TUGAS BIOGEOGRAFI

REVIEW JURNAL

OLEH

MUHAMMAD IHSAN

21136063

SEKSI 2022211360057

DOSEN

DEDED CHANDRA, S.si, M.si

PRODI GEOGRAFI NK

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2022
JURNAL NASIONAL EVOLUSI

Judul EVOLUSI DOKTRIN PERTAHANAN INDONESIA SEBAGAI NEGARA

MARITIM
Nama Jurnal JURNAL NOKEN ILMU-ILMU SOSIAL
Volume dan halaman VOL. 7 No.1 HAL. 1-13
Tahun 2021
Penulis Muhammad Khusna Bayu Hardianto
Reviewer Muhammad Ihsan
Tanggal Reviw JUMAT-11-NOVEMBER-2022
Latar Belakang Pada masa pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo, Kebijakan Luar Negeri
Indonesia berfokus pada kesadaran bahwa Indonesia merupakan sebuah negara
kepulauan. Posisi Indonesia sangat strategis secara geografis, geopolitik dan
geoekonomi baik di tingkat regional maupun global.
Permasalahan Selain memiliki peluang untuk maju melalui ambisi Poros Maritim Dunia,
Indonesia juga menghadapi ancaman yang besar. Mulai dari masalah klasik
sengketa perbatasan, hingga masalah kejahatan lintas batas atau kejahatan
transnasional seperti terorisme, perompakan dan pembajakan di laut,
perdagangan manusia, penyelundupan dan peredaran narkoba.
Tujuan Penelitian Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk memahami sistem pertahanan
Indonesia, terutama di era pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo yang berfokus
pada keamanan maritim dan pertahanan laut.
Metodologi Penelitian Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan
deduktif. Metode ini digunakan dalam penelitian yang secara epistemologis
bersifat interpretivis dan secara ontologis bersifat konstruktivis.
Hasil Penelitian Pembahasan mengenai Revolusi Militer yang terjadi di Indonesia dalam
konteks tulisan ini yaitu terkait perubahan dalam doktrin militer TNI. Untuk
memahami sejauh mana perubahan doktrin yang terjadi di Indonesia sebagai
negara maritim, pertama-tama penting untuk melihat perkembangan dan arah
kebijakan pertahanan negara. Perkembangan angkatan bersenjata Indonesia
sejak masa kemerdekaan hingga era globalisasi pasca perang dingin
merupakan sejarah yang panjang. Berbagai perubahan dan dinamika ancaman
yang dihadapi Indonesia mau tidak mau harus dihadapi dan disikapi dengan
berbagai penyesuaian dalam tubuh angkatan bersenjata yaitu Tentara Nasional
Indonesia (TNI). Dalam sistem pertahanan Indonesia, sebagaimana diatur
dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2002 tentang Pertahanan Negara, TNI
menjadi komponen utama negara dalam menghadapi ancaman militer. Dalam
rangka melaksanakan fungsi sebagai komponen utama tersebut, TNI didukung
oleh adanya komponen cadangan dan komponen pendukung.
Objek Penelitian Artikel ini menjelaskan perubahan-perubahan doktrin militer yang terjadi di
Indonesia
Kelebihan Jurnal Jurnal ini mudah di pahami dan tidak membuat reviwer susah memahaminya.
Kekurangan Jurnal Jurnal ini tidak menampilkan gambar yang ditentukan
JURNAL INTERNASIONAL EVOLUSI

Judul PLASTICITY AND ROBUSTNESS IN DEVELOPMENT AND

EVOLUTION
Nama Jurnal International Journal of Epidemiology
Volume dan Halaman Volume 41, Halaman 219–223
Tahun 2012
Penulis • Patrick Bateson
• Peter Gluckman
Reviewer Muhammad Ihsan
Tanggal Reviw JUMAT-11-NOVEMBER-2022
Latar Belakang Biology presents many wonders, but one of the most remarkable is how a
complex multicellular organism grows from a single cell. Until recently, the
processes involved seemed largely beyond understanding and, even now, much
remains to be discovered. Nevertheless, some factual certainties have been
self-evident for a long time. An egg taken from a duck’s nest and incubated by
a hen does not hatch out as a different species from its biological mother.
Permasalahan Many of its characteristics were latent from the moment its mother’s egg was
fertilized by its father’s sperm. These ‘robust’ constancies of development are
profound and real. At the same time, the hatched duckling is capable of
adapting to many challenges posed by its environment. It can cope with
disabilities generated by accidents or disease. It can learn to recognize
particular members of its species and acquire preferences for particular foods
that are available to it. The plasticity of the bird is as remarkable as its
robustness
Tujuan Penelitian The persistence of alternative developmental tactics based on the processes of
developmental plasticity, whether manifest as distinct polymorphisms (such as
the worker or queen bee, both of which are derived from the diploid
chromosomal female embryo) or a continuous range of phenotypes (sometimes
termed the reaction norm5 ), is found throughout the animal and plant
kingdoms. Their persistence implies that they have assisted individuals in the
lineage to survive and reproduce successfully.
Metodologi Penelitian More subtle trade-offs also exist. In response to maternal cues, offspring can
make subtle changes in their physiological development in expectation of
increasing the probability of survival and reproductive success in an
anticipated later environment. Such responses are adaptive when the mother’s
condition predicts accurately the environment in which her offspring is likely
to live but leads to both short-term and long-term health and survival problems
when it does not.
Hasil Penelitian When the processes generating robustness and plasticity are examined in
greater detail, they are both found to comprise a suite of different mechanisms
acting at various levels of biological organization from the gene to the
organism.1 Many different processes are involved in generating robust
outcomes and many different forms of plasticity can be recognized.
Objek Penelitian A willingness to move between the different levels of analysis has become
essential for an understanding of development and evolution. Simplifications
are necessary as aids to discovery. Even so, the notion that the organism’s
characteristics are based on two sources of instruction, one from within and
one from without, is far too simplistic. Other metaphors such as the supposed
hard-wiring of the brain or the blueprint for development are equally
 unhelpful. The conventional opposition of nature and nurture relates to two
different domains and should not be contrasted directly; indeed, one is a state
and the other a process. Nature properly refers to the fully developed
characteristics of an organism and these will depend on circumstances, and
nurture should refer to the ways in which those characteristics were derived
through development
Kelebihan Jurnal This journal is easy to understand and does not make it difficult for reviwer to
understand it
Kekurangan Jurnal This journal does not display the specified image