TENSE AND ASPECTS

A. Simple Present Tense

Simple present tense adalah tenses yang digunakan ketika suatu kejadian sedang berlangsung saat ini atau
kejadian yang berlangsung berulang kali (kebiasaan).
Untuk membentuk kalimat tense ini, biasanya digunakan kata kerja bentuk dasar atau Verb 1. Kecuali
untuk subject singular atau tunggal, menggunakan Verb 1 + s/es. Seperti ditunjukkan pada table dibawah
ini.

Subject Verb The Rest of the Sentence

I / You / go to the school by bus

They / We

She / He / It Goes to the school by bus

 Note : Subject plural : I,you,they,we.

Subject singular : She,he,it, Dani.
Bentuk spelling kata kerja pada Subject singular (She, He, It), tergantung dari akhiran kata kerja
(verb) tersebut.
1. Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran -O, -CH, -SH, -X, atau -Z, tambahkan -ES.
 go – goes
 catch – catches
 wash – washes
 kiss – kisses
 box – boxes
 fix – fixes
2. Untuk kata kerja (Verb) yang berakhiran konsonan + Y, hilangkan Y, dan tambahkan -IES.
 carry – carries
 study – studies
 worry – worries
 marry – marries
Sedangkan, untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran vokal + Y, cukup tambahkan -S.
 play – plays
 say – says
 enjoy – enjoys
Pola kalimat simple present tense terbagi menjadi 2 rumus, yaitu verbal simple present tense dan
nominal simple present tense.
A. Verbal
Rumus :
(+) S + Verb (1) + s/es + Complement
(-) S + do/does + not + Verb (1) + Complement
(?) Do/Does + s + Verb (1) + Complement
Contoh kalimat untuk subject Plural :
(+) I + read + Harry Potter books + every day.
(-) I + do + not read + Harry Potter books + every day.
(?) Do + You + read + Harry Potter books + every day?

- Yes, I do.
- No, I do not.
Contoh kalimat untuk subject singular :
(+) She + reads + Harry Potter books + every day.
(-) She + does + not read + Harry Potter books + every day.
(?) Does + she + read + Harry Potter books + every day?
- Yes, She does.
- No, She does not.
B. Nominal atau yang menggunakan rumus Tobe.
Biasanya untuk aturan kalimat yang menjelaskan tentang Adverb, Adjective dan noun.
Subject Tobe

I Am
You,they,we Are
She,he,it Is

Rumus :
(+) S + Tobe + Adverb / Adjective / noun.
(-) S + Tobe + not + Adverb / Adjective / noun.
(?) Tobe + s + Adverb / Adjective / noun.
Contoh kalimat :
(+) Susi Pudjiastuti + is + the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.
(-) Susi Pudjiastuti + is + not + the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.
(?) Is + Susi Pudjiastuti + the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries?
-Yes, She is.
No, She is not.
B. Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense digunakan untuk membicarakan suatu kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau dan
berakhir pula di masa lampau dalam waktu yang spesifik. Kalimat dalam simple past tense ditandai
dengan kata kerja kedua (verb2) yang menunjukkan waktu lampau.
Pola kalimat simple past tense terbagi menjadi 2 rumus, yaitu verbal simple past tense dan nominal
simple past tense.
A. Verbal
Pada simple past tense, kata kerja kedua (V2) hanya digunakan pada kalimat positif. Jika bentuk
kalimatnya negatif dan pertanyaan, maka akan kembali ke kata kerja dasar pertama dengan menambahkan
did sebelum kata kerja.
Rumus :
(+) S + Verb (2) + Complement
(-) S + did + not + Verb (1) + Complement
(?) Did + s + Verb (1) + Complement
Contoh kalimat :
(+) My mom and I + went + to the zoo + yesterday.
(-) My mom and I + did + not + Go + to the zoo + yesterday.
(?) Did + My mom and I + Go + to the zoo + yesterday?
- Yes, we did.
- No, we did not.
B. Nominal atau yang menggunakan rumus Tobe.
Subject Tobe

