HANDOUT PERKULIAHAN

Mata Kuliah : Bahasa Inggris 2

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS BANTEN JAYA
2013

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 Grammar Understanding

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 BAB I : CONCORD (AGREEMENT)

A. Pengantar
Concord atau agreement adalah persesuaian unsur-unsur pembentuk suatu kata, frase atau kalimat sesuai dengan
kaidah kebahasaan yang berlaku pada suatu bahasa.

B. Jenis-Jenis Concord :

a. Concord of person (persesuaian kata ganti orang)

Concord ini menunjuk pada persesuaian antara kata benda dengan kata ganti orang yang menunjukkan.
Contoh :
1. John is my brother. He is a doctor.
(Concord : John … he )
2. The girl under the tree waved her hand.
(Concord : went…last week)

b. Concord of tense (persesuaian tenses)

dalam bahasa Inggris bentuk kata kerja senantiasa berubah-ubah sesuai dengan kata keterangan waktu
yang mengikutinya.
1. They go to the movie every week
(Concord : go……everyweek)
2. They went to the movie last week.
(Concord : went …last week)

c. Concord of number (persesuaian jumlah)

Concord ini meliputi persesuaian antara :
1. Subjek dan Predikat :
PREDIKAT dan SUBYEK to be to do to have to verb
I am do have go
We, You, They are do have go
He, She, It is does has goes
Contoh :
1. He has finished reading the book
(Concord : He…has)
2. We go to school by bus
(Concord : Betty…goes)
Collective nouns dapat berpredikat tunggal atau jamak. Dianggap tunggal apabila dipandang kesatuannya dan
dianggap jamak bilamenunjuk kepada anggota-anggotanya.
Contoh :
1. The team is good.
2. The team are playing seriuously.
3. The village has been visited by the president.
4. The Village have worked hard for a week.
Everybody, everyone, nobody, no one, anybody dan anyone, menggunakan predikat bentuk tunggal tetapi kata
gantinya jamak.
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Contoh
1. Everybody was running as fast as they could
2. No one knows where their king puts the crown

Beberapa kata benda yang bentuknya jamak tetapi selalu digunakan dengan predikat (to be atau kata kerja) bentuk
tunggal, antara lain : cards, billiards, dominos, mathematics, mechanics, physics, economics, phonetics, optics,
statistics.
Contoh :
Billiards is an easy game.

Ukuran jarak, waktu dan uang dianggap tunggal.

Contoh :
Five hundred miles is quite far for them.

Nama judul buku (buku, cerita, film) dan beberapa benda yang disatukan dianggap tunggal.
Contoh :
Romeo and Juliet is a good story.

d. Concord of gender (persesuaian jenis kelamin)

Contoh :
John is my brother. He is a good student.

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. Each girl must contribute ___ share of the expenses.
A. hers
B. no word added
C. herself
D. her
E. she

2. The committee has begun ____ meeting.

A. her
B. his
C. their
D. its
E. ours

3. The name of a river passing through some big towns ___ the title of a very popular Indonesian song.
A. has become
B. have become
C. it has become
D. to have become
E. having become

4. An increase in the number of students ___ expected next year.

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A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
E. will

5. Due to the current financial condition, our budget plan for 1998/1999 ___.
A. it needs reviewing
B. needs to be reviewed
C. need to review
D. is needed to be reviewed
E. needs review

6. About 10 % of the Earth‘s land area, or nearly 5.8 million square miles ____ by glacial ice.
A. are covered
B. has covered
C. is covered
D. had covered
E. to be covered

7. The local radio stations as well as newspapers ___ that riots have spread to other places in the city.
A. confirm
B. to be confirmed
C. is confirmed
D. are confirmed
E. confirms

8. Siti‘s sister and brother have got scholarship to study aboard. ___ are studying economies.
A. Both of them
B. One of them
C. The tree of them
D. Siti and her brother
E. Siti and her sister

9. Mrs. Retno‘s way of teaching and of dealing with the students ___ her the name of model teacher.
A. has earned
B. to have earned
C. have been earning
D. have earned
E. have to earne

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 BAB II : READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARY

A. Noun
Terdapat beberapa cara untuk mengenal kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris. Beberapa ciri yang membantu kita
untuk mengenalnya antara lain :

a. Inflectional Suffixes
Inflectional suffixes adalah akhiran pada kata benda, tetapi tidak mengubah jenis kata benda yang mendapatkan
akhiran tersebut seperti pembentukan kata benda jamak (pluralizer) –s, -es, dan penanda menyatukan kesamaan
(possesive marker) ‗s-dan-s.‘
Contoh : Mother must buy books and pencils for my little brothers and sister.

b. Position :
Kata benda menduduki posisi tertentu dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris. Salah satu posisi adalah sebelum kata kerja
sebagai subyek sedang posisi yang lain adalah sesudah kata kerja sebagai obyek.
Contoh : The soldiers found tracks near their camps.

c. Deteminers :
Deteminers adalah kata yang terletak sebelum kata benda. Seperti:

A, its, each, many, more

An, our, every, much, most
The, their, no, few, one
My, this, both, several, two
Your, that, some, either, ten
His, these, any, neither, twenty-one
Those all
contoh
Several groups of outlaws lived in those mountains.

d. Derivational Suffixes
Derivational suffixes adalah akhiran pada suatu kata hingga mengubah jenis kata yang mendapatkan akhiran.

