Cyber-physical system adalah salah satu aspek dalam cyber-system revolusi industri 4.0.

Sistem
ini memungkinkan terhubungnya alat yang berbentuk fisik dengan jaringan internet. Bahkan
sistem ini pun memungkinkan adanya kontrol dan respons dari internet kepada mesin berbentuk
fisik melalui actuator dan sensor. Actuator merupakan alat kendali yang dapat digunakan untuk
mengontrol penggunaan sebuah alat dari jarak jauh (Refsdal, Solhaug, Stolen, 2015).

Cyber-physical system merujuk pada sistem yang berbentuk fisik, seperti produk yang natural
dan alat yang dibuat manusia berbentuk fisik dan dioperasikan dari waktu ke waktu. Alat yang
berbentuk fisik menjadi sebuah cyber-physical system karena adanya integrasi dari komputasi,
komunikasi, dan kontrol terhadap proses fisik dan adanya feedback dari proses tersebut.

Sistem ini sangat menarik karena menjadi dasar bagi pengembangan berbagai kemampuan dari
sebuah produk. Mulai dari desain produk, pembuatan prototype, membuat diagnosis, monitoring,
pro aktif dan predictive maintenance, melakukan tracking informasi, hingga membuat
perencanaan dan inovasi. Hal tersebut membuat banyak industri melakukan investasi untuk
mengembangkan cyber-physical system untuk industri nya.

Cyber-physical system dapat digunakan untuk membangun jaringan produksi, kendaraan yang
menggunakan remote control, smart home, dan berbagai sistem yang digunakan dengan
memanfaatkan jaringan internet, sensor, dan actuator. Cyber-Physical System mendapat
perhatian dari berbagai industri. Maka dapat dikatakan bahwa berbagai kemampuan tersebut
menjadi dasar yang dapat dikembangkan menjadi berbagai layanan cerdas, seperti smart energy,
smart services, smart facilities, smart factory, dan lain-lain.
 Gambar 1. Gambaran Cyber-Physical System

Gambar 1 menunjukkan bagaimana jaringan internet mampu menghubungkan controller, sensor,

dan actuator. Terdapat hubungan timbal balik dari jaringan internet ke physical world, dalam hal
ini adalah sensor dan actuator. Di jaringan internet terdapat berbagai data yang dapat
diidentifikasi, diolah, dan klasifikasikan oleh sensor dan actuator. Selanjutnya melalui controller
dapat diberikan perintah pengambilan data, pengolahan data, bahkan penggunaan berbagai data
tersebut. Data dalam ini dapat berbagai macam sektor dan tujuannya, baik untuk industri,
lembaga sosial, lembaga pemerintah, hingga untuk hiburan.

Dalam pengembangan cyber-physical system terdapat beberapa aspek yang perlu di perhatikan
mulai dari pengembangan metode, teknologi, serta biaya yang efektif. Negara-negara yang
selama ini memiliki industri manufaktur pasti ingin mengembangkan cyber-physical system
untuk meningkatkan produktivitasnya, termasuk Indonesia. Maka dalam prosesnya dibutuhkan
perhatian dalam hal analisis, desain, memahami interaksi antara sistem kontrol dengan tenaga
kerja, jaminan keamanan, stabilitas, dan performa, serta meminimalisir biaya yang akan dibayar
oleh konsumen.
Selain itu, dalam konteks Indonesia juga masih dibutuhkan penelitian dan pengembangan terkait
cyber-physical system. Menurut Baheti dan Gill (2011), walaupun cyber-physical system telah
berkembang, tetap dibutuhkan penelitian terkait diversifikasi model dan komponen dari cyber-
physical system yang tepat. Serta pendekatan yang ideal untuk melakukan perubahan dari
penggunaan teknologi biasanya menjadi maksimalisasi cyber-physical system. Kajian yang juga
penting untuk dilakukan yaitu mengembangkan alat yang dapat diandalkan dan dapat
dikonfigurasi ulang dalam banyak aplikasi.

https://forbil.org/id/article/159/cyber-physical-system-remote-control-era-revolusi-industri-40

diakses pukul 12:27 WIB

A cyber-mental (also styled cyberphysical) system (CPS) is a system in which a mechanism is
controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms. In cyber-physical systems, physical and
software components are deeply intertwined, able to operate on different spatial and temporal
scales, exhibit multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interact with each other in ways
that change with context.[1] Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile
systems, medical monitoring, industrial control systems, robotics systems, and automatic pilot
avionics.[2]

CPS involves transdisciplinary approaches, merging theory of cybernetics, mechatronics, design

and process science.[3][4][5] The process control is often referred to as embedded systems. In
embedded systems, the emphasis tends to be more on the computational elements, and less on an
intense link between the computational and physical elements. CPS is also similar to the Internet
of Things (IoT), sharing the same basic architecture; nevertheless, CPS presents a higher
combination and coordination between physical and computational elements.[6]

Precursors of cyber-physical systems can be found in areas as diverse as aerospace, automotive,

chemical processes, civil infrastructure, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, transportation,
entertainment, and consumer appliances.[2]

Unlike more traditional embedded systems, a full-fledged CPS is typically designed as a network
of interacting elements with physical input and output instead of as standalone devices.[7] The
notion is closely tied to concepts of robotics and sensor networks with intelligence mechanisms
proper of computational intelligence leading the pathway. Ongoing advances in science and
engineering improve the link between computational and physical elements by means of
intelligent mechanisms, increasing the adaptability, autonomy, efficiency, functionality,
reliability, safety, and usability of cyber-physical systems.[8] This will broaden the potential of
cyber-physical systems in several directions, including: intervention (e.g., collision avoidance);
precision (e.g., robotic surgery and nano-level manufacturing); operation in dangerous or
inaccessible environments (e.g., search and rescue, firefighting, and deep-sea exploration);
coordination (e.g., air traffic control, war fighting); efficiency (e.g., zero-net energy buildings);
and augmentation of human capabilities (e.g. in healthcare monitoring and delivery).[

