PENDAHULUAN

Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan (FPK) dan Falsafah Pendidikan Guru

(FPG) menekankan kepada perkembangan potensi individu guru secara
seimbang dan bersepadu dari segi jasmani, emosi, rohani dan intelek.
Hasrat ini dapat dicapai menerusi pelaksanaan kurikulum pendidikan guru
yang menyepadukan aspek-aspek pengetahuan, kemahiran ikhtisas dan
amalan nilai keguruan.

Berasaskan kepada FPK dan FPG, matematik telah menjadi bidang

ilmu yang dapat melatih minda supaya berfikir secara mantik dan bersistem
dalam menyelesaikan masalah dan membuat keputusan. Sejajar dengan
itu, buku Rumus Matematik dan Sifir Statistik ini telah diolah dan disusun
semula dengan mengambil kira kesinambungan yang berterusan mengikut
kursus-kursus yang ditawarkan oleh Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia
(IPGM). Buku ini diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan rujukan dan membantu
siswa pendidik dalam menyelesaikan masalah matematik menerusi rumus-
rumus penting dan sifir statistik yang disediakan.

Buku ini dibahagikan kepada enam tajuk utama iaitu Algebra,

Geometri, Trigonometri, Kalkulus, Statistik dan Matematik Kewangan.
Setiap tajuk pula dibahagikan kepada topik-topik kecil supaya proses
rujukan dapat dilakukan dengan lebih mudah, teratur dan bermakna.
Semoga buku ini dapat memberi manfaat kepada siswa pendidik di institut
pendidikan guru.

i
AHLI PANEL PENYEMAKAN SEMULA
(SEPTEMBER 2018)

1. Dr. Jong Cherng Meei

IPG Kampus Pulau Pinang
Pulau Pinang

2. Dr. Teong Mee Mee

IPG Kampus Pulau Pinang
Pulau Pinang

3. Dr. Lam Kah Kei

IPG Kampus Tengku Ampuan Afzan
Kuala Lipis, Pahang

4. Dr. Ng Kok Fu
IPG Kampus Sultan Abdul Halim
Sungai Petani, Kedah

5. Datin Hjh. Zaitun binti Othman

IPG Kampus Pendidikan Islam
Bangi, Selangor

6. Pn. Manisah Mohd Shah

IPG Kampus Pendidkan Teknik
Nilai, Negeri Sembilan

7. Pn. Lee Yen Ting

Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia

ii
AHLI PANEL PENYEMAKAN SEMULA
(OKTOBER 2019)

1. Dr. Jong Cherng Meei

IPG Kampus Pulau Pinang
Pulau Pinang

2. Dr. Teong Mee Mee

IPG Kampus Pulau Pinang
Pulau Pinang

3. Dr. Ng Kok Fu
IPG Kampus Sultan Abdul Halim
Sungai Petani, Kedah

4. Dr. Gan We Ling

IPG Kampus Tun Abdul Razak
Kota Samarahan, Sarawak

5. Dr. Nurulhidayah Lucy Abdullah

IPG Kampus Perlis
Kangar, Perlis

6. Pn. Noor Adillah Osman

IPG Kampus Pulau Pinang
Pulau Pinang

7. Dr. Daniel Leong Abdullah

IPG Kampus Pulau Pinang
Pulau Pinang

8. Pn. Lee Yen Ting

Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia

iii
 KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS

Pendahuluan
Preface ..……………………………………………………….. i

Ahli Panel
Panel Members ..……………………………………………………….. ii

1. ALGEBRA
ALGEBRA

1.1 Indeks
Indices ……………………………………………………. 1
1.2 Logaritma
Logarithm ………………………………………………… 1
1.3 Surd
Surd ………………………………………………………. 2
1.4 Nombor Kompleks
Complex Numbers ………………………………………. 2
1.5 Nilai Mutlak
Absolute Value …………………………………………... 3
1.6 Matriks
Matrices ....................................................................... 3
1.7 Punca Persamaan Kuadratik
Roots of Quadratic Equation ........................................ 3
1.8 Janjang Aritmetik
Arithmetic Progression ................................................. 4
1.9 Janjang Geometri
Geometric Progression ................................................ 4
1.10 Kembangan Binomial
Binomial Expansion ..................................................... 4
1.11 Algebra Linear
Linear Algebra ............................................................. 5
1.12 Ruang Vektor
Vector Spaces ............................................................. 6

iv
2. GEOMETRI
GEOMETRY

2.1 Luas
Area ……………………………………………………….. 7
2.2 Isi Padu
Volume ……………………………………………………. 7
2.3 Sukatan Membulat
Circular Measures ......…………………………………... 7
2.4 Bulatan
Circle …………………………………............................. 8
2.5 Geometri Koordinat
Coordinate Geometry .................................................. 8
2.6 Transformasi: Pembesaran
Transformation: Enlargement ...................................... 9
2.7 Keratan Kon
Conic Sections ............................................................. 9

3. TRIGONOMETRI
TRIGONOMETRY

3.1 Identiti Trigonometri

Trigonometric Identities………………………………..... 11
3.2 Penyelesaian Segitiga
Solution of Triangles ……………………………………. 12

4. KALKULUS
CALCULUS

4.1 Fungsi dan Had

Functions and Limits …………………………………..... 13
4.2 Petua L’Hopital
L’ Hopital’s Rule .......................………………………… 13
4.3 Pembezaan
Differentiation………..………………………………….... 13
4.4 Ujian Terbitan Kedua
Second Derivative Test .....……………………….......... 15

v
 4.5 Pengamiran
Integration ………………………………………………... 15
4.6 Luas di bawah Lengkung
Area under a Curve ……………………………………... 16
4.7 Isi Padu Bungkah Perkisaran
Volume of Solid of Revolution …………………………. 16

5. STATISTIK
STATISTICS

5.1 Kebarangkalian
Probability…………………………………………………. 17
5.2 Ukuran Kecenderungan Memusat
Measures of Central Tendency ………………………... 17
5.3 Ukuran Kedudukan
Measures of Position ………………………………........ 18
5.4 Ukuran Serakan
Measures of Dispersion ……………………………….... 19
5.5 Pilih Atur
Permutation …………………………………………….... 20
5.6 Gabungan
Combination ……………………………………………... 20
5.7 Taburan Binomial
Binomial Distribution ……………………………………. 20
5.8 Taburan Normal Piawai
Standard Normal Distribution ………………………….. 20
5.9 Taburan Pensampelan
Sampling Distribution …………………………………... 21
5.10 Anggaran Selang
Interval Estimation ……………………………………… 22
5.11 Pengujian Hipotesis
Hypothesis Testing ……………………………………... 23
5.12 Analisis Varians
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)…………………………. 26
5.13 Regresi Linear
Linear Regression……………………………………….. 27

vi
6. MATEMATIK KEWANGAN
FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS

6.1 Faedah dan Diskaun

Interest and Discount ................................................... 28
6.2 Anuiti
Annuity ......................................................................... 29
6.3 Pelunasan Pinjaman
Amortisation of Loan .................................................... 29
6.4 Dana Terikat
Sinking Fund ................................................................ 30
6.5 Aliran Tunai
Cash Flow .................................................................... 30
6.6 Nombor Indeks
Index Number .............................................................. 31

