Simply

Gramma
r
STANDAR

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

A HAND BOOK
For Student who seeks basic English Grammar knowledge,
easy sample, on classic grammatical review and prepares
for final examination or test on their own subject in
Indonesia and some simple exercises from a trust-worthiest
foreign teachers

A. Dedin Mulyadin
 CONTENTS
Contents

I. Sentence
1. Nominal
2. Verbal
3. Questions

II. Part of speech

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Adverb
5. Preposition
6. Verb
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection

III. Tenses
1. Simple Tenses
2. Continuous Tenses
3. Perfect Tenses
4. Perfect Continuous Tenses

IV. Modal
V. Passive Voice
VI. Preposition Combination
VII. Irregular Verb
VIII. Numbers
IX. Summary of Tense
 SENTENCE
Sebelum mengenal kalimat alangkah baiknya mengenal terlebih dahulu
bagian-bagian kata atau kelas kata yang sering digunakan dalam sebuah
kalimat, pada bab ke II akan diterangkan lebih jelas dari pembagian kelas
kata dengan lebih jelas.

WORD
Word adalah susunan dari satu atau lebih huruf yang memiliki makna dari
semua jenis kata(kata kerja, sifat, keterangan dst):
Ex: a – sebuah stone – batu we – kita bridge – jembatan
I – saya go – pergi weak – lemah quickly – dengan cepat

PHRASE
Phrase adalah susunan kata yang sudah memiliki makna tapi belum jelas
karena tidak adanya verb (kata kerja), contoh:
Clever boy very good very fast in this world

Pembagian Phrase terdiri dari:

- Noun Phrase - adj + noun  interesting
girl
- Adjective phrase - adv + adj  very big
- Adverb phrase - adv + adv  very quickly
- Prepositional Phrase - prep. + noun /  at home
prep. + Noun phrase  in the dark room

CLAUSE
Clause adalah susunan kalimat yang sudah memiliki makna tapi belum
jelas karena adanya conjunction (kata sambung), contoh:
I know the man, who ……
She is clever but ……
…… That the party is interesting
SENTENCE
Sentence adalah kalimat yang sudah jelas karena adanya kata kerja (verb),
dan tersusun dari dua atau lebih kata.

1. NOMINAL
Nominal sentence adalah kalimat yang kata kerjanya berupa be (be, is,
am, are, was, were, been), biasanya tidak memiliki arti dan hanya
menghubungkan subject dengan objectnya saja serta objectnya berupa
noun (kata benda), adjective (kata sifat) dan adverb (kata keterangan).
Ex:
She is a student I am a worker We are architects.
He teacher a driver You engineer
It book an author They banker

She is clever I am generous We are happy

He You
It They

She is there I am here We are here

He You
It They

Ciri – ciri kalimat nominal:

- kata kerjanya berupa to be tidak memiliki makna, hanya menjadi
pengesah / pelengkap kalimat saja.
- objectnya berupa adjective, noun, adverb
Bentuk kalimat:
- Affirmative (+) : she is interesting
- Negative (-) : she isn’t interesting
- Interrogative (?) : is she interesting
- Negative interrogative (-?) : isn’t she interesting
- Imperative (!) : (+) be careful
(-) Don’t be lazy
2. VERBAL
kalimat verbal adalah kalimat yang kata kerjanya adalah kata kerja asli.
Ex: - the students have gone to school
- My mother is cooking in the kitchen now
- Mary watches TV every morning
- John will be doing the job when I come

Ciri-ciri kalimat verbal :

- kata kerjanya berupa kata kerja asli dan meiliki makna Perbuatan.
- objectnya berupa noun (kata benda, orang)
- kalau subjectnya orang ketiga tunggal maka kata kerjanya ditambahi s/es.

Bentuk kalimat
- Affirmative (+)
- Negative (-)
- Interrogative (?)
- Negative interrogative (-?)
- Imperative (!)
: I ride my bicycle in the park
: I am not painting the wall
: are you watching TV?
: didn’t you study last night?
: (+) shut the door!
(-) don’t wait for him!