I, She,he,it Was
You,they,we Were

Rumus :
(+) S + Tobe + Adverb / Adjective / noun.
(-) S + Tobe + not + Adverb / Adjective / noun.
(?) Tobe + s + Adverb / Adjective / noun.
Contoh kalimat :
(+) I + was + here + last night
(-) I + was not + here + last night
(?) was + I + here + last night?
- yes, you were.
- No, you were not.
DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
A) The purpose of the text: to inform and to describe the reader about something or someone in
detail or specific.
B) Language Feature:
 Simple Present Tense : Menggunakan kata kerja bentuk dasar (V1)
 Using adjective : kata sifat seperti big, small, red, good
C) Generic Structure:
 Identification: Terletak pada paragraph pertama, biasanya, berisi definisi terhadap benda
yang akan dideskripsikan pada paragraph berikutnya.
Example: My Cat
 Description: Terdapat pada paragraph kedua, ketiga dan seterusnya. Pada bagian ini, biasanya
berisi penjelasan dan pengembangan dari paragraph ke satu.
Example: the color of my cat, the fur of my cat etc
D) Frequency of Question:
 The main idea of the text is (ide pokok)
 The text tells about (ide pokok)
 Pronounced reference “it” refers to
 Synonym/ similar with/ closed – meaning to
 Antonym/ cross-meaning with
 5w + H questions
Latihan Soal
The text for number 1-6
My Bedroom
My bedroom is my favorite room in my house. I enjoy my bedroom because it describes me. The things
that describe me the most in my room are the wall colors, bedroom suit, and the decorations. Over the
years, my room has changed from being a “kid” room to being a “teenage” room. When I was younger
my mom decorated my room. When I was younger, I could not wait until I was older so that I could
decorate my room however I wanted. When I was younger I had to share a bedroom with my sister. I
finally moved into my own room when my brother moved out. This seemed like one of the greatest days
of my life. The smell of my room makes me think of the spring time when all of the flowers are
blooming. When I enter my room I hear my radio, which reminds me of a day of listening to music and
hanging out with friends.
My walls are as chocolate as a Hershey bar. The reason that I chose this color brown for my room is that
it matched a lot of colors and it is unusual for people to have a chocolate brown room. I also like this
color because it is easy to match things with. When I was younger my bedroom was very girly and
brightly painted. My wall color was yellow before we painted it.
I have a wooden bedroom suit. I have a queen size bed, a nightstand, and two dressers. They all match.
The comforter on my bed is pink, green, and white, and it is made by Polo Ralph Lauren. It describes the
girly side of me. Before I had a queen size bed, I had a twin size bed. It was really small. I enjoy my
much larger bed now. My nightstand comes in handy for storing my midnight snack and drink. The two
dressers give me more space to hold my massive collection of t-shirts.
[

My favorite thing about my bedroom is the decorations. I have many paintings in my room. The one I like
the most is the collage painting. It has all the activities that I participate in such as, running, hunting,
church, family, and friends. I also have many trophies in my room that describe what sports and other
activities that I participate in. My favorite decoration in my room is my cork board. I have all my
memories from my junior year. This is the decoration in my room that describes me the most. When I was
younger the decorations in my room were baby dolls and trophies, not canvases and vases. I love my
room so much more now that I get to decorate it myself. I have lots of picture frames sitting in my room
with memories that my friends and I have made throughout the years. The decorations in my room help to
make me happy when I am in an irritable mood. The decorations in my room help tie the room together.
I have always enjoyed my room. It has always been my favorite room of my house because it describes so
many aspects of my life. The three main things in my room that describe me is the wall color, bedroom
suit, and decorations. My friends and I enjoy spending time in my room. We can always find something
interesting to do.
1. The following statements are the things that describes the most in her rooms except…
a. bedroom suit
b. wall colors
c. decoration
d. beautiful painting
2. Who decorated the writer’s bedroom when she was younger?
a. her mother
b. her father
c. her sister
d .her friend
3. The following that is NOT TRUE based on the writer’s reason chose brown for her room is…
a. her mother’s favorite color is brown
b. It matched a lot of color
c. Unusual for people to have a chocolate brown room
d. It is easy to match things with
4. Which paragraph describes that bedroom is the writer’s favorite room?
 a. one.
b. Two