Mobile cyber-physical systems, in which the physical system under study has inherent mobility,
are a prominent subcategory of cyber-physical systems. Examples of mobile physical systems
include mobile robotics and electronics transported by humans or animals. The rise in popularity
of smartphones has increased interest in the area of mobile cyber-physical systems. Smartphone
platforms make ideal mobile cyber-physical systems for a number of reasons, including:

 Significant computational resources, such as processing capability, local storage

 Multiple sensory input/output devices, such as touch screens, cameras, GPS chips,
speakers, microphone, light sensors, proximity sensors
 Multiple communication mechanisms, such as WiFi, 4G, EDGE, Bluetooth for
interconnecting devices to either the Internet, or to other devices
 High-level programming languages that enable rapid development of mobile CPS node
software, such as Java,[10] C#, or JavaScript
  Readily-available application distribution mechanisms, such as Google Play Store and
Apple App Store
 End-user maintenance and upkeep, including frequent re-charging of the battery

For tasks that require more resources than are locally available, one common mechanism for
rapid implementation of smartphone-based mobile cyber-physical system nodes utilizes the
network connectivity to link the mobile system with either a server or a cloud environment,
enabling complex processing tasks that are impossible under local resource constraints.[11]
Examples of mobile cyber-physical systems include applications to track and analyze CO 2
emissions,[12] detect traffic accidents, insurance telematics[13] and provide situational awareness
services to first responders,[14][15] measure traffic,[16] and monitor cardiac patients.[

Common applications of CPS typically fall under sensor-based communication-enabled

autonomous systems. For example, many wireless sensor networks monitor some aspect of the
environment and relay the processed information to a central node. Other types of CPS include
smart grid,[18] autonomous automotive systems, medical monitoring, process control systems,
distributed robotics, and automatic pilot avionics.

A real-world example of such a system is the Distributed Robot Garden at MIT in which a team
of robots tend a garden of tomato plants. This system combines distributed sensing (each plant is
equipped with a sensor node monitoring its status), navigation, manipulation and wireless
networking.[19]

A focus on the control system aspects of CPS that pervade critical infrastructure can be found in
the efforts of the Idaho National Laboratory and collaborators researching resilient control
systems. This effort takes a holistic approach to next generation design, and considers the
resilience aspects that are not well quantified, such as cyber security, [20] human interaction and
complex interdependencies.

Another example is MIT's ongoing CarTel project where a fleet of taxis work by collecting real-
time traffic information in the Boston area. Together with historical data, this information is then
used for calculating fastest routes for a given time of the day. [21]

In industry domain, the cyber-physical systems empowered by Cloud technologies have led to
novel approaches[22][23][24] that paved the path to Industry 4.0 as the European Commission IMC-
AESOP project with partners such as Schneider Electric, SAP, Honeywell, Microsoft etc.
demonstrated.

Cyber-physical models for future manufacturing—With the motivation a cyber-physical system,

a "coupled-model" approach was developed.[25] The coupled model is a digital twin of the real
machine that operates in the cloud platform and simulates the health condition with an integrated
knowledge from both data driven analytical algorithms as well as other available physical
knowledge. The coupled model first constructs a digital image from the early design stage.
System information and physical knowledge are logged during product design, based on which a
simulation model is built as a reference for future analysis. Initial parameters may be statistically
generalized and they can be tuned using data from testing or the manufacturing process using
parameter estimation. The simulation model can be considered as a mirrored image of the real
machine, which is able to continuously record and track machine condition during the later
utilization stage. Finally, with ubiquitous connectivity offered by cloud computing technology,
the coupled model also provides better accessibility of machine condition for factory managers
in cases where physical access to actual equipment or machine data is limited. These features
pave the way toward implementing cyber manufacturing.[

A challenge in the development of embedded and cyber-physical systems is the large differences
in the design practice between the various engineering disciplines involved, such as software and
mechanical engineering. Additionally, as of today there is no "language" in terms of design
practice that is common to all the involved disciplines in CPS. Today, in a marketplace where
rapid innovation is assumed to be essential, engineers from all disciplines need to be able to
explore system designs collaboratively, allocating responsibilities to software and physical
elements, and analyzing trade-offs between them. Recent advances show that coupling
disciplines by using co-simulation will allow disciplines to cooperate without enforcing new
tools or design methods.[28] Results from the MODELISAR project show that this approach is
viable by proposing a new standard for co-simulation in the form of the Functional Mock-up
Interface.

Designing and deploying a cyber-physical production system can be done based on the 5C
architecture (connection, conversion, cyber, cognition, and configuration). [29] In the
"Connection" level, devices can be designed to self-connect and self-sensing for its behavior. In
the "Conversion" level, data from self-connected devices and sensors are measuring the features
of critical issues with self-aware capabilities, machines can use the self-aware information to
self-predict its potential issues. In the "Cyber" level, each machine is creating its own "twin" by
using these instrumented features and further characterize the machine health pattern based on a
"Time-Machine" methodology. The established "twin" in the cyber space can perform self-
compare for peer-to-peer performance for further synthesis. In the "Cognition" level, the
outcomes of self-assessment and self-evaluation will be presented to users based on an
"infographic" meaning to show the content and context of the potential issues. In the
"Configuration" level, the machine or production system can be reconfigured based on the
priority and risk criteria to achieve resilient performance. [30]

The original twin model idea came from, [31] in which a physical operation was coupled with a
virtual operation by means of an intelligent reasoning agent. The detailed version of this concept
is presented in

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber-physical_system

diakses pada pukul 12:30