3. QUESTIONS
Questions terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu:
- Yes / No Question
- Question Word (WH Question)
- Questions Tag

- Yes / No Question
Cara membuat kalimat tanya Yes / No Question yaitu dengan meletakan
Auxiliarynya di depan kalimat.

Ex. Simple present: (+) You go to school by bus

(-) You do not go to school by bus
(?) Do you go to school by bus?  Yes, I do
 No, I don’t
Present continuous: (+) Rudi is reading a newspaper
(-) Rudi is not reading a newspaper
(?) Is Rudi reading a newspaper  Yes, he is
  No, he isn’t

Present perfect: (+) You have gone to Bali Island

(-) You have not gone to Bali Island
(?) Have you gone to Bali Island?  Yes, I have
 No, I haven’t

- Question Word (WH-question)

Pada question word maka QW diletakkan di depan auxiliary kecuali
untuk menanyakan subject nya.

Subject - untuk menanyakan subject caranya adalah:

1. Hilangkan subject, ganti dengan QW yang tepat untuk menanyakan
subject.
2. Rubahlah kata kerjanya kebentuk orang ketiga tunggal karena
subjectnya belum diketahui.
Ex. They go to market on foot She studies hard
Who goes to market on foot? Who studies hard?

Verb - untuk menanyakan kata kerja caranya adalah:

1. rubahlah terlebih dahulu dari kalimat positif ke kalimat tanya
2. Kemudian ganti kata kerja dengan QW yang cocok, lalu pindahkan
kedepan (auxiliary), letakkan kata do/doing (bentuk kata kerja
asalnya) sebagai ciri.
Ex. Hassan is driving a car. Ronnie stays at home.
Is Hassan driving a car? Does Ronnie stay at home?
What is Hassan doing? What does Ronnie do?

Object – untuk menanyakan object caranya adalah:

1. Rubahlah terlebih dahulu dari kalimat positif ke kalimat tanya.
2. ganti objectnya dengan QW yang tepat yaitu:
(Object orang = whom / object benda = what)
Ex. Noun object Your aunt is cooking meal in the kitchen
Is your aunt cooking meal in the kitchen?
What is your aunt cooking? / in the kitchen?
Person object Joe saw Mr. Hans in the park
Did Joe see Mr. Hans in the park?
Whom did Joe see? /In the park? – Formal
 Who did Joe see? (In the park) – Informal
Adverb – untuk menanyakan keterangan waktu / tempat bisa digunakan
when / where atau juga (what ...) untuk menanyakan sesuatu yang specific
seperti jam = what time, etc
1. Rubahlah terlebih dahulu dari kalimat positif ke kalimat tanya.
2. ganti adverbnya dengan QW yang tepat dan pindahkan ke depan
(auxiliary)
Ex. Place His father works in the Bank
Does his father work in the Bank?
Where does his father work?
Time Febry has got a final test this month
Has Febry got a final test this month?
When has Febry got a final test?

- Questions Tag
Question Tag adalah sebuah pertanyaan di akhir kalimat, dimana
pembicara ingin meyakinkan atau menegaskan bahwa informsi yang di
terima itu benar adanya.

Affirmative Sentence + Negative Tag Affirmative Answer Expected

Mary is here, isn’t she? Yes, she isn’t
You like tea, don’t you? Yes, I do
They have left, haven’t they? Yes, they have
I am your best friend aren’t I yes, you are
Negative Sentence + Affirmative Tag  Negative Answer Expected
Mary isn’t here, is she? No, she isn’t
You don’t like tea, do you? No, I don’t
They haven’t left, have they? No, they haven’t
This / that is your dictionary, isn’t it?
These / those are yours, aren’t they?
There is meeting tonight, isn’t there?
Everything is okay, isn’t it?
Nothing is wrong, is it?
Everyone took the test, didn’t they?
Nobody called on the phone, did they?
 I am supposed to be here, am I not? (Formal English)
I am supposed to be here, aren’t I?
Note: I am your best friend, aren’t I?
Pronoun that is used in question tags are:
I, You, We, They, she, He, It, There
Imperative + Q. tag shut the door, will you?
Turn the radio off, will you?

