MODALS

Modal atau modalitas adalah bentuk kata yang membantu kata kerja. Modal harus
disandingkan dengan verbs. Oleh karenanya, modal juga sering dinamakan kata kerja ganti.
Adapun beberapa jenis modal, yaitu modals present dan modals past.

Modals Present Modals Past

 Can  Could
 Will  Would
 Shall  Should
 May  Might
 Must  Used to
 Should
 Ought to
Namun terkadang kedua jenis modal tersebut memiliki makna yang sama, contoh:
Can/could : to be capable of. to be able to. manage to
Will/shall : to be going to, to be about to
May/might : perhaps, probable, possible, presumable bad better, be supposed to
*to be yang digunakan : is, am. are, was, dan were.
Adapun rumus dari modals, yaitu:
Positive ( + )= S + modals + simple verb + ( O )
negative ( – ) = S + modals + not + simple verb + ( O )
introgrative ( ? )= modals + S + simple verb + ( O ) ?

Penggunaan Dan Contoh Modals

1. Menyatakan Kemampuan (can dan could)
Can digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan di masa sekarang (present), sedangkan could
digunakan untuk menunjukkan kemampuan di masa lampau (past).
Contoh:

 I can sing, but I can’t dance.

 When she was twenty, she could dance all night.
 I couldn’t finish my dinner, because I had a stomachache.

2. Menyatakan Perkiraan (will dan shall)

Will dan Shall mengandung arti akan. Walaupun artinya sama, kedua modals tersebut berbeda
subjeknya. Will bisa dipakai untuk semua subjek, sedangkan shall hanya untuk I dan we.
Contoh:

 Sule will be in Jakarta this evening.

 I shall/will visit my friend tomorrow.

3. Menyatakan Penawaran (will dan would you like…?)

Will dan would you like…? digunakan untuk menyatakan penawaran dalam waktu sekarang
dan yang akan datang (future). Bedanya, would you like…? digunakan dalam kalimat
pertanyaan dan merupakan ungkapan penawaran yang lebih formal/resmi daripada will.
Contoh:

 He will help you if you want.

 Would you like to come to her office?
 Would you like a glass of water?

4. Mengungkapkan Permintaan
Ada dua jenis permintaan: meminta sesuatu/izin dan tolong. Jika Anda meminta sesuatu atau
izin, gunakan may I, could I, can I, atau might I.
May dan could digunakan dalam situasi formal dan sopan, sedangkan can dalam situasi
informal (biasanya untuk teman). Adapun might cukup sopan, namun jarang digunakan.
Contoh :
• May I borrow you notebook?
• Could I borrow your notebook?
• Can I borrow your notebook?
• Might I borrow your notebook?
Sementara itu, jika Anda meminta tolong kepada orang lain, gunakan would you, will you,
could you, dan can you.
Contoh:

 Would you send the letter to my friend? [lebih sopan]

 Will you send the letter to my friend? [formal]
 Could you send the letter to my friend? [formal]
 Can you send the letter to my friend? [informal]

5. Menyatakan Keharusan (must dan have to)

Must dan have to digunakan untuk menyatakan keharusan di masa sekarang.
Contoh :
• You must keep my secret.
• We have to go now.
• She has to go now.
Untuk menyatakan keharusan di masa lampau, gunakan had to.
Contoh:
• I had to do my homework yesterday.
• We had to go to Lampung last night.

6. Menyatakan Ketidakharusan
Modals yang dipakai untuk menyatakan ketidakharusan adalah bentuk negatif have to yaitu
do/does/did not have to. Do/does not have to digunakan untuk waktu sekarang, sedangkan did
not have to digunakan untuk waktu lampau.
Contoh:

 She does not have to spend a lot of money if she knows blogging basics.
 I did not have to go to the doctor.

7. Menyatakan Larangan (must not)

Untuk menyatakan larangan, modals yang digunakan adalah must not yang artinya tidak
boleh. Biasanya disingkat musn’t.
Contoh :

 You must not running here.

 We must not tell anyone our secret.

8. Menyatakan Kepastian
Untuk menyatakan kepastian, gunakan must, may, might, dan can. Tingkat kepastian untuk
must 95%, sedangkan may/might/can kurang dari 50%.
Contoh :

 She must be sick.

 She may be sick.
 She might be sick.
 She can be sick.
9. Memberikan Nasihat
Untuk memberikan nasihat, modal yang digunakan adalah should, ought to, dan had better.
Semua modals ini digunakan dalam masa sekarang. Dibanding should dan ought to, had
better lebih kuat dalam memberikan nasihat.
Contoh :
• You should stop laughing.
• You ought to stop laughing.
• You had better stop laughing.