7. SIFIR STATISTIK
STATISTICAL TABLES

7.1 Pekali Binomial

Binomial Coefficients ………………………………….... 32
7.2 Pekali Pilih Atur
Permutation Coefficients .……………….……………… 33
7.3 Sifir Taburan-F
F-DistributionTables …………………………………….. 34
7.4 Sifir Taburan Normal Piawai
Standard Normal Distribution Table…….……………... 37
7.5 Sifir Taburan Khi Kuasa Dua
Chi-Square Distribution Table……….…………………. 38
7.6 Sifir Taburan-t
t-Distribution Table .……………………………………... 39

BIBLIOGRAFI
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………….. 40

vii
1. ALGEBRA
ALGEBRA
1.1 Indeks
Indices
(i) a0 = 1, a0

(ii) a m  a n = a m+n

(iii) a m  a n = a m −n

(iv) (a )m n
= a mn
1
(v) a −n =
an
−n n
a b
(vi)   = 
b a

( a)
m
m
(vii) a n
= n

1.2 Logaritma
Logarithm
Bagi sebarang a, b, m, n  R dan a > 0, b > 0, m > 0, n > 0,
For any a, b, m, n  R and a > 0, b > 0, m > 0, n > 0,

(i) log a mn = log a m + log a n

m
(ii) log a = log a m − log a n
n
(iii) log a m n = n log a m

(iv) log a a = 1

(v) loga 1 = 0
log b m
(vi) log a m = , b1
log b a
1
(vii) log a b =
log b a

1
1.3 Surd
Surd

(i) ab = a b

a a
(ii) =
b b

1 a
(iii) =
a a

(iv) ( a + b )( a − b ) = a − b
1 a− b
(v) =
a+ b a−b

1.4 Nombor Kompleks

Complex Numbers

(i) ( a + bi ) + ( c + di ) = ( a + c ) + ( b + d )i

(ii) ( a + bi ) − ( c + di ) = ( a − c ) + ( b − d )i

(iii) ( a + bi ) ( c + di ) = ( ac − bd ) + ( ad + bc )i

a + bi ac + bd  bc − ad 
(iv) = + i
c + di c2 + d 2  c 2 + d 2 

(v) Bentuk kutub nombor kompleks

Polar form of complex numbers

x + iy = r (kos + i sin )

(vi) Pendaraban nombor kompleks dalam bentuk kutub

Multiplication of complex numbers in polar form

r1 (kos 1 + i sin 1 ) r2 ( kos 2 + i sin 2 )

= r1 r2 kos( 1 +  2 ) + i sin( 1 +  2 )

2
 (vii) Pembahagian nombor kompleks dalam bentuk kutub
Division of complex numbers in polar form
r1 (kos1 + i sin 1 ) r1
= kos (1 −  2 ) + i sin(1 −  2 )
r2 ( kos 2 + i sin  2 ) r2
(viii) Teorem De Moivre
De Moivre's theorem
[𝒓(𝒌𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)]𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝒌𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝜽 + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝜽)

1.5 Nilai Mutlak

Absolute Value
(i) x =x jika x  0
if x  0

(ii)
x = −x jika x  0
if x  0
1.6 Matriks
Matrices

a b 
(i) A =   , A = ad − bc
c d 
1  d − b
(ii) A −1 =   , A 0
A −c a 

1.7 Punca Persamaan Kuadratik

Roots of Quadratic Equation
(i) Jika  dan  ialah punca-punca suatu persamaan
kuadratik, maka persamaan kuadratik tersebut ialah
If  and  are roots of a quadratic equation, then the
quadratic equation is
𝒙𝟐 − (𝜶 + 𝜷)𝒙 + 𝜶𝜷 = 𝟎

(ii) Jika ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , maka

If ax + bx + c = 0 , then
2

− b  b 2 − 4 ac
x=
2a

3
1.8 Janjang Aritmetik
Arithmetic Progression

(i) Tn = a + (n − 1) d

(ii) d = Tn +1 − Tn

(iii) Sn =
n
2a + (n − 1 ) d 
2

=
n
(a + l )
2

(iv) Tn = S n − S n − 1

1.9 Janjang Geometri

Geometric Progression

(i) Tn = ar n − 1
T n +1
(ii) r=
Tn

(iii) Sn =
(
a rn −1
,
) r 1
r −1

(iv) Sn =
(
a 1 − rn
,
) r 1
1−r
a
(v) S  , r 1
1−r

1.10 Kembangan Binomial

Binomial Expansion

(i) (a + b)n
= a n + nC1 a n − 1 b + nC 2 a n − 2 b 2 + ... + n C r a n − r b r + ... + b n

 n  n  n
= a n +   a n − 1 b +   a n − 2 b 2 + ... +   a n − r b r + ... + b n
1  2 r

4
 (ii) Untuk |𝑥| < 1 dan 𝑛 ∈ 𝑅,
For |𝑥| < 1 and 𝑛 ∈ 𝑅,
𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟐) 𝟑
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝒏 = 𝟏 + 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒙𝒏
𝟐! 𝟑!

1.11 Algebra Linear

Linear Algebra
(i) Jika A ialah matriks tak singular, maka
If A is a non-singular (invertible) matrix, then

(A −1 ) −1 = A
(ii) Jika A dan B ialah matriks-matriks tak singular n x n, maka
If A and B are n x n non-singular (invertible) matrices, then

(AB) −1 = B −1
A −1
(iii) Jika A ialah matriks tak singular, maka
If A is a non-singular (invertible) matrix, then
(A T )−1 = (A−1) T
(iv) Petua Cramer
Cramer’s Rule
Jika A ialah matriks tak singular n x n, untuk sebarang b
dalam 𝑅 𝑛 , penyelesaian unik bagi Ax = b ialah
If A is a non-singular (invertible) n x n matrix, then for any b
in 𝑅 𝑛 , the unique solution of Ax = b is
det Ai
x = , i = 1, 2, …, n
i det A
(v) Rumus songsangan
Inverse formula
Jika A ialah matriks tak singular n x n, maka
If A is a non-singular (invertible) n x n matrix, then

−1 1
A = adj A
det A
(vi) Persamaan ciri
Characteristic equation
det (A -  I ) = 0 ,  = nilai eigen/eigen value