Suffix Verb Noun

-ment  improve improvement
-er, -or play player
invent inventor
-t  complain complaint
-ion, -tion act action
-ation, -tion apply application
compete competition
-ance,-ence allow allowance
-ist, -ant, -ent type typist
apply applicant
serve servant
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-al approve approval
-ure, -ture, depart departure
mix mixture
-ature sign signature
-y, -ery, -ary deliver delivery
-age carry carriage

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

The text for number 1 to 5.

Many government leaders are coming to realize that population growth is reaching a crisis point; they fell that the
world‘s land, water, and energy ____(1) will not be able to support many more people. This view however , is
often in ____(2) to the traditions and beliefs of many people . ____(3) conflicts often exist between government
policies ____(4) birth control people‘s practices. Looking at three ____(5) countries, India, China, and Kenya, we
can see how effectively the world population crisis is being dealt with.

1. A. assets
B. supplies
C. conditions
D. alternatives
E. demands

2. A. agreement
B. counterpart
C. contribution
D. opposition
E. approval

3. A. consequently
B. in addition
C. otherwise
D. moreover
E. nevertheless

4. A. due to
B. regarding
C. resulting in
D. referring
E. caused by

5. A. develop
B. developed
C. developing
D. to developing
E. development
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This text for number 6 to 9
Organic architecture—that is, natural architecture—may be varied in concept and form, but it is always faithful to
principle. Organic architecture rejects rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to
remain true to the nature of the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who will ultimately
use it. If this natural principle is upheld, then a bank cannot be built to look like a Greek temple. Form does not
follow function; form is inseparable from function. In other words, a building should be inspired by nature‘s
forms and constructed with materials that retain and respect the natural characteristics of the setting to create
harmony with its natural environment. It should maximize people‘s contact with and utilization of the outdoors.

6. What is another name for organic architecture?

A. Natural architecture
B. Aesthetic architecture
C. Principle architecture
D. Varied architecture
E. Mixed architecture

7. In organic architecture, which of the following of is true?

A. form follows function
B. function follows form
C. function is not important to form
D. form and function are one
E. no comment

8. A good example of natural principles is a ___.

A. bank that is built to look like a Greek temple
B. bank built so that the location is unimportant to the structure
C. bank that is built to conform to the natural surrounding
D. bank that is built to be beautiful rather than functional
E. the sweaty bank

9. Which of the following statements best describes the architect‘s view of nature?
A. Nature should be conquered.
B. Nature should not be considered
C. Nature should be respected
D. Nature should be improved
E. Nature should be broken

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 BAB III : DEPEDENT AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

A. Pengantar
Adjective Clause (klausa ajektif) yaitu suatu klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat dalam kalimatmajemuk.
Klausa ajektif untuk menerangkan orang biasanya daiawali dengan relative clause who, whom, atau whose
sedangkan untuk benda dan binatang which, that atau whose.

1. Non-defening Adjective Clause

a. Who : menggantikan subjek orang
Cth : Nia‘s father plays tennis twice a week.

b. Whom : menggantikan objek orang

Cth : Do you know Mr.Hadi? I talked with him yesterday.

c. Whose : menggntikan possesive adjective orang.

Cth : We take a pity to Dina‘s father.

d. Which : menggantikan subjek benda binatang

Cth : Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia.

e. Which : menggantikan objek benda / binatang

Cth : Linda told me her address.

f. Whose : menggantikan possesive adjective benda / binatang

Cth : The book is mine. It‘s cover is torn.

2. Defening adjective clause

a. Who, that : menggantikan subjek orang
Contoh : That boy is a new student; He is speaking English with Santi.

b. Whom, that : menggantikan objek orang.

Contoh : That man is a manager; she introduced him to me.
That man whom she introduced to me is manager.
That man that she introduced to me is manager.
That man she introduced to me is a manager.

c. Which,that : menggantikan subjek kata benda / binatang.

Contoh : Jane showed dewi a book. It belongs to Rina.

d. Which/that : menggantikan objek benda / binatang

Contoh : The dictionary belongs to Sita. I showed it to Lina yesterday.