10. Memberikan atau Meminta Usulan

Untuk memberikan usulan, gunakan shall I…? (bagaimana kalau saya…?) atau shall we…?
(bagaimana kalau kita…?).
Contohnya:

 Shall we go now?
 Shall I open the door?
Sementara itu, untuk meminta saran, gunakan juga shall I…? atau shall we…?
Contoh:

 What shall I wear?

 What time shall we meet?

11. Menyatakan kebiasaan pada masa lampau. Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan pada masa
lampau kita menggunakan Used to + verb1

 I used to play in the river when I was a child.

 They used to stay here when they had a time.
Bentuk lain dari Used to adalah
To be + used to + verb-ing

 I was used to playing in the river.

 They are used to staying here.
Get + used to + verb-ing

 He get used to staying up late

 They get used to smoking
MODALS EXERCISE

Complete the sentences using Modals

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ____be exhausted after
such a long flight. He ____ prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.
2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you _____ walk
downtown and explore the waterfront.
3. Hiking the trail to the peak _____ be dangerous if you are not well prepared for
dramatic weather changes. You _____research the route a little more before you
attempt the ascent.
4. When you have a small child in the house, you ______leave small objects lying
around. Such objects ______ be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
5. Dave: _____ you hold your breath for more than a minute?
Nathan: No, I can't.
6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ______ have cost a fortune.
7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water,
they _____ die.
8. I _____ speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we
moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost
everything I knew as a child. Now, I _____ just say a few things in the language.
9. The book is optional. My professor said we _____read it if we needed extra credit.
But we _______read it if we don't want to.
10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It ______ be in this drawer but it's not here.
Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It
_____ be in there. That's the only other place it _____ be.
PERFECT MODAL dan PREFERENCES

PERFECT MODALS
Pengertian Perfect Modal
Perfect modal merupakan sebuah struktur kalimat yang berbentuk: Modal Verb + Have +
Past Participle. Modal verb yang di gunakan juga mengindikasikan berbagai macam fungsi
dan beberapa diantaranya yang sering digunakan adalah should, would, might, must, can, dan
may. Untuk memahami bagaimana bentuk dari kalimat perfect modal, berikut ini adalah
rumusnya:

modal verb + have + past participle (Verb3)

Contoh Kalimat Perfect Modal

1. Should Have + Past Participle

Should have digunakan untuk membicarakan atau mengatakan hal yang seharusnya sudah
terjadi, tetapi pada kenyataannya tidak terjadi. Misalnya, saat ini seharusnya anda sudah
menerima hadiah dari teman baik anda, namun pada kenyataannya tidak.
Contoh:
a) She should have celebrated her birthday this month. But she had an accident. (Dia
seharusnya telah merayakan ulang tahunnya bulan ini, tapi dia mengalami kecelakaan)
b) He should have sent the book this week. But He forgot to send it. (Dia seharusnya sudah
mengirimkan bukunya minggu ini, tetapi dia lupa mengirimkannya)
c) They should have arrived in hotel last night, but I didn’t see them at the hotel. (Mereka
seharusnya sudah tiba di hotel tadi malam, tetapi saya tidak bertemu mereka di hotel)

2. Could Have + Past Participle

Could have digunakan untuk membicarakan hal yang bisa dilakukan pada masa lalu, namun
tidak dilakukan atau sudah dilakukan namun belum berhasil. Contohnya anda pada dasarnya
bisa mendapatkan ranking 1 di kelas, namun karena anda tidak belajar maka anda tidak bisa
memperoleh ranking 1.
Contoh:
a) Salma could have bought a new handphone, but she prefered to buy a best seller book.
(Salma sudah bisa membeli sebuah handphone baru tetapi dia lebih memilih membeli buku
yang paling laris)
b) I could have made a new dress, but I prefered to make a new recipe of cake. (Aku sudah
bisa membuat baju baru, tetapi aku memilih membuat kue resep baru)
c) He could have driven a car, but he prefered to use a motorcycle. (Dia sudah bisa
mengemudikan mobil, tetapi dia lebih memilih untuk menggunakan motor)

