KULIAH BIOLOGI MOLEKULER I

STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL

Dr.dr. Prihantono, Sp.B(K)Onk, M.Kes

S2 KEBIDANAN SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA

UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
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Pengertian

▪ Biologi molekular adalah ilmu yang mempelajari

mengenai kehidupan pada tingkat molekul.
▪ Ilmu ini mempelajari tentang DNA, RNA, Protein,
dan makromolekul lain yang terlibat dalam informasi
genetik dan fungsi sel.
▪ Titik berat ilmu ini adalah pada proses replikasi,
transkripsi dan translasi bahan genetik.

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 Komponen Biologi Molekuler

DNA

RNA

Protein
Dasar-Dasar Biologi Molekuler

I. Cell - The basic unit of life

• The Cell’s Organization
• Cell Cycle and Cell Division
• Cellular Molecules
• The Genetic Dogma
II. Transcription
III. Translation
IV. Replikasi
V. Regulatory pathways
VI. DNA and diseases
VII. Biotechnology

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Organisasi Seluler

Sejarah
Teori sel
Ukuran sel
Jenis sel
Sel Prokariotik
Sel Eukariotik
Organela
Nukleus dan Ribosom
Sistim Endomembran
Vesikel dan Vokuola
Sitoskeleton
Sentriol, Cilia, dan Flagela.

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 Sejarah Mikroskop

1. Zacharias Janssen
1595 – invented 1st optical compound microscope
 Sejarah Mikroskop

2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A. Made microscopes with magnification 10x greater

B. Observed living cells
3. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
4. STEREOMICROSCOPE

•Gives 3D images of specimen

5. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)

Uses electrons instead of light to project surface image of

specimen
6. TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM)

Works like light microscope except uses electrons

 Cell History

◼ Cytology- study of cells

◼ 1665 English Scientist

Robert Hooke

◼ Used a microscope to
examine cork (plant)

◼ Hooke called what he saw

"Cells"
Cell History
Robert Brown (1833 )
Menemukan nucleus

Schleiden (1838)
Semua organisme tersusun atas sel-sel

Theodor Schwann (1838)

semua sel hanya berasal dari sel-sel
yang sudah ada sebelumnya

Dr. Rudolph Virchow (1850) :

Sel adalah unit struktur dan fungsional
terkecil dari Suatu organisme
 Cell Theory
Gabungan dari
penemuan
Schleiden,
Schwann,
dan Virchow
membentuk TEORI
CELL modern.
CELL THEORY

1. Semua organisme hidup terdiri dari satu atau lebih sel

2. Sel adalah unit dasar dari struktur dan fungsi dalam suatu organisme
3. Setiap sel berasal dari reproduksi sel yang ada
Ukuran Sel

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Ukuran Sel

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m 100 m 1 mm 1 cm 0.1 m 1m 10 m 100 m 1 km

protein
chloroplast
plant and mouse rose
animal frog egg
amino cells
acid
virus
ostrich
most bacteria human egg ant egg
atom
blue whale
electron microscope human

light microscope

human eye

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Komponen Sel
▪ Dilingkupi oleh membran sel

▪ Sitoplasma

▪ Organel; Struktur yang

menjalankan fungsi sel

▪ Intisel

▪ Pusat Kontrol sel yaitu DNA

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Jenis Sel

Ada 2 jenis sel :

Sel Prokaryotik
✓ Sel yang terdiri dari : Membran dan Sitoplasma.
✓ Protein Inti : DNA dan RNA berupa benang (filamen) yang
mengambang di sitoplasma.
✓ Contoh : Sel Bakteri.

Sel Eukaryotik
✓ Terdiri dari 3 bagian : membran sel, sitoplasma dan intisel
✓ Kerangka sel berupa Mikrotubule dengan mikrofilamennya
✓ Contoh : Sel tubuh manusia, binatang, tumbuhan.

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Jenis Sel
Cell membrane Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cell

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus

Organelles
Sel Prokariotik

Tidak memiliki membran nukleus

Struktur yang lebih kecil dan sederhana daripada sel
eukariotik (memiliki inti)
Sel prokariotik :
Bakteri
Archaea
→ Hidup dihabitat ekstrim

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Struktur Bakteri

• Sangat kecil 1-1,5µm dan lebar 2-6 µm

• Bentuk dasar :
• Coccus / Bulat,
• Batang/ Basil,
• Spiral/ spirillum (kaku) or spirochete (Fleksibel).

• Membran Plasma → terdiri atas dua lapisan lipid dan protein

→ Bentuk kantong internal (mesosom)
Dinding sel : mempertahankan bentuk sel dan diperkuat oleh
peptidoglikan
Glikokaliks : lapisan polisakarida diluar dinding sel
• Terorganisasi dengan baik dan tahan terhadap peleburan kapsul

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The Structure of Bacteria

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

spirillum

spirochete bacillus

coccus

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Struktur Bakteri
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ribosome: Fimbriae:
site of protein synthesis hairlike bristles that
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body:
Conjugation pilus:
stored nutrients for
elongated, hollow
later use
appendage used for
Mesosome: DNA transfer to other
plasma membrane bacterial cells
that folds into the Nucleoid:
cytoplasm and location of the bacterial
increases surface area chromosome
Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell

Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present Escherichia coli
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward

© Howard Sochurek/The Medical File/Peter Arnold, Inc.