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B. Adverb Clause
Adverb Clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (keterangan) dalam kalimat majemuk. Jadi
dapat menggantikan adverb dalam kalimat tunggal. Adverb Clause mempunyai banyak ragam seperti halnya
adverb yaitu :

a. Adverbial clause of time

Adverbial clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after,before, when, as, as soon as, until, while.

b. Adverbial clause of place

Adverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau wherever

c. Adverbial clause of reason

Adverbial clause of reason diawali dengan konjungsi because, since, as atau for

d. Adverbial clause of purpose

Adverbial clause of purpose diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that, in order that.

e. Adverbial clause of consession

Adverbial of consession diawali dengan konjugsi though, although, eventhough, while atau wherleas.

f. Adverbial clause.of condition

Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if, unless, as long as, on condition that.

C. Noun Clause
Noun Clause dalam kalimat menduduki fungsi kata benda. Jadi dapat sebagai subjek, objek maupun pelengkap.

a. Sebagai subjek
Contoh : What he decided makes the number happy.

b. Sebagai objek
Contoh : The student have to do what their teacher assigned them.

c. Sebagai pelengkap
contoh : This is where I work.

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

1. He asked me ___
A. whether I grew my own vegetables
B. you grow your own vegetables
C. did I grow my own vegetables?
D. I grew my own vegetables
E.If I did grow my own vegetables?

2. He is only one of my friend___French.

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A. that studies
B.that study
C. studies
D. who study
E. study

3. The Businessman___we met at the party yesterday is the general manager of big company.
A. whom
B. who
C. which
D. with whom
E. whose

4. The student succeeded in getting a scholarship.

The teacher like him.
The above sentences can be joined as follows:
The student ___ succeeded in getting a scholarship.
A. whom the techers like
B. he is like by the teachers
C.the teachers like him
D. which the teachers like
E. is like by the teacher

5. His supervisor___, is a very genereous person.

A. he borrowed a car from him.
B. where he borrowed a car
C. from whom he borrowed a car
D. his car he borrowed
E. the person he borrowed a car

6. It is known ___ solar energy can be used to generate electricity.

A. whether
B. that
C. in case
D. what
E. in fact

7. The book ___ is only available in the library.

A. From which these two chapter sre taken
B. These two chapter are taken
C. Where these two chapter are taken from
D. It was from them are two chapter are
E. The two chapter are taken

8. This is Mr. Tasroni ___.

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A. which i told you
B. whom I told you about
C. I told you
D. that I told you
E. about which I told you

9. The tourist asked me___

A. where the nearest bank is
B. the nearest bank
C. where is the nearest bank
D. which the nearest bank is
E. that is the nearest bank

10. ‗ How could July afford to go about at least twice a year?‘

‗I am also wondering___.
A. that she has earned her living
B. what she was earning a living for
C. why does she earn her living?
D. how she earns her living
E. does she earn a living

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 BAB IV : GERUND

A. Pengantar
Gerund adalah kata kerja dalam bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda gerund bisa digunakan sebagai
subjek, objek, komplemen, dan penjelas kata benda lainnya.

B. Fungsi Gerund
1. Sebagai Subjek
Contoh : Cooking is a good hobby.

2. .Sebagai Objek
Contoh : I don‘t like smoking
Beberapa kata yang mengikuti gerund :
Admit (mengakui) fancy (menghayalkan)
Appreciate (menghargai) forgive (memnfaatkan)
Avoid (menghindari) keep (terus menerus)
Anticipate (mengantisipasi) mind (berkeberatan)
Consider (mempertimbangkan) neglect (meremehkan)
Continue (meneruskan) practise (mempraktekkan)
Deny ( menyangkal) postpone (menunda)
Delay (menunda) pardon (memaafkan)
Detest (membenci) prevent (mengcegah)
Enjoy (menikmati) resist (menahan)
Excuse (menolak) risk (mengambil resiko)
Finish (menyelesaikan) understand (memahami)

b. Objek kata depan (preposisi)

Contoh : He gave up drinking beer
Beberapa preposisi yang perlu diketahui adalah : at, after, before, from, in, on, of, under, up, though, about,
without, for, and to.
Preposisi yang paling sulit dikenali adalah : ‗to‘ karena di samping ‗infinitive‘. Karena itu untuk mempermudah
memahaminya, hafalkanlah bentuk ‗to‘ yang harus diikuti gerund dalam kelompok kata berikut ini :
To be used to (terbiasa) to take to (menyukai)
To be accustomed to (terbiasa) to look forward to (menanti-nanti)
To object to (berkeberatan) to be averse to (terbiasa)
Contoh :
1. I am used to drinking coffe.

c. Sebagai Komplemen
Contoh : My hobby is drawing.
Gerund sebagai komplemen selalu diletakkan setelah to be (am, is, are, was, were)

d. Sebagai penjelas kata benda noun modifier :

Contoh : the waiting room is very large.

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e. Sebagai menyatakan larangan
Contoh : No smoking

C. Perbedaan Gerund dan To Infinitive

Beberapa kata kerja yang bisa diikuti gerund dan to infinitive :
Advise intend
Allow love
Attempt prefer
Begin regret
Continue remember
Forget start
Hate stop
Like try

Diantara kata kerja diatas, ada kata kerja yang memiliki perbedaan yang sangat kontras apabila diikuti oleh
gerund dan to-infinitive.
Contoh : I stop to smoke
(Artinya : berhenti dari melakukan perbuatan tertentu baru kemudian merokok).