Let’s + Q. tag let’s go for a walk, shall we?

- Request
Request biasanya untuk menanyakan, meminta dan persetujuan kepada
orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu. Auxiliary yang digunakan berupa
auxiliary modal.
Request (permintaan)
May, might, can, could, will, and would bermakna dapatkah atau bisakah
Present/ Future (?) Modal + S + Infinitive + O + Adv?
(-?) Modal + S + Not + Infinitive + O + Adv?

More polite request

~ would + you + Mind + present participle + O?
~ would + you + Mind if + S + past participle + O?
~ would + you + like to + Infinitive + O?
Would you please open the door? …… Fine, okay
Would you mind lending me some money? … No, I’ll be glad to
Would you mind if I asked you a question? … No, I’d love to
Would you like to take a picture with me? … With pleasure

Permission (Perizinan)
Can, could, and may bermakna bolehkah
Present/ Future (+) S + Modal + Infinitive + O +Adv
(?) Modal + S + Infinitive + O + Adv?
(-?) Modal + S + Not + Infinitive + O + Adv?
Example: You can ask me a help
Can I ask you something?
May I have some more coffee?
 Yes/No and Wh questions simple present: Practice
Make questions to fit the underlined part of the sentences. Make Yes/No
questions if there is a “Y/N” at the beginning of the sentence.
Ex. (Y/N) Rashid studies hard. Does …
Rashid studies hard. Who …
Rashid studies hard. What does …
1. Tonya likes basketball.
2. Faisal helps his friends. Faisal helps his friends.
3. (Y/N) Ali likes to play soccer.
4. Saeed lives in CPV.
5. Anthon comes form Russia.
6. 12. (Y/N) English grammar is difficult.
7. Young Jin speaks two languages plus English.
Young Jin speaks Japanese and Korean.
8. (Y/N) The students in our class are friendly. (Who)
9. Mary dances techno music in the disco.
Mary dances techno music in the disco
Subject Verb Object Preposition Object of Preposition

10. Betty is studying science at home.

Subject Verb Object Preposition Object of Preposition

11. Jerry doesn’t like hamburgers with onions.

Subject Verb Object Preposition Object of Preposition

12. My dog eats Puppy Chow.

Subject Verb Object Preposition Object of Preposition

13. Susana is sending a picture to Andrea.

Subject Verb Object Preposition Object of Preposition

14. It’s raining in Miami.

Subject Verb Object Preposition Object of Preposition

15. Patty plays the guitar.

 Subject Verb Object Preposition Object of Preposition

PART OF SPEECH
INTRODUCTION
Part of Speech adalah pengelompokan kelas kata menurut fungsinya
masing-masing untuk tujuan analisa tata bahasa. Delapan kelompok kelas
kata di dikelanal dengan: kata benda, kata sifat, kata keterangan, kata
depan, kata sambung, kata ganti, kata kerja dan kata seru.

1. NOUN
A noun (Latin, nomen, “name”) is usually defined as a word denoting a
thing, place, person, quality, or action and functioning in a sentence as the
subject or object of action expressed by a verb or as the object of a
preposition.

A. bentuk kata benda menurut jenisnya menjadi:

- Common noun (kata benda yang masih umum) :
Ex: Dog, Man, Table, Cat, Car, Tree, Book, Ship, Horse, Box, etc.
- Proper noun
Proper noun, dalam penulisannya selalu menggunakan huruf besar (In
modern English, proper nouns, which are always capitalized and
denote individuals and personifications are distinguished from
common nouns).
~ Nama orang : Jack, Smith, Sarah, Margareth, etc..
~ Bagian dari geografi : Holland, London, Tokyo, Mississippi, etc.
~ Hari besar dan libur : Thanksgiving Day, Independence Day,
Christmas, etc.
~ Bagian dari unit Waktu : Saturday, Tuesday, August, March, etc.