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Sel Eukariotik

Sel terdiri atas :

• Membran Plasma
• Sitoplasma
• Organel Khusus
• Membran inti dan inti sel (nukleus) yang menaungi DNA
• Jauh lebih besar dari prokariotik
• Beberapa (sel tumbuhan) memiliki dinding sel

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Eukaryotic cell
Hipothesis Asal Sel Eukariotik
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Original
prokaryotic cell

DNA

1. Cell gains a nucleus by the

plasma membrane invaginating
and surrounding the DNA
with a double membrane.

2. Cell gains an endomembrane

system by proliferation
of membrane.

3. Cell gains mitochondria.

aerobic
bacterium

mitochondrion

4. Cell gains chloroplasts.

chloroplast
photosynthetic
bacterium
Animal cell
has mitochondria,
but not chloroplasts.

Plant cell
has both mitochondria
and chloroplasts.

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Anatomi Sel Hewan
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules

protein

phospholipid Nucleus: command center of cell

Nuclear envelope: double

Cytoskeleton: maintains membrane with nuclear pores
cell shape and assists movement that encloses nucleus
of cell parts: Chromatin: diffuse threads
containing DNA and protein
Microtubules: protein Nucleolus: region that produces
cylinders that move subunits of ribosomes
organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Intermediate filaments: protein and lipid metabolism
protein fibers that provide Rough ER: studded with
stability of shape ribosomes that synthesize
Actin filaments: protein proteins
fibers that play a role in Smooth ER: lacks
change of shape ribosomes, synthesizes
lipid molecules

Centrioles*: short Peroxisome: vesicle

cylinders of microtubules that is involved in
of unknown function fatty acid metabolism
Centrosome: microtubule Ribosomes:
organizing center that particles that carry
contains a pair of centrioles out protein synthesis
Lysosome*: vesicle that Polyribosome: string of
digests macromolecules
ribosomes simultaneously
and even cell parts
synthesizing same protein
Vesicle: small membrane-
bounded sac that stores
and transports substances
Mitochondrion: organelle
Cytoplasm: semifluid that carries out cellular respiration,
matrix outside nucleus producing ATP molecules
that contains organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages,
*not in plant cells and secretes modified proteins

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Anatomi Sel Tumbuhan
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Nucleus: command center of cell

Central vacuole*: large, fluid-filled
Nuclear envelope: double membrane with
sac that stores metabolites and
nuclear pores that encloses nucleus
helps maintain turgor pressure
Nucleolus: produces subunits of ribosomes
Chromatin: diffuse threads containing Cell wall of adjacent cell
DNA and protein
Nuclear pore: permits passage of Middle lamella:
proteins into nucleus and ribosomal cements together the
subunits out of nucleus primary cell walls of
Ribosomes: carry adjacent plant cells
out protein synthesis Chloroplast*: carries
Centrosome: out photosynthesis,
microtubule organizing producing sugars
center (lacks centrioles)
Granum*: a stack
Endoplasmic of chlorophyll-containing
reticulum: protein thylakoids
and lipid metabolism in a chloroplast
Rough ER: studded Mitochondrion: organelle
with ribosomes that that carries out cellular
synthesize proteins respiration, producing
ATP molecules
Smooth ER: lacks
ribosomes, synthesizes Microtubules: protein cylinders
lipid molecules that aid movement of organelles
Peroxisome: vesicle that Actin filaments: protein fibers
is involved in fatty acid that play a role in movement of
metabolism cell and organelles
Golgi apparatus: processes,
Plasma membrane: surrounds
packages, and secretes
cytoplasm, and regulates entrance
modified proteins
and exit of molecules
Cytoplasm: semifluid matrix outside Cell wall*: outer surface that shapes,
nucleus that contains organelles supports, and protects cell

*not in animal cells

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Struktur Sel

1. Selaput Sel ( Membran sel )

Merupakan membran lipoprotein tipis 75 – 100 A,
semipermiabel, berlapis tiga.
Lapisan luar dan dalam : Glikoprotein.
Lapisan tengah : Fosfolipid. Fosfat
bersifat hidrofilik dan lipid hidrofobik

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Membran Plasma

protein
molecules

phospholipid
bilayer

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Membran sel (Plasma membran)

Fungsi :
- Proteksi
- Transport membran
- Skeleton

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Struktur Sel

2. Sitoplasma
Terdiri dari : air, protein, lipid, glikogen, elektrolit, organel

Ada organel penting :

✓ Mitokondria
✓ Retikulum
✓ Ribosom
✓ Lisosom
✓ Aparatus Golgi

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 Struktur Sel

Mitokondria :

Pabrik untuk mensintesa ATP, menghasilkan energi menggunakan

enzim ATP (adenosine tripospate)

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 Struktur Sel
Retikulum Endoplasma
• Pabrik untuk membentuk protein, hormon, enzim.
• Halus : untuk sintesa steroid dan detoksifikasi.
• Kasar : sintesa protein tersebar dalam sitoplasma.