I stop smoking.
(Artinya : berhenti dari perbuatan merokok untuk kemudian melakukan perbuatan yang lain).

D. Perbedaan Gerund dan Active Participle :

Gerund dan Active Participle memiliki bentuk yang sama, yaitu kata kerja bentuk –ing Sekalipun bentuknya
sama, keduanya memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. Dari segi arti, gerund mengandung makna : ―peristiwa yng sedang
berlangsung‖.

Contoh :
1. The running boy is anwar, (active Participle)
(The boy who is running is Anwar= Anak yang sedang berlari itu Anwar)
2. The running shoes are very expensive.(gerund)
(Sepatu yang digunakan untuk berlari itu sangat mahal)
3. The walking man wants to meet you. (Activeparticiple)
(orang yang sedang berjalan itu ingin menemuimu)
4. The old man needs a walking stick. (gerund)
(orang tua itu memerlukan tongkt untuk berjalan)

E. Gerund setelah Possesive Adjective :

Seperti umumnya kata benda, gerund bisa diletakkan setelah possesive adjective dan pronoun bentuk object.
Contoh :
Her coming late makes her mother angry.

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SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN
1. Would you mind___your pet snake somewhere else?
A. to put
B. to putting
C. putting
D. put
E. puts

2. X : ―Do you like swimming?‖

Y : ―NO, I prefer___to swimming.
A. play badminton
B. played badminton
C. playing badminton
D. has played badminton
E. had played badminton

3. This knife needs___ it is dull.

A. to be sharpening
B. to sharpen
C. sharpen
D. sharpens
E. sharpening

4. We were astonished at ___ a good score for TOEFL in spite of his poor English.
A. her could get
B. his being able to get
C. to be able to get
D. being able to get
E. be able to get

5. She was very sad because her father did not approve of___too often.
A. I saw her
B. me to see her
C. my seeing her
D. me seeing her
E. that I see her

6. ―What don‘t you like about Irwan ?‖

―____.‖
A. Why he wears earings
B. To wearing earings
C. His wearing earings
D. For wearing earings
E. Waering earings

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7. ___ clothes can often be very time consuming.
A. They buy
B. To be buying
C. In buying
D. Man buys
E. Buying

8. Litte children are usually afraid of___ by their mother.

A. left
B. to leave
C. being left
D. leaving
E. been left

9. ‗It‘s hot here; the air conditioner is not working.‘

‗I think it only needs ___.‘
A. to clean
B. cleaning
C. cleaned
D. clean
E. be cleaned

10. Facing hard times, people with very low income are looking forward to ___ by the well to do in getting the
daily necessities.
A. support
B. supporting
C. being supported
D. supported
E. be supporting

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 BAB V : PARTICIPLE

A. Pengantar
Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal dua macam participle :
* Present Participle (Active Paticiple) dan
* Past Participle
Active Participle dan Past Participle memiliki bentuk dan arti berbeda. Active Participle adalah kata kerja dalam
bentuk –ing dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat aktif (melakukan pekerjaan), sedang Past
Participle adalah kata kerja bentuk ke-3 dan artinya menunjuk kepada aktivitas yang bersifat pasif (dikenai
pekerjaan).

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini :

1. Active (Present Participle) :
Running water = air yang sedang mengalir

2. Past Participle :
Poured water = air yang tertumpah / ditumpahkan

B. Penggunaan Active (Present) Participle

a. Sebagai Adjective
Contoh : 1. The boiling water is very hot.
2. the waiting man reads a magazine.

b. Untuk membentuk Continuous Tense.

Contoh : 1. We are studying English now.
2. You have been dreaming.

c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception).

Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :
S + V + O + Active Participle + ……
Contoh :
I hear the girl singing a new song.
Kata kerja yang bisa digunakan dalam pola seperti ini adalah :
See hear feel notice
Watch leave find catch
Smell observe keep

d. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang terjadi secara simultan (bersamaan) dan dilakukan oleh seorang subyek.
Contoh :
He rode away. He wishtled as he went.
=He rode away whistling.
=Whistling, he rode away.

e. Apabila ada dua peristiwa yang dilakukan oleh seorang subyek secara berurutan, maka peristiwa yang terjadi
lebih dulu bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle.
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Contoh : He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.
=Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver.

f. Apabila peristiwa yang kedua merupakan bagian atau akibat dari peristiwa yang pertama, peristiwa yang kedua
bisa dituliskan dengan menggunakan active participle
Contoh :
As he knew her address, he sent her a letter.
=Knowing her address, he sent her a letter.

C. Penggunaan Past Participle

a. Sebagai Adjective
Contoh : The stolen money has been found.

b. Untuk membuat kalimat pasif.

