to cut off our service.”

“It’s urgent ____ the bill immediately.”
(A) that we pay (C) us paying (E) us for paying
(B) us to pay (D) that we paid

152.“What did the doctor tell Mrs. Nunik about her health?”
“He recommended ____ less.”
(A) that she worked (C) her work (E) her for working
(B) that she work (D) that she working

153.“Should I tell Mr. Setiawan about the broken window?”

“It’s necessary ____ before it rains.”
(A) that he knows (C) his knowing (E) that he knew
(B) he know (D) he knows

154.“We just received a letter from Seanu.”

“It’s surprising ___ to you after all these years.”
(A) that he still write (C) that still is writing (E) that he have still written
(B) that he still writes (D) that he still writing

155.“What did the school officials tell Prabu?”

“They insisted ___ a haircut.”
(A) that he got (C) that he get (E) that he to get
(B) that he gets (D) him to get

156.“Who do you think should work on the construction project?”

“I recommend ____ the consultant.”
(A) for the Pasirjati be (C) that the Pasirjati is (E) that the Pasirjati will be
(B) that the Pasirjati be (D) the Pasirjati being

157.“Should I begin typing these letters?”

“I suggest ___ the bookkeeping first.”
(A) you finish (C) you finished (E) you for finishing
(B) you to finish (D) you will finish

158.“Did your grand mother give you that watch?”

“Yes. She insisted ____ it.”
(A) that I took (C) on my taking (E) me to take
(B) I will take (D) for me to take

159.“Have you received the shipment of bicycles yet?”

“No, but it’s possible that it ____ in a few days.”
(A) will come (C) come (E) came
(B) comes (D) has come

160.“Ratu practices the piano so easily in the morning?”

 “We asked ___, but she won’t.”
(A) that she stops (C) her to stop (E) her for stopping
(B) her stopping (D) for her stop

161.“What is your opinion about Setiawan’s condition?”

“I recommend ___ as much as possible.”
(A) him to rest (C) that he rests (E) him for resting
(B) him rest (D) that he rest

162.“Why does Perdana need a tutor?”

“Because it is important ___ on his exam next month.”
(A) that he do well (C) for him do well (E) that he did well
(B) he well does (D) that he will do well

163.“Where is Prabu?”
“He was making so much noise that I requested ____.”
(A) him leave (C) him left (E) that he leaves
(B) that he left (D) that he leave

164.“Did you hear that Kadita’s plane is snowbound in Chicago?”

“We suggested that she ____ but she wouldn’t listen.”
(A) would take a train (C) took a train (E) take a train
(B) had taken a train (D) should have taken a train

165.“Please take this seat.”

“No, I insist on ____.”
(A) that you take it (C) you take it (E) you taking it
(B) you to take it (D) that your taking it

166.It is important that Prabu has a business degree for his job.

The above sentence can be made correct by changing ____.

(A) is to was (C) important to importance (E) that to which

(B) has to have (D) degree to diploma

167.The doctor ___ that the pregnant woman ____ taken to the hospital immediately.

(A) says – was (C) said – be (E) suggested – being

(B) recommend – be (D) urged – must be

168.Their only son keeps demanding that the couples _____ him a new Jaguar.
(A) will buy (C) bought (C) should buy
(B) to buy (D) in buying

169.It’s imperative ____ in this campus.

 (A) that students wear uniform (D) for students in wearing uniform
(B) that students to wear uniform (E) for students that they wore uniform
(C) in wearing uniform for students

170.I urge my girl ____ my proposal sooner.

(A) to accept (C) that accept (E) for accepting
(B) in accepting (D) that she would accept

Latihan 5.2

Pada setiap kalimat berikut terdapat empat kata atau frasa yang digarisbawahi. Pilih salah satu yang
dianggap salah secara standard written expression.

1. To building their nests, tailorbirds use their bills as needles.

A B C D

2. Representative democracy seemed evolve simultaneously during the eighteenth and nineteenth century
A B C D
in Britain, Europe, and the United States.

3. Many people have stopped to smoke because they are afraid that it may be harmful to their health.
A B C D

4. Most presidential candidates have their names print on the ballot in the New Hampshire primary
(A)
election because it is customary the first one in the nation, and winning it can give them a good chance
(B) (C) (E)
to be nominated by their parties.

5. The national Basketball Association will not let any athlete to continue playing in the league unless he
(A) (B)
submits voluntarily to treatment for drug addiction.
(C) (D)

6. In order to receive full reimbursement for jewels that might be stolen, the owner must get all pieces appraised.
(A) (B) (C) (D)

7. Too much water makes plants turning brown on the edges of their leaves
(A) (B) (C) (D)

8. If clients do not know how respond to a questionnaire item, ask them to circle “I don’t know”.
A B C D

9. The laboratory technician had a sample took from the water in the pond.
A B C D

10. The travel agent had the reservation change to a later time
A B C D