- Collective noun
Collective noun adalah satu kesatuan atau kumpulan dari orang,
hewan, dan benda, yang menjadikan unit yang tunggal
Ex: Flock, Group, Team, Swarm, Public, Crew, Crowd, Audience, etc.
- Concrete noun
Concrete noun adalah kata benda yang dapat dicerna oleh panca indra
(five sense)
Ex: Girl, House, Flower, book, etc.
 - Abstract noun
Abstract noun adalah yang dinyatakan dengan ide atau sesuatu yang
terwujud dalam pikiran.
Ex: Beauty, Justice, Charity, Joy, Fear, etc.

B. bentuk kata benda menurut jumlah.

 Countable noun (kata benda yang dapat dihitung)
Countable noun adalah kata benda yang memiliki bentuk tunggal
dan jamak sehingga dapat dihitung satuannya.

* bentuk yang beraturan bentuk jamaknya dengan menambahkan ~s

Ex: Dog – Dogs Book – Books Pen – Pens Friend – Friends

* bentuk yang tidak beraturan kata benda yang hurufnya berakhiran:

ch – sh – ss – x – z maka ditambahkan huruf ~es
Ex: Church – Churches Brush – Brushes Quiz – Quizzes
Class – Classes Box – Boxes Buzz – Buzzes
Pengecualian: Epoch – Epochs, Monarch – Monarchs

- kata benda yang hurufnya berakhiran: o maka ditambahkan ~es

Ex: Tomato – Tomatoes, Potato – Potatoes Hero - Heroes
Pengecualian: Ditambahkan ~s:
Ex: Radio – Radios, Video – Videos, Zoo – Zoos
Soprano – Sopranos, Piano – Pianos, etc.

- kata benda yang huruf akhirnya y:

a. apabila didahului oleh huruf consonant maka dirubah menjadi ~i+es
Ex: Lady – Ladies, Baby – Babies, Country – Countries, etc.
b. apabila didahului oleh huruf hidup (vocal) maka tinggal
menambahkan ~s
Ex: Boy – Boys, Valley – Valleys, Day – Days, etc.

- kata benda yang berakhir dengan huruf ~f or ~fe maka dirubah menjadi
~v + es
Ex: Wolf – Wolves, Leaf – Leaves, Wife – Wives, etc.
Pengecualian: Chief – Chiefs, Roof – Roofs
- kata benda yang bentuk jamaknya diambil dari bahasa Inggris kuno.
a. dengan merubah huruf tengah:
Ex:Foot – Feet, Man – Men, Mouse – Mice, Tooth – Teeth, etc.
b. dengan menambahkan en diakhir kata
Ex:Child – Children, Ox – Oxen, etc.

- bentuk kata jamaknya sama dengan bentuk tunggalnya

Ex:Sheep – Sheep, Fish – Fish, Deer – Deer, etc.

- bentuk kata tunggalnya sama dengan jamaknya

Ex:Series – Series, Means – Means, Scissors – Scissors, etc.

- kata benda yang diambil dari bahasa Latin atau romawi dan Yunani
Ex: ~us Stimulus – Stimuli, Radius – Radii.
~a Larva – Larvae, Vertebrata – Vertebratae.
~um Datum – Data, Memorandum – Memoranda, Stratum –
Strata.
~is Crisis – Crises, Parenthesis – Parentheses.
~on Phenomenon – phenomena, Criterion – Criteria.
~ex/ix Vortex – Vortices, Matrix – Matrices.
~eau bureau – bureaux/bureaus, Plateau – Plateaux/Plateaus.

 Uncountable noun (kata benda yang tak dapat dihitung)

Ex: Water, Furniture, Sugar, Tea, Coffee, etc.
Catatan: khusus untuk kata benda yang uncountable tidak
memiliki bentuk jamak.