Contoh : She was asked to open the meeting.

c. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (Verb of Perception) apabila obyeknya pasif.

Pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :
S + V + O + PAST PARTICIPLE + ……
Contoh :
You will see the work finished on time.

d. Untuk menggantikkan subjek + kata kerja pasif apabila subyek tersebut disebutkan
secara berulang.
Contoh :
Beny came in. He was followed by his wife.
=Beny came in, followed by his wife.

D. Present Participle dan Past Participle Sebagai Adjective

Contoh :
They play was boring.(Permainan itu membosankan).

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

1. They watched the soldiers ___ down the secret.
A. marched
B. marching
C. to march
D. be marching
E. are maching

2. I heard him ___ very carefully in order not to wake the others.
A. is unlocking the door
B. unlocked the door
C. when unlocking the door
D. he unlock the door
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E. unlock the door

3. ―Having finished her work, the maid went home‖.

The underlined words mean ___.
A. Although she had finished her work
B. After she had finished her work
C. She had to finish her work
D. If she had finishing her work
E. She was finishing her work

4. Students ___ to attend a student conference in the United States should be able to speak English fluently.
A. choose
B. were chosen
C. chosen
D. they choose
E. have been chosen

5. The window pane ___ by Edi has not been repaired yet.
A. was broken
B. broken
C. be broken
D. breaking
E. broke

6. When we came home last night, we saw a man ___ to get on our roof.
A. trying
B. to try
C. to be trying
D. tried
E. he tries

7. On my way home, I saw a dog ___ by a boy.

A. beating
B. beat
C. be beaten
D. being beaten
E. it was beaten

8. Two of the ___ prisoners were caught by the police.

A. escape
B. escaped
C. was escaped
D. having escaped
E. was escaped

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9. ___ near a beautiful beach, the town soon become a popular tourist resort.
A. Situated
B. Situates
C. Situating
D. It is situated
E. Situation

10. The people ___ during the war were mostly young soldiers.
A. killing
B. killed
C. be killed
D. were killing
E. were killed

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 BAB VI : CONJUCTION

Konjungsi atau kata penghubung ber fungsi menghubungkan kata dengan kelompok kata dalam suatu kalimat.
Konjungsi dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu co-ordinate conjuction (konjungsi setara) dan subordinate
conjuction atau konjungsi bertingkat.
Konjungsi setara (co-ordinate conjuction) seperti misalnya and, but, or dan nor. Jenis konjungsi ini
menghubungkan kata benda dengan kata benda, kata kerja dengan kata kerja, kata dengan kelompok kata,klausa
dengan klausa dan sebagainya.
Contoh :
I lost my books and my pens.
Konjungsi seperti di atas dapat digabungkan dengan kata-kata lain seperti misalnya : both … and, not only …, but
also, either …or, neither….nor ….

Dalam bab ini akan dibahas konjungsi bertingkat (subordinate conjuction) karena hal ini sangat penting dan perlu
dikuasai bagi para siswa.
1. Accordingly : karena itu
Contoh : STAN is famous college in indonesia; accordingly many students wants to study there.

2. After all : bagaimanapun juga

Contoh : There are many good school; after all our school is the best.

3. All the same : namun demikian

Contoh : The government has given them a new market places; all the same some of them keep selling their
things at dirty place.

4. Consequently : akibatnya
Contoh : His father died five years ago; consequently all the responsiblities to raise the children fell or his
mother.

5. For = Since = because = as = Karena

Contoh : Everyone is looking for him, for he is the only person who knows where the keys is.

6. Hence : karena alasan itu, dengan demikian, mulai saat ini.

Contoh : He was born when his parents woerked in Irian, hence he is named Irianto.

7. In order that : supaya

Contoh : We must study hard;in order that we can pass the exam.

8. In case : kalau-kalau
Contoh : You‘d better take an umbrella;in case it rains.

9. In the meantime : sementara itu, dalam waktu yang bersamaan.

Contoh : Go to the shop and buy me a magazine;in the mean time I‘ll take bath.

10. Moreover = futhermore = lagipula = terlabih lagi

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Contoh : Desy is beautiful; moreover she is very bright.

11. Namely : yaitu

Contoh : There is only one student who fails the exam,namely Lena.

12. Nevertheless : however = namun demikian

Contoh : She is poor;nevertheless she is happy.

13. On the contrary = on the other hand = sebaliknya

Contoh : He loves rock music; on the contrary his father hates very much.

14. Otherwise : jika tidak

Contoh : Please study hard;otherwise you‘ll fail the exam.

15. Say : taruhlah

Contoh : Can you lend me money;say five thousand rupiahs.