5
1.12 Ruang Vektor
Vector Spaces

(i) u • v = u v kos = x1 x2 + y1 y2

u xi + yj
(ii) û = =
u x2 + y2

(iii) u • v = u v kos = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2

u xi + yj + zk
(iv) û = =
u x2 + y2 + z2

6
2. GEOMETRI
GEOMETRY
2.1 Luas
Area
(i) Luas segi empat selari =b×h
Area of parallelogram
(ii) Luas trapezium 1
Area of trapezium = (a + b ) h
2
(iii) Luas permukaan melengkung silinder = 2 rh
Curved surface area of cylinder

(iv) Luas permukaan melengkung kon =  r r 2 + h2 =  r l

Curved surface area of cone
(v) Luas permukaan sfera = 4 r
2
Surface area of sphere

2.2 Isi Padu

Volume

(i) Isi padu silinder =  r2 h

Volume of cylinder
(ii) Isi padu kon 1
Volume of cone =  r2 h
3
(iii) Isi padu piramid 1
Volume of pyramid =  A h
3

(iv) Isi padu sfera 4

Volume of sphere =  r3
3

2.3 Sukatan Membulat

Circular Measures

(i) Panjang lengkok, s = r  dalam radian

Arc length,  in radians
(ii) Luas sektor, 1 2  dalam radian
A= r 
Area of sector, 2  in radians

7
2.4 Bulatan
Circle
(i) Panjang lengkok, 0
Arc length, s=  2 r
3600
(ii) Luas sektor, 0
Area of sector, A = 0
 r2
360

2.5 Geometri Koordinat

Coordinate Geometry
(i) Titik tengah,  x1 + x 2 y1 + y2 
Mid-point, M = , 
 2 2 
(ii) Jarak antara dua titik,
Distance between two points,
d = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 )2

(iii) Jarak serenjang dari titik ( x1 , y1 ) ke garis lurus

ax + by + c = 0
Perpendicular distance from a point (x1 , y1 ) to a straight line
ax + by + c = 0

ax1 + by1 + c
=
a 2 + b2

(iv) Koordinat-koordinat bagi titik P (x , y ) yang membahagi

dalam tembereng garis yang menghubungkan A (x1 , y1 )
dan B (x2 , y2 ) mengikut nisbah m : n
Coordinates of a point P (x , y ) that divides internally a line
segment between A (x1 , y1 ) and B (x2 , y2 ) in the ratio of
m:n

 nx + mx 2 ny 1 + my 2 
=  1 , 
 m+n m + n 

(v) Luas segitiga

Area of triangle
1
= ( x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + x 3 y1 ) − ( x 2 y1 + x 3 y 2 + x 1 y 3 )
2

8
2.6 Transformasi: Pembesaran
Transformation: Enlargement
(i) Luas imej = k2× luas objek
Area of image = k2× area of object
(ii) Isi padu imej = k3× isi padu objek
Volume of image = k3× volume of object

2.7 Keratan Kon

Conic Sections
2.7.1 Bulatan
Circle
Bentuk piawai bagi persamaan bulatan dengan pusat (h, k)
dan jejari r
Standard form of the equation of a circle with centre (h, k)
and radius r

(x − h)2 + ( y − k )2 = r 2
2.7.2 Parabola
Parabola
Bentuk piawai bagi persamaan parabola dengan bucu (h, k)
Standard form of the equation of a parabola with vertex (h, k)

(i) ( y − k )2 = 4 p( x − h)
(ii) (x − h)2 = 4 p( y − k )

2.7.3 Elips
Ellipse
Bentuk piawai bagi persamaan elips dengan pusat (h, k)
Standard form of the equation of an ellipse with centre (h, k)

( x − h)2 + ( y − k )2 =1
a2 b2

( y − k )2 + ( x − h)2 = 1, a  b, c 2 = a 2 − b2
a2 b2

9
2.7.4 Hiperbola
Hyperbola

Bentuk piawai persamaan bagi hiperbola dengan pusat (h, k)

Standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with centre (h, k)

(i) ( x − h)2 − ( y − k )2 =1
a2 b2

(ii) ( y − k )2 − ( x − h)2 = 1, c 2 = a 2 + b2
2 2
b a

(iii) Persamaan–persamaan asimptot

Equations of asymptotes

y=
b
( x − h) + k
a

y=
a
( x − h) + k
b

10
3. TRIGONOMETRI
TRIGONOMETRY
3.1 Identiti Trigonometri
Trigonometric Identities
(i) sin2  + kos 2  = 1
(ii) sek 2  = 1 + tan2 
(iii) kosek2  = 1 + kot 2 
(iv) sin( A  B) = sin A kos B  kos A sin B
(v) kos ( A  B) = kos A kos B  sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
(vi) tan ( A  B ) =
1  tan A tan B
(vii) sin 2 A = 2 sin A kos A

(viii) kos 2 A = kos 2 A − sin2 A

= 1 − 2 sin2 A
= 2 kos 2 A − 1
2 tan A
(ix) tan 2 A =
1 − tan2 A

A A
(x) sin A = 2 sin kos
2 2
A A
(xi) kos A = kos 2 − sin2
2 2
A
= 1 − 2 sin2
2
A
= 2 kos 2 −1
2
A
2 tan
(xii) tan A = 2
A
1 − tan2
2

11
  A+ B  A− B
(xiii) sin A + sin B = 2 sin   kos  
 2   2 
 A+ B  A− B
(xiv) sin A − sin B = 2 kos   sin  
 2   2 
 A+ B  A− B
(xv) kos A + kos B = 2 kos   kos  
 2   2 
 A+ B  A− B
(xvi) kos A − kos B = − 2 sin   sin  
 2   2 

3.2 Penyelesaian Segitiga

Solution of Triangles
3.2.1 Petua Sinus
Sine Rule
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

3.2.2 Petua Kosinus

Cosine Rule

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc kos A

b 2 = a 2 + c 2 − 2ac kos B

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab kos C

3.2.3 Luas Segitiga

Area of Triangle
1
= bc sin A
2
1
= ac sin B
2
1
= ab sin C
2
1
= s(s − a )(s − b )(s − c ) , s= (a + b + c )
2

12
4. KALKULUS
CALCULUS
4.1 Fungsi dan Had
Functions and Limits
(i) lim kos x = 1
x →0

(ii) lim sin x = 1

x →0

sin x
(iii) lim =1
x →0 x

1 − kos x
(iv) lim =0
x →0 x

4.2 Petua L’Hopital

L’ Hopital’ s Rule

f(x) f' ( x )
lim = lim
x →c g( x ) x →c g' ( x )

4.3 Pembezaan
Differentiation
d n
(i) x = nx n − 1
dx

(ii)
d
(ax + b )n = na (ax + b )n − 1
dx
(iii) 𝒚 =𝒖𝒗
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
u
(iv) y=
v
du dv
v −u
dy
= dx 2 dx
dx v

