METODE PENAMBANGAN

TAHAPAN KEGIATAN USAHA PERTAMBANGAN

1. PENYELIDIKAN UMUM (GENERAL SURVEY)

2. EKSPLORASI (EXPLORATION)
3. PENGEMBANGAN TAMBANG (DEVELOPMENT)
4. PENAMBANGAN (EXPLOITATION) ---> METODA 
5. PENGOLAHAN/PEMURNIAN (PROCESSING)
6. PENJUALAN (MARKETING)

METODA PENAMBANGAN
Penambangan : kegiatan yang dilakukan baik secara sederhana (manual) maupun
mekanis yang meliputi penggalian, pemberaian, pemuatan dan pengangkutan bahan
galian.

METODE PENAMBANGAN DIBAGI MENJADI :

a. Tambang Terbuka/Tambang Permukaan (Surface Mining)
b. Tambang Bawah Tanah/Tambang Dalam (Underground Mining)

SURFACE MINING
Aktivitas penambangan berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar (atmosfer)
a. Keadaan tanah penutup
b. Keadaan endapan bahan tambang
c. Kondisi hidrogeologi
d. Fasilitas teknik yang tersedia
e. Iklim dan cuaca
f. Kondisi lingkungan

KELEBIHAN SURFACE MINING

a. Biaya relatif lebih rendah
b. Kondisi tempat kerja lebih leluasa & aman
c. Penggunaan alat-alat berat lebih leluasa
d. Mining recovery  lebih tinggi
e. Pengamanan, pengaturan & kontrol lebih mudah

KELEMAHAN SURFACE MINING

a. Kondisi kerja dipengaruhi iklim & cuaca
b. Kedalaman penggalian terbatas ---> stripping ratio
c. Kerusakan lingkungan
d. Dibatasi tata guna lahan

JENIS METODA SURFACE MINING

I.  PLACER MINING  :
a. Panning & Sluicing
b. Hidraulicking
c. Dredging

II.  OPEN PIT :

a. Single-bench Mining
b. Multi-bench Mining
c. Quarry Mining 
d. Strip Mining

III.  GLORY HOLE

Pengangkutan melalui terowongan di bawah endapan bahan tambang

PLACER MINING
a. Detrital mineral
b. Pada/dekat aliran air
c. Tidak dalam

 
 
Placer mining involves excavating loose, or alluvial, deposits such as sand, gravel, silt,
or clay. Valuable minerals are separated from the alluvial materials through a system of
screens, jigs, and sluices. Placer minerals include metals such as gold, platinum, and
tin, and gems such as diamonds and rubies.

Panning and Sluicing

a. Cara tradisional/manual
b. Menggunakan alat pendulangan
c. Pemisahan dengan bantuan aliran air

a. Sering dilakukan sebagai metoda sampling pada eksplorasi endapan placer 

b. Penambangan emas sekunder (placer) atau intan (Martapura)
c. Berat jenis mineral berharga > B.D. batuan 
d. Produksinya terbatas

Diamond Mining in Indonesia

Due to the presence of valuable minerals, especially tin and petroleum, mining is an
important industry in Indonesia. Some Indonesians are involved in small-scale forms of
mineral extraction, such as traditional diamond mining. Here on the island of Borneo,
miners wash gravel excavated from nearby pits and then examine the sifted soil with
large, conical containers to locate raw diamonds and gemstones.

PENAMBANGAN EMAS TANPA IZIN 

 
 
a. MATERIAL DIAMBIL DARI BEKAS TAMBANG PT. ANTAM BERUPA URAT URAT
TIPIS
b. SISA PROSESSING UMUMNYA DIBUANG KE SUNGAI (TANPA BAK
PENAMPUNG)
c. RECOVERY PENGOLAHAN +-35 - 40 %  

HYDRAULIC MINING
a. Menggunakan semprotan air untuk memisahkan bahan tambang
b. Menggunakan alat semprot GIANT atau MONITOR
c. Digunakan pada endapan alluvial, mis. pasir besi, timah sekunder, emas.
d. Material hasil semprotan dialirkan/ dipompakan ke instalasi pemisah konsentrat.
e. Syarat utama tersedia cukup banyak air