SOAL – SOAL LATIHAN

1. I was l ate because I chugat the wrong bus.

It means I chaught the wrong bus: ___ I was late.
A. although
B. but
C. so that
D. since
E. when

2. ___ his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing exams.
A. Unless
B. Although
C. Instead of
D. Even though
E. Despite

3. I told Tommy to take the recruiting test seriously,___ he would not be accepted.
A. but
B. and
C. so
D. for
E. or

4. ― His two last musical shows were not professionally conducted.‖

―You‘re right; ___ , had contacted Kris, a professional in the entertainment business, for his next show.‖
A. so that
B. in addition
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C. therefore
D. in spite of that
E. moreover

5. My uncle doesn‘t eaern much; ___ he can send his children to college.
A. however
B. and
C. therefore
D. so
E. hence

6. The murder suspects wanted to tell the police the truth; ___, they were afraid.
A. so
B. nevertheless
C. otherwise
D. moreover
E. therefore

7. ―How were you doing in your exam ?‖

―Not very well ___ I studied hard for it.‖
A. while
B. since
C. whenever
D. in spite of
E. even though

8. The government is planning to liquidate several banks soon, ___ very few people know which ones are
they.
A. but
B. or
C. as
D. for
E. so

9. Smoking can be the cause of many illnesses and respiratory disorders: ___ , it may harm non smokers.
A. consequently
B. however
C. in addition
D. nevertheless
E. otherwise

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 BAB VII : PASSIVE VOICE

A. Pengantar
Pola kalimat pasif adalah :
To be + Verb-3
Bentuk – bentuk yang mungkin digunakan adalah : am, is, are, was, were, be dan been.

B. Pembentukan Kalimat Pasif

1. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk Simple Present tense dan simple Past Tense.
Pola :
Am
Is
Are + V-3
Was
Were
Contoh :
A : Hari kicks the ball over the fence.
P : The ball is kicked over the fence.

Bila objeknya berupa objek pronoun, maka dalam kalimat pasifnya harus dikembalikan ke bentuk subjek pronoun
(lihat contoh 1).
Contoh :
A : The police asked me continuously.
P : I was asked continuously.

Apabila dalam satu kalimat aktif terdapat dua obyek, maka keduanya dapat dijadikan sebagai subyek dalam
kalimat pasif.
Contoh :
A : The director tell us a new strategy of marketing.
P1 : We are told a new strategy of marketing.
P2 : a new strategy of marketing is told us.

2. Kalimat pasif dari pola kalimat continuous.

Pola :
Am
Is
Are + being – V3
Was
Were
Contoh :
A : He is polishing the shoes now.
P : The shoes are being polished now.

3. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan modal.

Pola :
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Modal + be + Verb-3
Contoh :
A : He will paint the doors.
P : The doors will be painted.

4. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk present dan past perfect.
Pola :
Have / has / had + been + Verb-3
Contoh :
A : They have finished the job already.
P : the job has been finished already.

5. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat yang menggunakan modal + Perfect

Pola :
Modal + have + been + Verb-3
Contoh :
A : She should not have scolded him in public.
P : he should not have been scolded in public.

6. Kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan (question)

a. Yes / No question
Contoh :
1. A : Does he write an article?
P : Is an article written (by him)?
2. A : He is writing an article
P : Is an article being written (by him)?
3. A : He can write an article
P : Can an article be written (by him)?
4. A : He has written an article
P : Has an article been written (by him)?

Pola kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan adalah sebagai berikut :

Pola I : untuk kalimat yang tidak memiliki modal.
To be + subject + Verb-3
(lihat contoh 1 dan 2)
Pola II : untuk kalimat yang memiliki modal
Modal + subject + be + Verb-3
(lihat contoh 3 dan 4)

b. W-H Question :
Contoh :
A : When does he write an article.
P : When is an article written (by him)?
Pola dasar kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (W-H Question) dapat dibuat hanya
dengan menambahkan kata tanya pada masing-masng pola di atas.
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Contoh lain :
A : Did they kill the famous general in the battle.
P : Was the famous general killed in the battle?
Apabila subyek pada kalimat pasifnya tidak disebutkan, karena mungkin ditanyakan, maka to be pada kalimat
tersebut langsung diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ketiga.(Verb-3).
Contoh :
A : What do they do?
P : What is done by them ?
Alternatif penambahan ―not‖ dalam bentuk negatif adalah sebagai berikut :
A : she is not washing the dishes.
P : Aren‘t the dishes being washed (by her)?

7. Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan impersonal it

Impersonal it digunakan untuk membuat kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan subyek
berupa : people, everybody dan everyone yang diikuti oleh that clause.
Contoh :
A : People say that Indonesia is a developing country.
P : It said that Indonesia is developing country.
Atau : Indonesia is said to be a developing country.
Kata kerja yang biasa digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah acknowledge, claim, find, think, report, believe,
consider, know, say.