13
(v) y = f (u) , u = g (x )
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx

 y dy
(vi) 𝒍𝒊𝒎 =
𝜹𝒙→𝟎  x dx
d 1
(vii) ln x =
dx x

ln (ax + b ) =
d a
(viii)
dx ax + b
d x
(ix) e = ex
dx
d (ax + b )
(x) e = a e (ax + b )
dx
d
(xi) sin x = kos x
dx
d
(xii) kos x = − sin x
dx
d
(xiii) tan x = sek 2 x
dx
d
(xiv) kosek x = − kosek x kot x
dx
d
(xv) sek x = sek x tan x
dx
d
(xvi) kot x = − kosek 2 x
dx

sin (ax + b ) = a kos (ax + b )

d
(xvii)
dx

kos (ax + b ) = − a sin (ax + b )

d
(xviii)
dx

tan (ax + b ) = a sek 2 (ax + b )

d
(xix)
dx

14
 sin n (ax + b ) = a n sin n −1 (ax + b ) kos (ax + b )
d
(xx)
dx

kos n (ax + b ) = − a n kos n −1 (ax + b ) sin (ax + b )

d
(xxi)
dx

tann (ax + b ) = a n tann − 1 (ax + b ) sek 2 (ax + b )

d
(xxii)
dx

4.4 Ujian Terbitan Kedua

Second Derivatives Test

D = D( a , b ) = f xx ( a , b ) f yy ( a , b ) −  f xy ( a , b )
2

4.5 Pengamiran
Integration

x n +1
 x dx = + c , n  −1
n
(i)
n+1

ax n + 1
(ii)  ax n dx =
n+1
+c , n  −1

(ax + b )
n+1

 (ax + b) dx = a (n + 1)
n
(iii) + c , n  −1

1
(iv)  x dx = ln x + c
1 1
(v)  ax + b dx = a ln (ax + b) + c
f ' (x)
(vi)  f ( x ) dx = ln f ( x ) + c

e dx = e x + c
x
(vii)

e kx
e dx = +c
kx
(viii)
k
sin kx
(ix)  kos x dx = sin x + c ;  kos kx dx = k
+c

15
 − kos kx
(x)  sin x dx = − kos x + c ;  sin kx dx = k
+c

tan kx
 sek x dx = tan x + c  sek kx dx = +c
2 2
(xi) ;
k

 kosek x dx = − kot x + c
2
(xii) ;
− kot kx
 kosek kx dx = +c
2

(xiii) e
f (x)
f ' ( x ) dx = e f ( x ) + c

(xiv)  u dv = uv −  v du
(xv)  tan x dx = ln sek x + c
(xvi)  kot x dx = ln sin x + c
(xvii)  kosek x dx = − ln kosek x + kot x + c
(xviii)  sek x dx = ln sek x + tan x + c
(xix)  ln x dx = x ln x − x + c
4.6 Luas di bawah Lengkung
Area under a Curve
b
(i) Ax =  y dx
a
b
(ii) A y =  x dy
a

4.7 Isi padu Bungkah Perkisaran

Volume of Solid of Revolution
b
(i) V x =   y 2 dx
a
b
Vy =  x
2
(ii) dy
a

16
5. STATISTIK
STATISTICS
5.1 Kebarangkalian
Probability
n ( A)
(i) P ( A) =
n (S )
(ii) 0  P ( A)  1
n
(iii)  P(E ) = 1
i =1
i

(iv) P ( A' ) = 1 − P ( A)
(v) Jika A dan B tak bersandar, maka
If A and B are independent, then
P ( A  B) = P ( A)  P ( B)
(vi) Jika A dan B peristiwa saling tak eksklusif, maka
If A and B are not mutually exclusive events, then
P ( A  B) = P ( A) + P (B) − P ( A  B)
(vii) Jika A dan B peristiwa saling eksklusif, maka
If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then
P ( A  B) = 0
P ( A  B) = P ( A) + P (B)
P( A  B )
(viii) P ( B | A) =
P( A )

5.2 Ukuran Kecenderungan Memusat

Measures of Central Tendency
(i) Min Aritmetik
Arithmetic Mean

(a) x=
x
n

(b) x=
 fx
f

17
 (c) x = xa +
 fd
f
  fd 
(d) x = xa +  C
f 
 
(ii) 1 
 N−F
= L+ C
Median 2
Median  fm 
 
 
(iii)
Mod  d1 
= L +   C
Mode  d1 + d2 

5.3 Ukuran Kedudukan

Measures of Position
(i) Kuartil
Quartile

 kn 
 −F 
Qk = L +  4 C , k = 1, 2 , 3
 fQk 
 
 
(ii) Desil
Decile

 kn 
 −F 
Dk = L +  10  C, k = 1, 2 , 3 , ..., 9
 f Dk 
 
 
(iii) Persentil
Percentile

 kn 
 −F 
Pk = L +  100 C , k = 1, 2, 3, ..., 99
 f Pk 
 
 

18
5.4 Ukuran Serakan
Measures of Dispersion
(i) Populasi
Population

 (x −  )
2

(a)  =
2
N

 x2
─
𝟐
=
N

 (x −  )
2

(b) =
N

= x 2

−
2

 f (x −  )
2
(c) =
f
2

= fx 2
 f x
− 
f  f 
2
 f d2   f d 
(d)  = −  
f  f 

(ii) Sampel
Sample

 (x − x )
2

(a) s 2
=
n−1
n(  x 2 ) − (  x )2
=
n( n − 1 )

 (x − x )
2

(b) s=
n−1
n(  x 2 ) − (  x )2
=
n( n − 1 )

19
5.5 Pilih Atur
Permutation

n!
n
Pr =
(n − r )!

5.6 Gabungan
Combination

 n n!
  = nC r =
r r ! (n − r ) !