3. Would Have + Past Participle

Would have digunakan untuk memberikan pernyataan mengenai peristiwa yang akan terjadi
di masa lampau, namun pada kenyataannya tidak terjadi. Misalnya, kemarin anda akan
menonton film di bioskop jika anda tidak ada pekerjaan rumah.
Contoh:
a) I would have made many articles if I hadn’t had any problems. (Aku akan membuat
banyak artikel jika aku tidak mempunyai banyak masalah)
b) She would have had a new laptop if she hadn’t used her money for shopping. (Dia akan
mempunyai laptop baru jika dia tidak menggunakan uangnya untuk berbelanja)
c) Vino would have gone to the French if he hadn’t got an accident. (Vino akan pergi ke
Perancis jika dia tidak mendapatkan kecelakaan)

4. Might/May Have + Past Participle

Might/may/could have ini digunakan untuk membicarakan kemungkinan-kemungkinan yang
ada di masa lampau. Contohnya, bulan lalu anda melihat orang yang begitu gembira karena
mempunyai smartphone terbaru, lalu anda mengatakan “mungkin smartphone tersebut begitu
canggih”. Nah, kemungkinan yang anda ucapkan tersebut bisa diaplikasikan menggunakan
might/may/could have dan past participle.
Contoh:
a) She might have worked hard because she was very tired yesterday. (Dia mungkin bekerja
keras karena dia sangat lelah kemarin)
b) Rahmi could have received a big surprise from her family because she was very happy last
week. (Rahmi mungkin menerima kejutan yang besar dari keluarganya karena dia sangat
bahagia minggu lalu)
c) I might have put my favorite book in wrong place because I was very sad to lose it
yesterday. (Aku mungkin meletakkan buku kesukaanku di tempat yang salah karena aku
sangat sedih menghilangkannya kemarin)

5. Must Have + Past Participle

Must have digunakan karena merasa yakin bahwa sesuatu hal sudah terjadi di masa lampau.
Misalnya, komputer anda telah rusak dan yang tinggal di rumah hanyalah anda dan adik anda,
maka biasanya, 100% anda yakin bahwa ialah yang merusakkan komputer.
Contoh:
a) His pet seems really full, He must have given a food his pet. (Dia sudah pasti memberi
makanan hewan peliharaannya)
b) I had prepared every requairements, I must have got the scholarship this year. (Aku sudah
pasti mendapatkan beasiswa tahun ini)
c) They must have followed the best program this month. (Mereka sudah pasti ikut program
terbaik bulan ini)

PREFERENCE
Preference adalah suatu bentuk pernyataan yang menyatakan perasaan lebih suka dari yang
lainnnya. Dalam Bahasa Indonesia, ungkapan ini tidak begitu sulit, dimana kita cukup
mengucapkan “Lebih Suka dari”, namun dalam Bahasa Inggris, ada beberapa bentuk yang
dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan pernyataan di atas, diantaranya adalah:

1. Prefer
Rumus:
• Subject + Prefer + infinitive
• Subject + Prefer + Nouns + to + Nouns
• Subject + Prefer + Gerund + to + Gerund
Contoh:
• They prefer to go now
• My mother prefers lemon to orange
• She prefers watching TV to listening to the radio

2. Would Rather
Rumus:
• Subject + would rather + verb1
• Subject + would rather + verb1 + than + verb1
• Subject + would rather + verb1 + Noun + than + verb1+ Noun
• Subject + would rather + someone + verb2
Contoh:
• I would rather study now
• She would rather stay home than go shopping
• We’d rather play card than play ball
• I’d rather you went now
3. Would Prefer
Rumus:
• Subject + Would Prefer + infinitives +rather than + verb1
• Subject + would Prefer + infinitives + Nouns + rather than + verb1 + Nouns
Contoh:
• They would prefer to sing rather than dance
• You’d prefer to play ball rather than take a sleep

EXERCISE
A. Exercise for Perfect Modals
1. Janet's not in school today. She ____ have overslept.
2. Grandpa moved the piano by himself. He's okay, but he ____ have injured his back.
3. My parents haven't arrived at the party yet. They don't know this city very well. They ____
have gotten lost.
4. I'm tired today. I definitely ____ have stayed up so late last night.
5. How did Linda catch a cold? I'm not sure. She ____ have gone out in the rain.
6. Mother didn't answer the phone. She ____ been sleeping.

B. Exercise for Preference

1. I prefer coffee __ tea.
2. I don't fancy the theatre again. I'd rather ___ to the cinema.
3. Although I love relaxing on beaches, I think I prefer ____ in the mountains.
4. I'd rather speak to him in person ___ things over the phone.
5. I prefer trains __ cars.
6. I'm not a big fan of cars; I prefer ____ by train.