ANALISIS PENGARUH BESARAN NILAI ENTHALPHI DAN

ENTROPHI TERHADAP KINERJA PEMBANGKIT

DI PLTU

Eko Alfiandi*
Siti Anisah, ST. MT**
Hamdani, ST. MT**
Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi

ABSTRAK

Inti dari pembahasan termodinamika adalah bagaimana energi dalam bentuk

panas dapat mengalir dari satu benda ke benda lain, proses dari aliran energi tersebut,
dan akibat yang dihasikan oleh perpindahan energi tersebut. Seluruh fenomena
tersebut dapat dijelaskan dengan hukum-hukum dan persamaan-persamaan, sehingga
variabel-variabel terpenting yang mempengaruhi termodinamika adalah suhu, kalor,
energi, tekanan, dan volume. Pada “PLTU PT. Permata Hijau Palm Oleo (PHPO)”
dengan efisiensi saluran perpipaan sebesar 95% menghasilkan output tekanan uap
sebesar 14,62 kg/detik. Kapasitas boiler 75 ton/jam dengan tekanan 68,6 Bar pada
suhu kerja 470O C dengan nilai entalpi 3.339,42 serta nilai entropi 6,713, maka
menghasilkan daya boiler sebesar 16 MW dan daya turbin 13,5 MW serta daya listrik
12,43 MW. Dengan kapasitas dan tekanan boiler yang sama, namun suhu kerja 450 O
C dengan nilai entalpi 3.290,34 serta nilai entropi 6,647, maka menghasilkan daya
boiler sebesar 15,6 MW dan daya turbin 13,16 MW serta daya listrik 12,11 MW.
Perubahan daya yang dihasilkan dipengaruhi dari nilai entalphi dan entrophi yang
berdasarkan pada masing-masing suhu pada boiler.

Kata Kunci : Entalpi, entropi, suhu, boiler, daya

* Mahasiswa Program Studi Teknik Elektro : ekoalfiandi.pelindo1@gmail.com

** Dosen Program Studi Teknik Elektro
 ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF ELTHALPHI AND ENTROPY
VALUES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER PLANTS IN
STEAM POWER PLANTS

Eko Alfiandi*
Siti Anisah, ST. MT**
Hamdani, ST. MT**
University of Pembangunan Panca Budi

ABSTRACT

The core of the discussion of thermodynamics is how energy in the form of heat can
flow from one object to another, the process of that energy flow, and the
consequences produced by the transfer of energy. All of these phenomena can be
explained by laws and equations, so that the most important variables affecting
thermodynamics are temperature, heat, energy, pressure, and volume. At “PLTU PT.
Permata Hijau Palm Oleo (PHPO)” with a pipeline efficiency of 95%, it produces a
steam pressure output of 14.62 kg/second. The boiler capacity is 75 tons/hour with a
pressure of 68.6 Bar at a working temperature of 470O C with an enthalpy value of
3,339.42 and an entropy value of 6.713, resulting in a boiler power of 16 MW and a
turbine power of 13.5 MW and an electrical power of 12.43 MW. With the same
boiler capacity and pressure, but with a working temperature of 450°C with an
enthalpy value of 3,290.34 and an entropy value of 6.647, it produces a boiler power
of 15.6 MW and a turbine power of 13.16 MW and an electrical power of 12.11 MW.
The resulting power change is influenced by the enthalpy and entropy values based
on each temperature in the boiler.

Keywords : Enthalphy, entropy, temperature, boiler, power

* Student of Electrical Engineering Study Program: ekoalfiandi.pelindo1@gmail.com

** Lecturer of Electrical Engineering Study Program
 KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur kepada Allah SWT, atas segala rahmat, hidayah, dan karunianya

sehingga skripsi ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Pada kesempatan ini, penulis

ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang setulusnya kepada semua pihak yang

telah memberikan bantuan baik berupa bimbingan, dorongan motivasi, arahan serta

doa selama proses penulisan skripsi ini. Selain itu ucapan terima kasih juga penulis

sampaikan kepada :

1. Bapak, Dr. H. Muhammad Isa Indrawan, SE.,MM, selaku Rektor Universitas

Pembangunan Panca Budi.