5.7 Taburan Binomial

Binomial Distribution

(i) E ( X ) =  = np

(ii) Var ( X ) =  2 = npq

(iii)  = npq
(iv) P ( X = x ) = nC x p x q n − x , x = 0, 1, 2, , n

5.8 Taburan Normal Piawai

Standard Normal Distribution

x−
(i) z=

x−x
(ii) t= , n  30
s

20
5.9 Taburan Pensampelan
Sampling Distribution
5.9.1 Bagi populasi tak terhingga atau dengan pengembalian
For infinite population or with replacement
(i) Min
Mean

 x =

(ii) Varians bagi min

Variance for mean

2
 x2 =
n
(iii) Ralat piawai min (Sisihan piawai bagi min)
Standard error of the mean (SEM) (Standard
deviation for mean)

x =
n
5.9.2 Bagi populasi terhingga atau tanpa pengembalian
For finite population or without replacement
(i) Min
Mean

 x =

(ii) Varians bagi min

Variance for mean

2  N − n
 x2 =  
n  N − 1 

(iii) Ralat piawai min (sisihan piawai bagi min)

Standard error of the mean (SEM)(standard
deviation for mean)

 N −n
x =
n N −1

21
 5.9.3 Perkadaran sampel
Sample proportion
𝒙
𝝁𝒑̂ = 𝒑 = 𝒏

𝒑 (𝟏−𝒑)
𝒑̂ 𝟐 = 𝒏

5.10 Anggaran Selang

Interval Estimation

Selang keyakinan (1 −  ) 100% bagi  jika  diketahui

2
(i)
Confidence interval (1 −  ) 100% for  if  is known
2

   
 x − z , x + z 
  
 2 n 2 n 

Selang keyakinan (1 −  ) 100% bagi  jika  tak diketahui

2
(ii)
dan n  30
Confidence interval (1 −  ) 100% for  if  is not known
2

and n  30

 s s 
 x − z , x + z 
 n 
 2 n 2

Selang keyakinan (1 −  ) 100% bagi  jika  tak diketahui

2
(iii)
dan sampel kecil, n  30
Confidence interval (1 −  ) 100% for  if  is not known
2

and small sample, n  30

 s s 
 x − t , x + t 
 ,n − 1 ,n − 1 n 
 2 n 2

(iv) Selang keyakinan (1 −  ) 100% bagi kadaran p

Confidence interval (1 −  ) 100% for proportion p

 p̂q̂ p̂q̂ 
 p̂ − z  , p̂ + z 
 n n 
 2 2

22
 (v) Selang keyakinan (1 −  ) 100% bagi populasi varians
Confidence interval (1 −  ) 100% for population variance

( n − 1 )s 2 ( n − 1 )s 2
 
2

 R2  L2

5.11 Pengujian Hipotesis

Hypothesis Testing
5.11.1 Ujian Satu Sampel
One-sample Test
(i) Ujian min
Mean test

Apabila  diketahui
2

When  is known
2

x−
z=

n

Apabila  tak diketahui

2

when  is not known

2

x−
z=
s
n

Apabila  tak diketahui dan n  30

2

when  is not known and n  30

2

x−
t=
s
n
(ii) Ujian perkadaran
Proportion test

pˆ − p
z=
pq
n

23
 (iii) Ujian varians
Variance test
( n − 1 ) s2
2 =
2

5.11.2 Ujian Dua Sampel

Two-sample Test
(i) Ujian perbezaan antara dua min populasi
Test of the difference between two population means

( x1 − x2 ) − ( 1 −  2 )
z=
 12  22
+
n1 n2

(ii) Ujian-t tak bersandar

Independent t-test
(a) Varians yang sama
Equal variances assumed

( x1 − x 2 ) − (  1 −  2 )
t=
1 1
Sp +
n1 n2

( n1 − 1 )s 12 + ( n2 − 1 )s 22
Sp =
n1 + n 2 − 2

df = n1 + n2 − 2
(b) Varians yang tidak sama
Equal variances not assumed

( x1 − x 2 ) − (  1 −  2 )
t=
s12 s22
+
n1 n2

24
 2
 s12 s22 
 + 
df =  n1 n2 
2 2
1  s12  1  s22 
  +  
n1 − 1  n1  n2 − 1  n2 

= 𝒏𝟏 − 𝟏 atau/or 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏
yang mana lebih kecil/whichever is smaller
(iii) Ujian-t bersandar
Dependent t-test
∑𝑫
𝒕=
𝟐 𝟐
√𝒏 ∑ 𝑫 − (∑ 𝑫)
𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒇 = 𝒏 − 𝟏
(iv) Ujian perbezaan antara dua varians
Test for difference between two means
𝑺𝟏 𝟐
𝑭= (s12 > s22)
𝑺𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒇 (pengangka/numerator) = 𝒏𝟏 − 𝟏
𝒅𝒇 (penyebut/denominator) = 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏

5.11.3 Ujian Hipotesis Khi Kuasa Dua

Chi-square Hypothesis Test
(i) Apabila jangkaan frekuensi adalah sama
When expected frequencies are equal

n
E=
k
(ii) Apabila jangkaan frekuensi adalah tak sama
When expected frequencies are not all equal

E = np

(iii) Ujian statistik Khi kuasa dua

Chi-square test statistics
k
( Oi − E i )2
2 = 
i =1 Ei

25
5.12 Analisis Varians
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
(i) Ujian statistik ANOVA sehala (saiz sampel sama)
Test statistic for one-way ANOVA (equal sample sizes)
2
ns
F = x2
sp
(ii) Ujian statistik ANOVA sehala (saiz sampel tak sama)
Test statistic for one-way ANOVA (unequal sample sizes)

 ni ( x i − x )2 
 
 k −1 
F =
 (ni − 1 ) si2 
 
 (ni − 1 ) 
(iii) Hasil tambah kuasa dua ANOVA
ANOVA Sum of squares

( x )2

SST =  x2 − N

T 2
( x )2

−
i
SSB =
ni N

SSW = SST – SSB

SSB
k −1 df B = (k − 1 )
F =
SSW dfW = (N − k)
N −k

26
5.13 Regresi Linear
Linear Regression

(i) Persamaan ramalan

Prediction equation

y = bo + b1 x

n xy −  x  y
b1 =
n x 2 − ( x )
2

bo = y − b1 x

(ii) Reja
Residual

e=y-ŷ
(iii) Pekali Korelasi
Correlation coefficient

n xy − ( x )( y )
r=
n x 2
− (  x )2  n y 2
− (  y )2 

27
6. MATEMATIK KEWANGAN
FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
6.1 Faedah dan Diskaun
Interest and Discount
(i) Faedah mudah
Simple interest
𝑺 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒓𝒕)
(ii) Diskaun mudah
Simple discount
𝑷 = 𝑨(𝟏 − 𝒅𝒕)
(iii) Faedah kompaun
Compound interest
𝒓 𝒎𝒕
𝑺 = 𝑷 (𝟏 + ) = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏
𝒎
𝑭𝑽 = 𝑷𝑽(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏
(iv) Nilai kini
Present value
𝑺
𝑷=
(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏
(v) Kompaun berterusan
Continuous compounding

𝑺 = 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒕
(vi) Diskaun kompaun
Compound discount

𝒅 𝒎𝒕
𝑷 = 𝑨 (𝟏 − )
𝒎
(vii) Kadar faedah efektif
Effective interest rate
𝒓 𝒎
𝑬𝑰𝑹 = (𝟏 + ) −𝟏
𝒎