8. Bentuk gerund yang mengandung arti pasif

Gerund yang diletakkan setalah kata kerja : need, require, want, won‘t / wouldn‘t, bear mengandung arti pasif.
Contoh :
The garden needs watering = The garden needs to be watering

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. Lessons should ___ more interesting for children.
A. be made
B. being made
C. make
D. makes
E. will make

2. The chickens ___ this morning.

A. were feed
B. were been feed
C. were fed
D. were been fed
E. was been fed

3. The house ___ by the old gardener.

A. will looking after
B. will bw looking after
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C. will looked after
D. will look after
E. will be looked after

4. The window ___ by an unseen hand.

A. has opened
B. will open
C. opened
D. had been opened
E. had opened

5. This gun ___ in Birmingham.

A. was be made
B. was made
C. make
D. was been making
E. was being make

6. The book ___ beautifully.

A. is writing
B. is being written
C. is write
D. being written
E. be written

7. This fish ___ very well.

A. has been cooked
B. has cooked
C. be cooked
D. cooked
E. has being cooked

8. Some ink ___ on the carpet.

A. be spiling
B. being split
C. be split
D. have been split
E. has been split

9. The student ___ a very difficult question by the teacher.

A. has asked
B. asked
C. was asked
D. ask
E. asks
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10. I became quite nervous when I knew that my speech ___.
A. was being recorded
B. to be recording
C. being recorded
D. to be recorded
E. was to record*

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 BAB VIII : ADVERB

A. Adverb of frequency (keterangan keseringan)

Kelompok I = always rarely hardly, sometimes
Ever, scarcerly never, often
Generally, seldom occasionally
Adverb of frequency yang termasuk kelompok I penempatannya dalam kalimat adalah sebelum kata kerja utama.

Contoh :
1. The sun always rises in the east
2. His wife never goes to the shop
3. I can hardly never hear such a song
4. They don‘t often go to bed late
5. He is never advised by this mother
6. Do you usually study last night?
7. Have you ever been to Paris?
8. Does she occasionally arrive at night?

Untuk memberikan jawaban pendek (short responses) bisa diletakkan sebelum to be, to do atau modal.
Contoh :
X : Do you ussually go to school on foot?
Y : Yes, I usually do
: Yes, I sometimes do
: No, I never do
Atau : No, never

Adverb of frequency yang mengandung arti negative seperti : never, hardly, rarely, bisa diletakkan di depan
kalimat untuk menekankan arti, akan tetapi kalimatnya bersususnan inversi.
Contoh :
1. Never has she met us
2. Rarely do we eat rice there
3 Hardly will he write love letters

Apabila kalimatnya memiliki ―have to‖ (harus), adverb of frequency diletakkan di depan suku kata tersebut.
Contoh :
I often have to cook my own breakfast.

Adverb of frequency bisa diletakkan sebelum ‗used to‘ atau antaara ‗used dan to‘.
Contoh :
He always used to help his mother

Kelompok I : every day / week / month / year

Once (sekali) a week / month
Every other day
Now and then
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Again and again

Adverb of frequency yang termasuk dalam kelompok II pada akhir kalimat

Contoh :
We have English Lessons every week

B. Adverb of degree (keterangan tahapan, tingkatan) :

Contoh :
Almost quite nearly only
Enough soon fairly also
Just (hanya) rather extremely merely
Already too

Adverb jenis ini biasa digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective atau yang lain diletakkan di depan kata yang
diterangkan.
Contoh :
It was too hot to work.
‗Enough‘ diletakkan setelah kata yang diterangkan, kecuali jika sebagai adjective (untuk menerangkan kata
benda).
Contoh ;
He didn‘t work quickly enough.

Adverb of degree juga bisa digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja dan diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama.
Contoh :
1. You nearly missed the bus
2. Leni still hopes to meet him
3. They soon found what they wanted
4. The students quite understand the lessons
5. We are merely waiting for the bus.
6. H e didn‘t only know you.
7. The post have already come.

‗Only‘ memiliki posisi yang bervariasi, kata ini diletakkan berdekatan dengan kata yang diterangkan.
Contoh :
He only had an apple (not anything else).

C. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara)

Pada umumnya adverb of manner dibentuk dari adjective + ly
Contoh : Adjective Adverb
Careful carefully
Lazy lazily
Kecuali :
Ada beberapa adjective yang dijadikan sebagai adverb tanpa harus menambahkan akhiran-ly, yaitu:
Deep early much
Far high little
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Fast low leisurely
Hard late near
Contoh :
It is a fast train.(adj)
The train fast.(adv)

Adverb of manner diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah objek, jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek.
Contoh :
He studies hard.
He studies English hard.

D. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat).

Adverb of place diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah obyek langsung jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek.
Contoh :
They played there
They played football there.

Keterangan tempat yang spesifik diletakkan sebelum keterangan tempat yang lebih luas.
Contoh :
They worked in room 10 in the hotel.

E. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu).

