Kegiatan 1

“IMUNITAS NONSPESIFIK”

Waktu pengerjaan : 60 menit

Alat dan Bahan : kertas, bolpoin, sumber belajar pendukung
Indikator : Menganalisis mekanisme imunitas nonspesifik

Petunjuk Umum

1. Berdoalah sebelum mengerjakan kegiatan.

2. Kerjakan LKPD dengan kreatif, teliti, pantang menyerah, dan tepat waktu.
3. Berdiskuslah dengan anggota kelompok untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang disajikan.
4. Bertanyalah kepada guru apabila terdapat instruksi/ informasi yang kurang jelas.

Orientasi Masalah
Bacalah informasi berikut untuk memulai kegiatan!

Setiap saat tubuh kita berhadapan dengan berbagai jenis agen penyebab penyakit
atau patogen. Selama ini dikenali empat kategori besar mikroorganisme penyebab
penyakit, atau patogen yaitu: virus, bakteri dan archaea, jamur, dan organisme eukariotik
uniseluler dan multiseluler yang secara umum disebut parasit. Patogen sangat bervariasi
dalam ukuran dan bagaimana mereka merusak jaringan tubuh manusia (Murphy dan
Casey, 2017: 5). Berikut digambarkan masing-masing patogen berdasarkan ukurannya.

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 (Murphy dan Casey, 2017: 5).

Patogen yang paling kecil adalah virus dan merupakan patogen intraseluler. Virus
bisa langsung membunuh sel dengan menginduksi lisis selama replikasi. Patogen dengan
ukuran lebih besar dari virus adalah bakteri dan mikobakteri. Organisme ini membunuh sel
secara langsung atau merusak sel dengan memproduksi racun. Patogen terbesar yaitu
cacing parasit. Cacing (helminth) terlalu besar untuk menginfeksi sel, tetapi dapat melukai
jaringan dengan membentuk kista dan bermigrasi kedalam jaringan. Tidak semua
mikroorganisme adalah patogen. Banyak jaringan terutama kulit, mukosa mulut,
konjungtiva, dan saluran pencernaan oleh komunitas mikroba yang disebut mikrobioma/
mikoorganise komensal (Murphy dan Casey, 2017: 5). Ibarat sebuah kastil, tubuh
memiliki mekanisme pertahanan untuk mencegah penjajah menghancurkannya.

(Vinicus, 2012).

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 Merumuskan Masalah
Berdasarkan informasi di atas, tuliskan permasalahan yang kalian temukan!

1. Bagaimana respon tubuh manusia mengahadapi serangan patogen?

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Jawaban permasalahan
Carilah sumber belajar dan data pendukung untuk menjawab permasalahan yang kalian temukan!

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Diskusi dan Aplikasi Konsep

Untuk memperdalam konsep imunitas nonspesisfik, berdiskusilah dengan anggota
kelompok dan jawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut!

1. Manusia memiliki bagian seperti hidung, mulut, dan

telinga. Bagaimana bila ada debu dan mikroba yang
masuk ke dalam bagian tersebut?
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.................................................................................................. (Saudavel, 2018).

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2. Apa yang menyebabkan bersin? Apa saja manfaat
bersin bagi kesehatan?
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.............................................................................................. (Sadanoer, 2017)

3. Setiap orang tentu pernah mengalami kemasukan

benda asing ke dalam mata atau biasa disebut
‘kelilipan’. Bagaimana tubuh kita merespon
terhadap masuknya benda asing tersebut ke mata
kita?
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(Majalah Parenting, 2015)
4. Perhatikan gambar berikut!
Lutut pasien terlihat terluka dan
berdarah. Melalui robekan kulit atau luka
yang terbuka tadi akan masuk mikroba-
mikroba asing ke dalam tubuh. Bagaimana
mekanisme tubuh mengatasi hal tersebut?

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(Ramadhani, 2015)
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5. Perhatikan gambar di bawah ini!
Kasus yang terlihat pada gambar di
samping biasa dikenal dengan istilah
‘cantengan’. Apa penyebab cantengan?
Bagaimana tubuh merespon terhadap hal
tersebut? Bila cantengan sudah hampir
sembuh biasanya terdapat cairan putih
kekuningan dengan bau tidak sedap yang
keluar dari daerah yang luka. Dari mana
asal cairan tersebut?

(Berita Harian, 2017)

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6. Di bawah ini merupakan mekanisme kerja interferon. Apa perbedaan yang terjadi pada
sel 1 dengan sel 2?

(Cummings, 2000: 341)

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7. Andi bermain ke kebun untuk mengambil daun

tanaman yang akan digunakan bermain masak-
masakan bersama Tuti. Tanpa sengaja ia
mengganggu sarang lebah. Lebah tersebut
menyengat daerah sekitar mata kirinya. Bagian
yang digigit lebah menjadi bengkak, terasa panas
dan sakit. Jelaskan mekanisme imunitas yang
terlibat pada kasus tersebut!

(Wilson, 2016)
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8. Mikrobioma adalah komponen dari garis pertahanan pertama.

Bagaimana makanan/ minuman probiotik yang mengandung
sejumlah besar bakteri nonpatogenik berpotensi membantu
dalam pertahanan terhadap penyakit?
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....................................................................................................................... (Yakult Indonesia, 2017)
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 SIMPULAN
Dari analisis dan diskusi yang telah dilakukan, simpulan apa yang dapat diambil?

REFLEKSI

1. Bagaimana pendapat kalian setelah mempelajari dan menganalisis permasalahan

mengenai materi imunitas nonspesifik?

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2. Bagaimana pendapat kalian mengenai proses pembelajaran pada pertemuan pertama?

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 Tahukah kalian bahwa peradangan atau inflamasi
memiliki peran yang sangat besar terhadap kesehatan manusia?
Selain memegang peranan terpenting dalam sistem pertahanan
tubuh, peradangan menjadi salah satu penyebab utama beberapa
penyakit seperti jantung, stroke, diabetes tipe II, alzheimer, dan
berbagai macam kanker apabila berlangsung dalam jangka yang
lama (peradangan kronis) sehingga disebut sebagai “Secret
Killer” (Jansen, 2013). Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, kalian
dapat mengunjungi http://www.ask-jansen.com/inflamasi-
kronis/.

(Ana, 2017).

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