28
6.2 Anuiti
Annuity
(i) Anuiti serta-merta
Immediate annuity
(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏 − 𝟏
𝑭𝑽 = 𝑹 [ ]
𝒊
𝟏 − (𝟏 + 𝒊)−𝒏
𝑷𝑽 = 𝑹 [ ]
𝒊

(ii) Anuiti matang

Annuity due

(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏+𝟏 − 𝟏
𝑭𝑽 = 𝑹 [ − 𝟏]
𝒊

𝟏 − (𝟏 + 𝒊)−(𝒏−𝟏)
𝑷𝑽 = 𝑹 [ + 𝟏]
𝒊

(iii) Anuiti tertunda

Deferred annuity
(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏 − 𝟏
𝑭𝑽 = 𝑹 [ ]
𝒊
𝑹
𝑷𝑽 = [(𝟏 + 𝒊)−𝒎 − (𝟏 + 𝒊)−(𝒎+𝒏) ]
𝒊
(iv) Anuiti dengan kompaun berterusan
Annuity with continuous compounding
𝒆𝒓𝒕 − 𝟏
𝑭𝑽 = 𝑹 [ 𝒓 ]
𝒆 −𝟏

𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒓𝒕
𝑷𝑽 = 𝑹 [ 𝒓 ]
𝒆 −𝟏

6.3 Pelunasan Pinjaman

Amortisation of Loan
𝑷𝒊
𝑹=
𝟏 − (𝟏 + 𝒊)−𝒏
(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏 − 𝟏
𝑺 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏 − 𝑹 [ ]
𝒊

29
6.4 Dana Terikat
Sinking Fund
𝒊𝑺
𝑹=
(𝟏 + 𝒊)𝒏 − 𝟏

6.5 Aliran Tunai

Cash Flow
(i) Nilai kini bersih
Net present value
𝒏
𝑪𝒕
𝑵𝑷𝑽 = ∑
(𝟏 + 𝒓)𝒕
𝒕=𝟎

(ii) Kadar pulangan dalaman

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
𝑵𝑷𝑽𝟏
𝑰𝑹𝑹 = 𝒓𝟏 + × (𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏 )
(𝑵𝑷𝑽𝟏 − 𝑵𝑷𝑽𝟐 )

(iii) Harga belian bon

Purchase price of bonds
𝟏 − (𝟏 + 𝒊)−𝒏
𝑽 = 𝑹[ ] + 𝑪(𝟏 + 𝒊)−𝒏
𝒊

(iv) Kadar inflasi

Rate of inflation
𝑪𝑷𝑰𝒙+𝟏 − 𝑪𝑷𝑰𝒙
𝑲𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒊 =
𝑪𝑷𝑰𝒙

(v) Kadar pulangan sebenar

Real rate of return
𝟏 + 𝒌𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒓 𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍
𝑲𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒂𝒏 𝒔𝒆𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒓 = −𝟏
𝟏 + 𝒌𝒂𝒅𝒂𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒊

30
6.6 Nombor Indeks
Index Number
(i) Harga relatif
Relative price

hn
I o ,n =  100
ho

(ii) Relatif rantai

Chain relative

hi
I i −1 ,i =  100
hi −1

(iii) Purata indeks relatif

Average relative index

 hn 
  h  100
 o 
I=
N
(iv) Indeks harga relatif berpemberat
Weighted relative price index
n

I w i i
I= i =1
n

wi =1
i

31
7. SIFIR STATISTIK
STATISTICAL TABLES
7.1 Pekali Binomial  n  n  n!
Nilai-nilai
n
C k =   =   =
 k   n − k  k ! (n − k )!
Binomial Coefficients

k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
n
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
7 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1
8 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
9 1 9 36 84 126 126 84 36 9 1
10 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1
11 1 11 55 165 330 462 462 330 165 55 11 1
12 1 12 66 220 495 792 924 792 495 220 66 12 1
13 1 13 78 286 715 1,287 1,716 1,716 1,287 715 286 78 13 1
14 1 14 91 364 1,001 2,002 3,003 3,432 3,003 2,002 1,001 364 91 14 1
15 1 15 105 455 1,365 3,003 5,005 6,435 6,435 5,005 3,003 1,365 455 105 15 1
16 1 16 120 560 1,820 4,368 8,008 11,440 12,870 11,440 8,008 4,368 1,820 560 120 16
17 1 17 136 680 2,380 6,188 12,376 19,448 24,310 24,310 19,448 12,376 6,188 2,380 680 136
18 1 18 153 816 3,060 8,568 18,564 31,824 43,758 48,620 43,758 31,824 18,564 8,568 3,060 816
19 1 19 171 969 3,876 11,628 27,132 50,388 75,582 92,378 92,378 75,582 50,388 27,132 11,628 3,876
20 1 20 190 1,140 4,845 15,504 38,760 77,520 125,970 167,960 184,756 167,960 125,970 77,520 38,760 15,504
21 1 21 210 1,330 5,985 20,349 54,264 116,280 203,490 293,930 352,716 352,716 293,930 203,490 116,280 54,264
22 1 22 231 1,540 7,315 26,334 74,613 170,544 319,770 497,420 646,646 705,432 646,646 497,420 319,770 170,544
23 1 23 253 1,771 8,855 33,649 100,947 245,157 490,314 817,190 1,144,066 1,352,078 1,352,078 1,144,066 817,190 490,314
24 1 24 276 2,024 10,626 42,504 134,596 346,104 735,471 1,307,504 1,961,256 2,496,144 2,704,156 2,496,144 1,961,256 1,307,504
25 1 25 300 2,300 12,650 53,130 177,100 480,700 1,081,575 2,042,975 3,268,760 4,457,400 5,200,300 5,200,300 4,457,400 3,268,760
26 1 26 325 2,600 14,950 65,780 230,230 657,800 1,562,275 3,124,550 5,311,735 7,726,160 9,657,700 10,400,600 9,657,700 7,726,160
27 1 27 351 2,925 17,550 80,730 296,010 888,030 2,220,075 4,686,825 8,436,285 13,037,895 17,383,860 20,058,300 20,058,300 17,383,860
28 1 28 378 3,276 20,475 98,280 376,740 1,184,040 3,108,105 6,906,900 13,123,110 21,474,180 30,421,755 37,442,160 40,116,600 37,442,160
29 1 29 406 3,654 23,751 118,755 475,020 1,560,780 4,292,145 10,015,005 20,030,010 34,597,290 51,895,935 67,863,915 77,558,760 77,558,760
30 1 30 435 4,060 27,405 142,506 593,775 2,035,800 5,852,925 14,307,150 30,045,015 54,627,300 86,493,225 119,759,850 145,422,675 155,117,520