c. Three
d. Four
5. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
a. The writer’s favorite room
b. The reason that the writer chose brown for her room.
c. The appearance of the write’s bedroom
d. Bedroom can describe so many aspects of her life.
6. …That it matched a lot of color. (paragraph.2). The word matched in this sentence has the same
meaning with…
a. suit
b. comfortable
c. beautiful
d. nice
The following text for number 7-12
The wonder boy, Wayne Rooney is a very popular footballer in the world. At the age of 16, Rooney
was a top goal scorer for Everton. His first team. Wayne Rooney was born on October 24 th, 1985
Liverpool. He is the son of a working class family. He grew up in Croxteth. He was brought up in a three
bedroom house with his parents, Jeanette and Wayne had a dream. He wanted to be the best footballer.
His family were Evert loversand Rooney’s old bedroom window was filled with Everton Flags.
His debut in Everton Football Club was in August 2002. His first league goal came in October 2002
when he became the youngest goal scorer in the story of the premier League at the age of 16 years. In
2004, he joined Manchester United. Nowadays he becomes the world’s most expensive teenager football
player
7. What is the text mostly about?
a. England football player
b. Wonder boys
c. Wayne Rooney
d. Top goal scorer
8. In what club did Wayne Rooney score his first goal ?
a. Arsenal
b. Manchester United
c. Everton
d. Liverpool
9. What is the main idea of paragraph one…?
a. Rooney is very popular
b. Rooney lives in simple family
c. Rooney becomes the youngest footballer
d. Rooney has been fan on Everton since he was young
10. “…He was brought up in a three bedroom house…”.
The word he in this sentence refer to…
a. Wayne Rooney
b. Graham Rooney
c. John Rooney
d. Wayne’s father
11. “In 2004, he joined Manchester United. The underlined word in this sentence has the same
meaning with…
a. look for
b. take part
c. arrived
d. look for
12. When did his first league goal come?
 a. October 1985
b. August 2002
c. September 2002
d. October 2002
REPORT TEXT
A) The purpose of the text: to inform, to report, and to describe the reader about something or
someone in general.
B) Language Feature:
 Simple Present Tense : Menggunakan kata kerja bentuk dasar (V1)
 Using adjective : kata sifat seperti big, small, red, good
 Passive Sentence: kalimat passive ex: the book is written by me (buku ditulis oleh saya)
C) Generic Structure:
 General Classification: Terletak pada paragraph pertama, biasanya, berisi definisi terhadap
benda yang akan dideskripsikan pada paragraph berikutnya.
Example: Job
 Description: Terdapat pada paragraph kedua, ketiga dan seterusnya. Pada bagian ini, biasanya
berisi penjelasan dan pengembangan dari paragraph ke satu.
Example: the function of the job, criteria to choose a job etc
D) Frequency of Question:
 The main idea of the text is (ide pokok)
 The text tells about (ide pokok)
 Pronounced reference “it” refers to
 Synonym/ similar with/ closed – meaning to
 Antonym/ cross-meaning with
 5w + H questions
 Specific definition, ex: what is temple based on the text?
E) The differences between Descriptive and Report
Descriptive Report
To describe in detail To describe/ to report in general
Based on opinion Based on fact
Observation Research