Contoh :
Then now everyday
Still soon at seven
Yet last week next week

Pada umumnya adverb of time diletakkan pada akhir kalimat, tetapi jika digunakan untuk menekanakan makna
bisa juga pada awal kalimat. Khusus untuk ‗still‘ diletakkan sebelum kata kerja atau setelah to be.
Contoh :
He will come here tommorow
Tommorow he will come here

Adverb of time yang lebih pendek jangka waktunya diletakkan sebelum adverb of time yang lebih lama.
Contoh :
We arrived at five o‘clock yesterday.

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. I did not go anywhere last holiday ___.
A. I stayed at only home
B. I stayed only at home
C. I only stayed at home
D. I stayed only at home.
E. only I stayed at home
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2. The days were short ___ it was December.
A. despite
B. in spite
C. so that
D. for
E. unless

3. He seems ___ that his eyes are red.

A. such a sad
B. such sad
C. such sadly
D. so sad
E. so sadly

4. Aisyah looks much ___ she really is.

A. young as
B. younger than
C. as young as
D. more young than
E. young than

5. She brings her umbrella ___ she goes.

A. because
B. so that
C. until
D. wherever
E. where

6. The flower is ___ that I can‘t resist smelling it.

A. such odour
B. such odorous
C. so odorous
D. such an odorous
E. so an odorous

7. She acts ___ she were the boss of the company.

A. whenever
B. in order that
C. as if
D. because
E. although

8. She doesn‘t go to school ___ she is sick.

A. whenever
B. so that
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C. despite
D. because of
E. although

9. ___ you meet Uni, please give this letter to her.

A. Unless
B. Because
C. Although
D. If
E. So that

10. he left the house early ___ not to be late.

A. as if
B. although
C. in order
D. because
E. so that

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 BAB IX : VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION

A. Adjective
Ciri-ciri adjective
Adjective (kata sifat) dalam suatu frase atau kalimat dapat diketahui dengan beberapa cara antara lain :

1.Inflectional suffixes :-er, -est, more-, most- :

Contoh : tall taller tallest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Tambahan more dan most bisa digunakan dengan adverb (kata keterangan)

2. Position :
a. Setelah linking verb : look, sound, seem, appear, grow, feel.
Contoh : He looks taller than his brother.
b. Antara determiner dan kata benda :
Contoh : An interesting book
c. Setelah to be : am, is, are, were, be.
Contoh : Durian are plentiful here

B. Derivational Suffixes
Suffix : Contoh :
-y sandy, wealthy -ed tired, -en--golden
-ly friendly, weekly -ent different, -ant  pleasant
-ful beautiful, painful -able reasonable, -ible sensible
-less careless, worthless -ive, -ative, tive active, imaginative
-ous,-ious dangerous, delicious -ing interesting, tiring
-al, -tal, -ial,-tial accidental, differential
-ic, -etic, -atic basic, symphathetic
-ish, childish, reddish

SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN

The text for number 1 to 5

As a young man, Bela Lugosi was ___(1) and famous, but as he grew older, his ___(2) and his wealth
disappeared. Audiences had come to associate him so ___(3) with the role of Count Dracula that producers were
___(4) to star him in any other films. Once the Dracula films were no longer popular,Lugosi was unable to find
work, and his debt began to increase. Forgotten by Hollywood and his fans, Lugosi became addicted to drugs,
and the last few years of his ___(5) were filled with poverty and bitterness.

1. A. rich
B. richly
C. richness
D. enrich
E. enrichment

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2. A. fame
B. famous
C. famously
D. famed
E. famely

3. A. strong
B. strongly
C. strength
D. strengthen
E. strengthened

4. A. hesitate
B. hesitation
C. hesitant
D. hesitantly
E. hesitance

5. A. live
B. life
C. alive
D. lively
E. livelihood

This text for number 6 to 10

In an age of supersonic, it is difficult to imagine that at the beginning of the twentieth century, no one had ever
flown in an aero plane. ____(6), people were flying in balloons and airships. The airship was ____(7) on the
principle of the semi-rigid structure. In 1900, Ferdinand von Zeppelin fitted a petrol engine to a rigid balloon.
The craft was the first really ____(8) airship. In 1919, an airship first carried passengers across the Atlantic, and
in 1929, one traveled round the world during this time the design of airship was constantly being ____(9) and up
to 1937 they ____(10) thousands of passengers on regular transatlantic services for million of miles.

6. A. in addition
B. next
C. however
D. furthermore
E. consequently

7. A. located
B. based
C. supported
D. decided
E. originated

8. A. success
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B. succeed
C. succeeded
D. successful
E. successfully

9. A. repaired
B. encouraged
C. recovered
D. established
E. improved

10. A. applied
B. lifted
C. sent
D. delivered
E. carried

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 Reading Comprehension

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Meeting 1

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Exercise 1

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Meeting 2

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Task 2

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Exercise 2

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Meeting 3

Cryptography - what is cryptography?

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Meeting 4

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Exercise 4

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Meeting 5

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Exercise 5

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Meeting 6

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Exercise 6

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