32
 7.2 Pekali Pilih Atur n!
Nilai-nilai
n
Pr =
Permutation Coefficients
(n − r )!
r
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
n
1 1
2 2 2
3 3 6 6
4 4 12 24 24
5 5 20 60 120 120
6 6 30 120 360 720 720
7 7 42 210 840 2,520 5,040 5,040
8 8 56 336 1,680 6,720 20,160 40,320 40,320
9 9 72 504 3,024 15,120 60,480 181,440 362,880 362,880
10 10 90 720 5,040 30,240 151,200 604,800 1,814,400 3,628,800 3,628,800
11 11 110 990 7,920 55,440 332,640 1,663,200 6,652,800 19,958,400 39,916,800 39,916,800
12 12 132 1,320 11,880 95,040 665,280 3,991,680 19,958,400 79,833,600 239,500,800 479,001,600 479,001,600
13 13 156 1,716 17,160 154,440 1,235,520 8,648,640 51,891,840 259,459,200 1,037,836,800 3,113,510,400 6,227,020,800
14 14 182 2,184 24,024 240,240 2,162,160 17,297,280 121,080,960 726,485,760 3,632,428,800 14,529,715,200 43,589,145,600
15 15 210 2,730 32,760 360,360 3,603,600 32,432,400 259,459,200 1,816,214,400 10,897,286,400 54,486,432,000 217,945,728,000
16 16 240 3,360 43,680 524,160 5,765,760 57,657,600 518,918,400 4,151,347,200 29,059,430,400 174,356,582,400 871,782,912,000
17 17 272 4,080 57,120 742,560 8,910,720 98,017,920 980,179,200 8,821,612,800 70,572,902,400 494,010,316,800 2,964,061,900,800
18 18 306 4,896 73,440 1,028,160 13,366,080 160,392,960 1,764,322,560 17,643,225,600 158,789,030,400 1,270,312,243,200 8,892,185,702,400
19 19 342 5,814 93,024 1,395,360 19,535,040 253,955,520 3,047,466,240 33,522,128,640 335,221,286,400 3,016,991,577,600 24,135,932,620,800
20 20 380 6,840 116,280 1,860,480 27,907,200 390,700,800 5,079,110,400 60,949,324,800 670,442,572,800 6,704,425,728,000 60,339,831,552,000

33
 7.3 Sifir Taburan-F
F-Distribution Tables

d1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 inf
d2
1 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.83 57.24 58.20 58.91 59.44 59.86 60.19 60.71 61.22 61.74 62.00 62.26 62.53 62.79 63.06 63.33
2 8.53 9.00 9.16 9.24 9.29 9.33 9.35 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.41 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.47 9.48 9.49
3 5.54 5.46 5.39 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24 5.23 5.22 5.20 5.18 5.18 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.14 5.13
4 4.54 4.32 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.01 3.98 3.95 3.94 3.92 3.90 3.87 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.80 3.79 3.78 3.76
5 4.06 3.78 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.40 3.37 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.27 3.24 3.21 3.19 3.17 3.16 3.14 3.12 3.10
6 3.78 3.46 3.29 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.01 2.98 2.96 2.94 2.90 2.87 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.74 2.72
7 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.83 2.78 2.75 2.72 2.70 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47
8 3.46 3.11 2.92 2.81 2.73 2.67 2.62 2.59 2.56 2.54 2.50 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.29
9 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.28 2.25 2.23 2.21 2.18 2.16
10 3.29 2.92 2.73 2.61 2.52 2.46 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.32 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.13 2.11 2.08 2.06
11 3.23 2.86 2.66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.34 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 2.17 2.12 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.97
12 3.18 2.81 2.61 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.90
13 3.14 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.85
14 3.10 2.73 2.52 2.39 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.80
15 3.07 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.76
16 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.24 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.94 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72
17 3.03 2.64 2.44 2.31 2.22 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69
18 3.01 2.62 2.42 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.98 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66
19 2.99 2.61 2.40 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.98 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.63
20 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.64 1.61
21 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.02 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59
22 2.95 2.56 2.35 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57
23 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.21 2.11 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.62 1.59 1.55
24 2.93 2.54 2.33 2.19 2.10 2.04 1.98 1.94 1.91 1.88 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.53
25 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52
26 2.91 2.52 2.31 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.88 1.86 1.81 1.76 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.61 1.58 1.54 1.50
27 2.90 2.51 2.30 2.17 2.07 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.87 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.64 1.60 1.57 1.53 1.49
28 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.63 1.59 1.56 1.52 1.48
29 2.89 2.50 2.28 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83 1.78 1.73 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.58 1.55 1.51 1.47
30 2.88 2.49 2.28 2.14 2.05 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.85 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.50 1.46
40 2.84 2.44 2.23 2.09 2.00 1.93 1.87 1.83 1.79 1.76 1.71 1.66 1.61 1.57 1.54 1.51 1.47 1.42 1.38
60 2.79 2.39 2.18 2.04 1.95 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.74 1.71 1.66 1.60 1.54 1.51 1.48 1.44 1.40 1.35 1.29
120 2.75 2.35 2.13 1.99 1.90 1.82 1.77 1.72 1.68 1.65 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.45 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.26 1.19
inf 2.71 2.30 2.08 1.94 1.85 1.77 1.72 1.67 1.63 1.60 1.55 1.49 1.42 1.38 1.34 1.30 1.24 1.17 1.00

34
 d1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 inf
d2
1 161.45 199.50 215.71 224.58 230.16 233.99 236.77 238.88 240.54 241.88 243.91 245.95 248.01 249.05 250.10 251.14 252.20 253.25 254.31
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.45 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.49 19.50
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.74 8.70 8.66 8.64 8.62 8.59 8.57 8.55 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.91 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.69 5.66 5.63
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.68 4.62 4.56 4.53 4.50 4.46 4.43 4.40 4.36
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.00 3.94 3.87 3.84 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.67
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.57 3.51 3.44 3.41 3.38 3.34 3.30 3.27 3.23
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.28 3.22 3.15 3.12 3.08 3.04 3.01 2.97 2.93
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.90 2.86 2.83 2.79 2.75 2.71
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.91 2.85 2.77 2.74 2.70 2.66 2.62 2.58 2.54
11 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.53 2.49 2.45 2.40
12 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.51 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34 2.30
13 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21
14 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.53 2.46 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.13
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.29 2.25 2.20 2.16 2.11 2.07
16 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.01
17 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.19 2.15 2.10 2.06 2.01 1.96
18 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.19 2.15 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.97 1.92
19 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.93 1.88
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.28 2.20 2.12 2.08 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.84
21 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.25 2.18 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.81
22 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.78
23 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.20 2.13 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.76
24 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.73
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71
26 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.95 1.90 1.85 1.80 1.75 1.69
27 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.13 2.06 1.97 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.73 1.67
28 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.12 2.04 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.82 1.77 1.71 1.65
29 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.75 1.70 1.64
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.09 2.01 1.93 1.89 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.68 1.62
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.00 1.92 1.84 1.79 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.51
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.92 1.84 1.75 1.70 1.65 1.59 1.53 1.47 1.39
120 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.45 2.29 2.18 2.09 2.02 1.96 1.91 1.83 1.75 1.66 1.61 1.55 1.50 1.43 1.35 1.25
inf 3.84 3.00 2.60 2.37 2.21 2.10 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.75 1.67 1.57 1.52 1.46 1.39 1.32 1.22 1.00