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 Struktur Sel

Ribosom :
• Pabrik membentuk protein. Sebagian besar dalam bentuk RNA

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 Struktur Sel
Lisosom :
• Kantung yang berisi bermacam-macam enzim untuk memecah
protein, karbohidrat, lemak.
• Lisosom juga dapat menghancurkan bakteri yang masuk kedalam sel.
Bila kantongnya pecah , lisosom akan keluar lalu masuk kedalam
plasma yang akan merusak dan mematikan sel itu sendiri disebut
”kantong bunuh diri”(suicide bag)

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 Struktur Sel
Aparatus Golgi :
gudang penyimpanan dan pusat distribusi produk yang
dihasilkan oleh ribosom

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 Struktur Sel

Inti Sel
• Terdiri dari protein inti, DNA,dan RNA terletak ditengah-tengah
sitoplasma, dibungkus selaput inti.
• Didalamnya terdapat nukleolus, kromatin serta karyolimfe.
Struktur inti sel :
• Selaput Inti ( Nuklear membrane )
• Inti Sel ( Nukleus ) : ada kromosom yang spesifik. Pada interfase
kromosom itu merupakan bintik basofil yang disebut kromatin yang
terdiri dari DNA. Ada 2 macam kromatin : Heterokromatin ( gelap
pada pewarnaan HE), Eukromatin (terang)
• Anak Inti ( Nukleolus ) : terdiri dari RNA yang berfungsi untuk
menyalin kode genetik dari DNA.

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Anatomi Nukleus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

nuclear
envelope

nucleolus

Nuclear envelope: nuclear

inner membrane pore
outer membrane chromatin
nucleoplasm
nuclear pore

phospholipid

(Bottom): Courtesy Ron Milligan/Scripps Research Institute; (Top right): Courtesy E.G. Pollock 40
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Sistem Endomembran

• Seri membran intraseluler yang mengadakan pemilahan

dalam sel
• Membatasi reaksi ensimatik pada kompartemen tertentu
dalam sel
• Terdiri atas:
• Membran inti
• Membran reticulum endoplasma
• Apparatus Golgi
• Vesicle
• Beberapa tipe
• Transport bahan antar sistim organel

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 Sitoskeleton
• Mempertahankan bentuk sel

• Membantu pergerakan sel dan organel

• Tiga jenis serat makromolekul

• Actin Filaments

• Intermediate Filaments

• Microtubules

• Merakit dan membongkar sesuai kebutuhan

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Sitoskeleton: Actin Filaments

Filamen yang sangat tipis

Jaringan padat dibawah membran plasma
→ mempertahankan bentuk sel
Dukungan untuk mikrovili dalam sel usus
Kontrol lalu lintas intrasel
• Memindahkan barang-barang didalam sel
• Aliran sitoplasma
Fungsi dalam pseudopodia sel amoeboid
Komponen penting dalam kontraksi otot (lainnya
miosin)

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Sitoskeleton: Actin Filament Operation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

actin filament

ATP ADP + P myosin

molecules

tail head membrane

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Sitoskeleton: Intermediate Filaments

• Ukuran antara Filamen aktin dan mikrotubulus

• Seperti polipeptida berserat
• Bervariasi di alam
• Dari jaringan ke jaringan
• Dari waktu ke waktu
• Fungsi:
• Menunjang membran inti
• Persimpangan sel-sel.

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Sitoskeleton: Mirotubule Operation

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

ATP
vesicle
kinesin
kinesin receptor

vesicle moves, not microtubule

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Sitoskeleton
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

actin
subunit

Chara

a. Actin filaments

fibrous
subunits

peacock
b. Intermediate filaments

tubulin
dimer

chameleon
c. Microtubules

a(Actin): © M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; b, c(Intermediate, Microtubules): © K.G. Murti/Visuals Unlimited; a(Chara): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./photo by
Dennis Strete and Darrell Vodopich; b(Peacock): © Vol. 86/Corbis; c(Chameleon): © Photodisc/Vol. 6/Getty Images
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Karakteristik Sel
1.______________________________
Made of cells.

2. Reproduce
______________________________
Based on universal genetic code
3. ______________________________
4. Grow and develop
_____________________________
Obtain and use materials & energy
5.______________________________
6. Respond to their environment
______________________________
7. Maintain a stable internal environment
______________________________
As a group, change over time
8. ______________________________
Terimakasih

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