1. Waste material
2. Sluices
3. Alluvial deposit
4. Sluice channel
5. Pipe line

GRAVEL PUMP DAN MONITOR

DREDGING
a. Menggunakan Kapal Keruk sebagai alat gali
b. Biasa digunakan untuk penambang-an endapan alluvial (timah sekunder)
c. Bisa dilakukan di laut ataupun di darat, tergantung dari jenis, bentuk dan ukuran
kapal keruk.
d. Pemisahan konsentrat dilakukan di kapal keruk itu sendiri

PENAMBANGAN ALUVIAL DENGAN KAPAL KERUK

Open Mine, Open Cut, atau Open Cast

 
 
Open-Cut Mining in Australia
Mining in the Pilbara region of Western Australia is done by the open-cut method, in
which large masses of ore-bearing rock are broken up and then removed by power
shovels and trucks. Mining is one of Australia’s most important industries. The country
has large deposits of bauxite, coal, diamonds, gold, iron ore, nickel, uranium, and other
minerals.

Open Pit

a. Penambangan endapan mineral pada setiap jenis batuan

b. Letak dekat permukaaan tanah
c. Dimensi horisontalnya besar
d. Produksi tinggi, biaya rendah
e. Dilakukan secara berjenjang (benching)
f. Membentuk cekungan/pit

PIT LAYOUT
a. Penyebaran deposit
b. Stripping ratio
c. Kondisi iklim/ cuaca
d. Kecepatan produksi yang diharapkan
e. Ketersediaan peralatan
 

Kennecott Copper Mine

The Kennecott Copper Mine, located southwest of Salt Lake City, is the largest
excavation in the world and the first open-pit copper mine. The mine assists in making
Utah the second leading state in copper production. 

CONTOH LAYOUT PIT

 

SINGLE BENCH OPEN PIT MINE

 

MULTI BENCH OPEN PIT MINE

Mining in the Yukon
 

 
 
Mining has dominated the Yukon Territory’s economy since gold was discovered there
in 1896. With rich mineral deposits located throughout this Canadian province, mining
continues to be its principal economic activity. Here, lead and zinc are extracted and
loaded onto a truck at the Anvil open-pit mine in Faro, a town in the southeastern
Yukon.

OPEN CUT/OPEN CAST

 
  
 
a. Sejenis dengan Open Pit
b. Untuk endapan bijih yang terdapat pada lereng
c. Bentuk tambang melingkari bukit/gunung

Arizona Copper Mine

 

 
 
This open-pit copper mine at Morenci is the largest copper mine in Arizona. Large
underground and open-pit mines in the southern half of the state make Arizona the
leader in United States copper production.

Open-Cut Copper Mine Utah 

 
  
 
Metallic copper and copper ores, such as chalcopyrite and bornite, are mined in
open-pit mines from deposits near the earth’s surface. Further refining is necessary to
separate the copper from impurities such as sulfides, carbonates, iron, and
silicates. Copper is used extensively in electrical components because of its high
conductivity. Shown here is one of North America’s largest open-pit copper mines,
located in Kennecott, Utah.

QUARRY MINING
a. Sejenis Open Cut Mining
b. Bahan galian non logam, mis. andesit, granit, batu kapur, marmer, serpih (shale) dll.
c. Dua jenis quarry : “dimension stone” dan “broken stone”

DIMENSION STONE QUARRY

SIDEHILL AGGREGATE QUARRY

STRIPE MINE (Tambang Kupasan)
 

 
 
a. Salah satu metoda Open Pit Mine
b. Untuk endapan bahan galian yang luas dan horisontal (bedded deposit)
c. Paling cocog untuk tambang batubara terbuka
d. Dilakukan blasting tergantung kondisi overburdennya
e. Area Mining atau Contour Mining

Coal Strip Mine

 
  
 
This excavated area, which borders farmland, has been strip mined for coal. Unless the
strip mine is filled and revegetated, surface water runoff from the mined area can flush
sediments and sulfur-bearing compounds (acid drainage) into nearby streams and
rivers, endangering plant and wildlife communities.

Skema Contour Mining

Area Mining dengan Stripping Shovel

 

 
  
Auger Strip Mine

Coal Auger in Strip Mine

 
  
 
After the surface of a hill is stripped, a giant auger drill bores through the sides to get at
the rich coal beds underneath the topsoil. The drills may penetrate as far as 30 m (100
ft).