35
 d1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30 40 60 120 inf
d2
1 4052.18 4999.50 5403.35 5624.58 5763.65 5858.99 5928.36 5981.07 6022.47 6055.85 6106.32 6157.28 6208.73 6234.63 6260.65 6286.78 6313.03 6339.39 6365.86
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.42 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 27.05 26.87 26.69 26.60 26.50 26.41 26.32 26.22 26.13
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.37 14.20 14.02 13.93 13.84 13.75 13.65 13.56 13.46
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.47 9.38 9.29 9.20 9.11 9.02
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.72 7.56 7.40 7.31 7.23 7.14 7.06 6.97 6.88
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.07 5.99 5.91 5.82 5.74 5.65
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.67 5.52 5.36 5.28 5.20 5.12 5.03 4.95 4.86
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.11 4.96 4.81 4.73 4.65 4.57 4.48 4.40 4.31
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.71 4.56 4.41 4.33 4.25 4.17 4.08 4.00 3.91
11 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.02 3.94 3.86 3.78 3.69 3.60
12 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.62 3.54 3.45 3.36
13 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 3.96 3.82 3.66 3.59 3.51 3.43 3.34 3.25 3.17
14 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.80 3.66 3.51 3.43 3.35 3.27 3.18 3.09 3.00
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3.29 3.21 3.13 3.05 2.96 2.87
16 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.55 3.41 3.26 3.18 3.10 3.02 2.93 2.84 2.75
17 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.46 3.31 3.16 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.65
18 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.37 3.23 3.08 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.66 2.57
19 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.92 2.84 2.76 2.67 2.58 2.49
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.86 2.78 2.69 2.61 2.52 2.42
21 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.03 2.88 2.80 2.72 2.64 2.55 2.46 2.36
22 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.12 2.98 2.83 2.75 2.67 2.58 2.50 2.40 2.31
23 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.07 2.93 2.78 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.35 2.26
24 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.03 2.89 2.74 2.66 2.58 2.49 2.40 2.31 2.21
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.99 2.85 2.70 2.62 2.54 2.45 2.36 2.27 2.17
26 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 2.96 2.81 2.66 2.58 2.50 2.42 2.33 2.23 2.13
27 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.93 2.78 2.63 2.55 2.47 2.38 2.29 2.20 2.10
28 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.90 2.75 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.35 2.26 2.17 2.06
29 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.87 2.73 2.57 2.49 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.14 2.03
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.84 2.70 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.30 2.21 2.11 2.01
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.66 2.52 2.37 2.29 2.20 2.11 2.02 1.92 1.80
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.03 1.94 1.84 1.73 1.60
120 6.85 4.79 3.95 3.48 3.17 2.96 2.79 2.66 2.56 2.47 2.34 2.19 2.03 1.95 1.86 1.76 1.66 1.53 1.38
inf 6.63 4.61 3.78 3.32 3.02 2.80 2.64 2.51 2.41 2.32 2.18 2.04 1.88 1.79 1.70 1.59 1.47 1.32 1.00

36
7.4 Sifir Taburan Normal Piawai 𝑓(𝑧)
Standard Normal Distribution Table 0.0250
Contoh bacaan
P(z > 1.96) = 0.0250

0 1.96
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 TOLAK
0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859 4 8 12 15 19 23 27 31 35
0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483 4 7 11 15 19 22 26 30 34
0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121 4 7 11 14 18 22 25 29 32
0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 31
0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451 3 7 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867 3 5 8 11 14 16 19 22 25
0.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23
1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21
1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14
1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13
1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0125 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
.00990 .00964 .00939 .00914 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23
.00889 .00866 .00842 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 18 21
2.4 .00820 .00798 .00776 .00755 .00734 2 4 6 8 11 13 15 17 19
.00714 .00695 .00676 .00657 .00639 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17
2.5 .00621 .00604 .00587 .00570 .00554 .00539 .00523 .00508 .00494 .00480 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14
2.6 .00466 .00453 .00440 .00427 .00415 .00402 .00391 .00379 .00368 .00357 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
2.7 .00347 .00336 .00326 .00317 .00307 .00298 .00289 .00280 .00272 .00264 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2.8 .00256 .00248 .00240 .00233 .00226 .00219 .00212 .00205 .00199 .00193 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6
2.9 .00187 .00181 .00175 .00169 .00164 .00159 .00154 .00149 .00144 .00139 0 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 4
3.0 .00135 .00131 .00126 .00122 .00118 .00114 .00111 .00107 .00104 .00100 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4
3.1 .000968 .000935 .000904 3 6 9 13 16 19 22 25 28
.000874 .000845 .000816 .000789 3 6 8 11 14 17 20 22 25
.000762 .000736 .000711 2 5 7 10 12 15 17 20 22
3.2 .000687 .000664 .000641 .000619 .000598 2 4 7 9 11 13 15 18 20
.000577 .000557 .000538 .000519 .000501 2 4 6 8 9 11 13 15 17
3.3 .000483 .000466 .000450 .000434 .000419 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14
.000404 .000390 .000376 .000362 .000349 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 12
3.4 .000337 .000325 .000313 .000302 .000291 .000280 .000270 .000260 .000251 .000242 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3.5 .000233 .000224 .000216 .000208 .000200 .000193 .000185 .000178 .000172 .000165 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7
3.6 .000159 .000153 .000147 .000142 .000136 .000131 .000126 .000121 .000117 .000112 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5
3.7 .000108 .000104 .000100 .000096 .000092 .000088 .000085 .000082 .000078 .000075
3.8 .000072 .000069 .000067 .000064 .000062 .000059 .000057 .000054 .000052 .000050
3.9 .000048 .000046 .000044 .000042 .000041 .000039 .000037 .000036 .000034 .000033

37
7.5 Sifir Khi Kuasa Dua
Chi-Square (𝝌𝟐 ) Table

v 0.995 0.990 0.975 0.950 0.900 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169

38
7.6 Sifir Taburan-t
t-Distribution Table

α
0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001 0.0005
df
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 318.309 636.619
2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.327 31.599
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.215 12.924
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6.869
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.408
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140
15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.768
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.690
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 3.659
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232 3.460
120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.160 3.373
∞ 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 3.291

39
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