Latihan Soal

The text for 1-4

WASPS
       All the many kinds of wasps are close relatives of the ants and bees. Wasps can be told from their
relatives by their slender waists. Like the ants and bees, they go through four stages in their lives. First
they are eggs, then wormlike larva, then pupas, and finally grown up insects. Like many of their relatives
they can sting.
         Some wasps live in colonies just as honeybees do. The wasp in a colony work together. Some do
one task and some another. These wasps are called social wasps. The wasps that do not live in colonies
are called solitary wasps.
       Paper wasp and white -faced hornets build their nest of paper. They make the paper of chewed-up
wood. Wasps made paper long before people did.
       Each nest of a paper wasp or a white-faced hornet is the home of a whole colony. In each colony
there is a queen that does all the egg-laying. Most of the other wasps in the colony are workers. The story
of every wasp colony is very much the same.
1. Which statement is correct according to text above?
A.    Wasps make their nest out of used paper.
B.     There are two kinds of wasps, social and solitary.
C.     We can find more than one queen in wasps’ nest.
D.    Wasps do not sting.
2.        “They make the paper of chewed-up wood”. (paragraph 3)
The underlined word refers to ….
A.    Paper wasps
B.     White-faced hornets

C.     Paper wasp and white-faced hornets

D.    Paper wasps and their colony
3.        What is the purpose of the text?
A.    To entertain the readers about the story of wasps.
B.     To inform the reader how to make a wasps’ nest.
C.     To inform the reader about the origin of wasps.
D.    To gives detail information about wasps in general.
4.       How many steps should the wasp go through in their lives?
A.    Four steps.
B.     Three steps.
C.     Two steps.
D.    One step.
AGLONEMA
Aglonema is a genus of about 40 species of foliage plant in the Araceae family, native to the tropical
swamps and rainforests of south eastern Asia from Bangladesh east to the Philippines and north to
southern China.  No common names are widely used, though they are sometimes called ‘Chinese
evergreen’.
They can grow to 20-50 cms in height. The leaves are alternate on the stems, lanceolate to narrowly oval,
dark to medium green, 10-40 cm long and  4-16 cm broad, depending on the species. The flowers are 
relaively tinconspicuous, white or greenish-white spathes that can give way to red berries.
The sap of this plant is poisonous to health. It causes irritation in skin and if taken orally causes irritation
of mouth, lips, throat and tongue.
5.      Where can we find Aglonema?
A.    In tropical rainforests.
B.     In subtropical areas.
C.     In southern Asia.
D.    Along the riverbanks.
6.      What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A.    The habitat of Agonema.
B.     The definition of Aglonema.
C.     The characteristics of Aglonema.
D.    The origin of Aglonema.
7.      What is the purpose of writing the text?
A.    To tell the readers how to plant Aglonema.
B.     To retell about the past experience.
C.     To amuse the readers about the origin of Aglonema.
D.    To describe about the characteristics of Aglonema.
8.  “It causes irritation in skin and if taken orally....” (paragraph 3)
What does the word ‘it’ refer to?
A.    the poison
B.     the sap
C.     the plant
D.    the flower

The text for number 9-12

Tyrannosaurus Rex
           Tyrannosaurus Rex, sometimes just called T-rex, is believed to be the largest and most fearsome
predator on Earth’s land ever to have existed. This dinosaur once roamed the Earth in the Crestaceaous
period approximately 68 to 65 million years ago.
      As a carnivorous dinosaur, this giant predator most likely ambushed its preys, and devoured them
with jaws full of sharp teeth. With its ability to run at an astonishing speed 0f 32 mph (50 km per hour),
 a perfect slim and stiff tail that gave it an excellent balance and allowed it to make quick turns, equipped
this gigantic predator and made it even more deadly, like a killing machine.

9. What does the text mainly discuss?

A.Carnivores.
B. A killing machine.
C. A Crestaceaous period.
D. Tyrannosaurus Rex.

10.  “...With its ability to run at an astonishing speed of 32 mph....” (paragraph 2)

       The underlined word can be replaced with ....
A. frightening
B. amazing
C. deadly
D. stiff