2. Bapak Hamdani, S.T.,M.T, selaku Dekan Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi dan

Dosen pembimbing II Program Studi Teknik Elektro Universitas

Pembangunan Panca Budi.

3. Ibu Siti Anisah, ST.,MT, selaku Kepala dan Dosen Pembimbing I Program

Studi Teknik Elektro Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi.

4. Kepada orang tua tercinta, yang telah memberikan dukungan moril serta

materil dalam pelaksanaan pembuatan skripsi ini.

5. Seluruh teman-teman Jurusan Teknik Elektro Konsentrasi Teknik Energi

Listrik Universitas Pembangunan Panca Budi.

6. Semua pihak yang tidak saya sebutkan satu persatu, yang telah memberikan

bantuan pelaksanaan penelitian dan penyusunan laporan ini, semoga segala

bentuk bantuanyang telah diberikan menjadi amal ibadah dan bernilai pahala

di sisi Allah SWT.

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 Skripsi ini masih banyak kekurangan maka dari itu sangat besar harapan

peneliti adanya masukan dan saran dari pembaca demi perbaikan pada proposal

skripsi ini, dan pada akhirnya peneliti juga berharap semoga sebuah karya ilmiah

yang telah ditulis ini dapat memberikan manfaat yang positif bagi siapa saja yang

membacanya.

Medan, .................................... 2022

EKO ALFIANDI
NPM. 1924210139

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 DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
KATA PENGANTAR .............................................................................................................i
DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................................... iiii
DAFTAR TABEL ..................................................................................................................v
DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................................................vi
DAFTAR RUMUS .............................................................................................................. vii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang ........................................................................................................1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ...................................................................................................2
1.3 Batasan Masalah .....................................................................................................2
1.4 Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................................................3
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................................3
1.6 Metode Penelitian ...................................................................................................3
BAB 2 PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA UAP..............................................................5
2.1 Boiler ......................................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Komponen Utama Boiler .........................................................................8
2.1.2 Klasifikasi Boiler .................................................................................... 11
2.1.3 Air Umpan Boiler ................................................................................... 15
2.1.4 Pengolahan Eksternal Air Umpan Boiler ............................................ 18
2.2 Turbin ................................................................................................................... 24
2.2.1 Komponen Utama Turbin ..................................................................... 24
2.2.2 Klasifikasi Turbin Uap .......................................................................... 26
2.3 Komponen PLTU PT. PHPO Kim 2 Mabar....................................................... 28
2.3.1 Air Murni (Air Demin)......................................................................... 28
2.3.2 Ketel Uap (Boiler) ................................................................................. 30
2.3.3 Condensor .............................................................................................. 31
2.3.4 Condensate Pump .................................................................................. 31
2.3.5 Gland Steam Heater ............................................................................. 32
2.3.6 Low Pressure Heater (LPH) ................................................................. 33
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 2.3.7 Deaerator ............................................................................................... 33
2.3.8 Boiler Feed Pump (BFP) ....................................................................... 34
2.3.9 Economizer ........................................................................................... 34
2.3.10 Boiler Drum ........................................................................................... 35
2.3.11 Prinsip Kerja Boiler Air Flow Control ................................................ 35
2.3.12 LTS dan HTS ......................................................................................... 38
2.3.13 Spray Water ........................................................................................... 38
2.3.14 Turbin .................................................................................................... 38
2.3.15 Generator ............................................................................................... 39
2.3.14 Busbar .................................................................................................... 40
BAB 3 TERMODINAMIKA ............................................................................................ 441
3.1 Siklus Rankine ...................................................................................................... 42
3.2 Sistem Perpindahan Panas .................................................................................. 46
3.2.1 Proses Pemanasan Air .......................................................................... 47
3.3 Perhitungan Siklus Rankine ............................................................................... 50
BAB 4 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................ 55
4.1 Data Primer ......................................................................................................... 55
4.2 Analisa Kerja PLTU............................................................................................ 59
4.2.1 Perhitungan PLTU 68,6 Bar Dengan Suhu 470O C ........................... 59
4.2.2 Perhitungan PLTU 68,6 Bar Dengan Suhu 450O C ............................ 62
BAB 5 PENUTUP ................................................................................................................ 67
5.1 Kesimpulan ........................................................................................................... 67
5.2 Saran ..................................................................................................................... 67
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN

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 DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Baku Mutu Air Umpan Boiler .....................................................................................16
Tabel 2.2 Syarat Air Pengisi Ketel Dan Air Ketel .......................................................................16
Tabel 2.3 Data Steam Boiler ........................................................................................................30
Tabel 2.4 Data Deaerator .............................................................................................................33
Tabel 2.5 Data Turbin ..................................................................................................................38
Tabel 2.6 Data Generator.............................................................................................................39
Tabel 4.1 Spesifikasi Boiler .........................................................................................................55
Tabel 4.2 Kebutuhan Uap PLTU 75 ton/jam ...............................................................................55
Tabel 4.3 Uap Panas Lanjut Tekanan 6.0 MPa .......................................................................55
Tabel 4.4 Uap Panas Lanjut Tekanan 7.0 MPa .......................................................................55
Tabel 4.5 Spesifikasi Turbin ........................................................................................................58
Tabel 4.6 Spesifikasi Generator ...................................................................................................58
Tabel 4.7 Hasil Perbandingan Sistem Kerja Boiler ......................................................................66

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Siklus PLTU ............................................................................................................6
Gambar 2.2 Bagian-Bagian Boiler .............................................................................................11
Gambar 2.3 Boiler Pipa Api ......................................................................................................12
Gambar 2.4 Boiler Pipa Air .......................................................................................................13
Gambar 2.5 Diagram Alir Demineralizer ...................................................................................20
Gambar 2.6 Konstruksi Turbin Uap ...........................................................................................26
Gambar 2.7 Diagram Sistem Operasional R/O Plant .................................................................28
Gambar 2.8 Diagram Proses pemanasan Air Menjadi Uap ........................................................30
Gambar 2.9 Condensor ..............................................................................................................31
Gambar 2.10 Condensate Pump ...................................................................................................32
Gambar 2.11 Gland Steam Heater ...............................................................................................32
Gambar 2.12 Low Pressure Heater ..............................................................................................33
Gambar 2.13 Boiler Drum. ..........................................................................................................35
Gambar 2.14 Turbin ....................................................................................................................39
Gambar 2.15 Generator ...............................................................................................................40
Gambar 3.1 Prinsip Kerja Dan Perpindahan Kalor (Siklus Rankine Ideal) ................................44
Gambar 3.2 Siklus Rankine Pada Diagram T-S .........................................................................44
Gambar 3.3 Flowchart Proses Pemanasan Air ...........................................................................50
Gambar 3.4 Skema Siklus Rankine Ideal Sederhana .................................................................51
Gambar 4.1 Siklus Rankine .......................................................................................................59

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 DAFTAR RUMUS
Rumus 3.1 Entropi Uap Pada Temperatur Fluida Tertentu ...................................... 50
Rumus 3.2 Entalpi Uap Pada Temperatur Fluida Tertentu ...................................... 50
Rumus 3.3 Persamaan Energi Untuk Kondisi Steady Flow ..................................... 52
Rumus 3.4 Kerja Pompa.......................................................................................... 52
Rumus 3.5 Volume Spesifik .................................................................................... 52
Rumus 3.6 Kalor Masuk Ke Boiler ......................................................................... 52
Rumus 3.7 Kerja Yang Dihasilkan Turbin Uap ....................................................... 52
Rumus 3.8 Kalor Yang Dibuang Oleh Kondensor .................................................. 52
Rumus 3.9 Efisiensi Thermal Siklus Rankine Ideal Sederhana ............................... 52
Rumus 3.10 Daya Bersih ........................................................................................... 53
Rumus 3.11 Daya Yang Dihasilkan Boiler ................................................................ 53
Rumus 3.12 Daya Yang Dihasilkan Turbin ............................................................... 53
Rumus 3.13 Daya Yang Dihasilkan Generator .......................................................... 53
Rumus 3.14 Potensi Daya Listrik .............................................................................. 53
Rumus 3.15 Efisiensi Boiler Berdasarkan Panas ....................................................... 53
Rumus 3.16 Efisiensi Boiler Berdasarkan Bahan Bakar ............................................ 53
Rumus 3.17 Efisiensi Boiler Berdasarkan Perubahan Entalpi ................................... 53

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