C. Gender
perbedaan bentuk dalam meyatakan suatu benda berdasar kelamin
I. Untuk orang
Ex: Gentleman-Lady, Boy-Girl, Son-Daughter, Nephew-Niece, Prince-
Princess, Uncle-Aunt, Husband-wife, Father-Mother, Man-Woman,
King-Queen, Waiter-Waitress, Salesman-Saleswoman, Actor-Actress.
Kecuali: cousin, baby, infant, etc.
II. Untuk binatang
Ex: Cock-Hen, Bull-Cow, Dog-Bitch, Gander-Goose, Tiger-Tigress,
Duck-drake, Lion-Lioness, etc.
D. compound noun
Noun + noun : table tennis, pickpocket, flashlight, etc.
Noun + verb : handshake, garbage dump, lifeguards, etc.
Gerund + noun : dining room, swimming pool, meeting hall, etc.
Noun + gerund : fortune telling, housecleaning, water skiing, etc.
Verb + adverb/prep : breakdown, makeup, grown-up, etc.
Noun + prep phrase : son-in-law, editor-in-chief, etc.

E. position of noun
Subject : the book is good
Subjective : Mary is a pretty girl
Complement
Direct object : the child ate his meal
Indirect object : the lawyer sent John a letter
Objective - : The member elected Mr. Jones team
Complement
Object of preposition : He deposited the money in the bank
Noun adjunct : He bought some gas at the gas station
Appositive : Shakespeare, a great Author, wrote many plays
Noun in - : John, please come here.
Direct address
2. ADJECTIVE
Adjective adalah kata sifat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda
dan kata ganti yang disifatinya. Kata sifat ditulis atau ducapkan sebelum
kata bendanya.
Ex: Beautiful girl, interesting picture, black shoes, good boy, etc.

A. Pembagian / bentuk adjective:

- Article : a, an, and the.
- Demonstrative : that, this, these, those, etc.
- Distributive : each, every, either, neither, etc.
- Quantitative : some, no, little, few, many, much, one, twenty, etc.
- Interrogative : which, what, whose, etc.
- Possessive : my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, etc.
- Quality : clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square, etc.
- Participle : interested, interesting, satisfied, satisfying, etc.
B. Comparison (tingkatan) /perbandingan dalam adjective
Comparison terdiri dari tiga tingkatan:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Big Bigger Biggest
Satu suku kata Old Older / Elder Oldest / Eldest
Tall Taller Tallest
Dua suku kata interested more interested most interested
atau lebih frightening more frightening most frightening
kecuali yang berakhiran ~er, ~y clever cleverer cleverest
dan ~ly biasanya ditambahkan pretty prettier prettiest
~er dan ~est saja silly sillier silliest

- bentuk irregular dari comparison

good better best
bad worse worst
many / much more most
little less least
far farther / further farthest / furthest

C. Order of adjective
Order of adjective ini berfungsi untuk menyusun rangkaian kata sifat yang
mensifati satu kata benda.
- Quality : smart, clever, beautiful, etc.
- Character : cruel, kind, smart, etc.
- Size : big, small, long, fat, thin, etc.
- Age : young, old, etc.
- Temperature : warm, hot, cold, etc.
- Participle : boring, bored, neglected, etc.
- Shape : square, round, oval, triangle, etc.
- Color : green, yellow, blue, etc.
- Origin / Location : American, Jamaican, African, etc.
- Material : gold, stone, etc.
- Noun Adjunct : medal, wooden, golden, etc.
- Gerund : meeting, swimming, etc.
- Noun : House, trophy, etc.
Ex: a big neglected green Mediterranean house.
One kind smart fat boy.
 Singular and Plural Nouns
Write the PLURAL of the following words.
1. Cross ____________________ 11. thief ____________________
2. box ____________________ 12. knife ____________________
3. boy ____________________ 13. match ____________________
4. zoo ____________________ 14. city ____________________
5. fax ____________________ 15. class ____________________
6. bear ____________________ 16. calf ____________________
7. tool ____________________ 17. wife ____________________
8. key ____________________ 18. potato ____________________
9. dish ____________________ 19. baby ____________________
10. radio ____________________ 20. country ____________________
Adjective Word Order
21. Mexican, hot some ___________________________________________
Tacos, big
22. Blue, beautiful a _______________________________________________
Folder, plastic
23. gold, expensive Mom bought a / an _______________________________
watch
24. software, new The teacher showed us the _________________________
multimedia
25. interesting, book I read a / an ______________________________________
adventure

Adjective + Noun
Read the following sentences. Identify the NOUNS and ADJECTIVES. Circle the
NOUNS. Underline the ADJECTIVES.
26. Famous people live in wonderful big houses.
27. Italian food uses lots of red tomatoes.
28. Modern magazines are using Colombian models for their spectacular covers.
29. Chinese food uses fresh vegetables and hot sauces.
30. Tall boys usually play in basketball teams.
31. Carolina is a beautiful girl.
32. Ivan wears a big coat for rainy days.
33. Intelligent students like to solve difficult problems.
34. Sweet oranges, green mangos, red apples and fresh strawberries are my
favorite fruits.
35. Politicians make important decisions everyday.
Directions: Each of the following sentences contains at least one
error. Find and correct the mistakes.
brown purse.
Example: Kelly loves her new purse brown.
1. I read an article interesting in the newspaper this morning.
2. Hot dogs are my food favorite American.
3. There is a vase very beautiful on the coffee table.
4. Robert has hair short.
5. I bought a brown big purse at the store yesterday.
6. I planted some flowers red.
7. Hollywood is a famous city American.
8. The belt old leather is my favorite.
9. The little beautiful girl was wearing her dress blue.
10. The red delicious apple is in the bag brown.
3. PRONOUN
Pronoun adalah kata ganti untuk orang, hewan atau benda. Kata ganti ini
terbagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu:
A. demonstrative pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun adalah kata tunjuk, yang dalam kalimat dianggap
sebagai subjeknya.
 Singular This – this is book that –
that is chair
 Plural These – these are books those –
those are chairs
B. personal pronoun
Kata ganti untuk menggantikan orang, hewan atau benda menurut
susunan kata dalam kalimat. Seperti contoh dibawah sesuai dengan
susunan dalam kalimat

Subjec Possessive
Object Reflexive Pronoun
t Adjective Pronoun
I Me My + Noun Mine Myself
You You Your + Noun Yours Yourself / Yourselves
We Us Our + Noun Ours Ourselves
They Them Their + Noun Theirs Themselves
He Him His + Noun His Himself
She Her Her + Noun Hers Herself
It It Its + Noun - Itself
Sebagai subject: I play football everyday
Sebagai Object: Mary helps me the lesson
Sebagai Possessive: This is my book and that is yours
Sebagai Reflexive: Kate does the test by herself
Singular: I Plural: We
You You
She, He, It They

C. indefinite pronoun
some ~ any ~ no ~ every ~
~body somebody anybody nobody everybody
 ~one someone anyone no one (none) everyone
~thing something anything nothing everything

Indefinite Pronouns
Complete the sentences with anything, nothing, anyone, anybody, no one, or
nobody.
1. ________________ is more important than love and good health.
2. ________________ knows the new teacher.
3. Does ________________ in 4thA have the new grammar book? ________________
in 4thB has it.
4. Carlos doesn’t have friends at school because he doesn’t know ______________.
Let’s play with him.
5. Where are my things? I have _______________ on my desk! Is ________________
taking my things?
6. I know ______________ about the new science guide. I'm lost. Do you know
____________ about it?
7. ________________ is playing in recess. The director is talking to all the students.
8. Mary isn’t going to buy ________________ for her mom. That's sad!
9. I don't like to go to my grandma's house because I know _________________ to
play in the park with.
10. ________________ in 4thA is going to go to Alex's party because he has friends
only in 4thB.

Indefinite Pronouns / Some and Any

Complete the sentences with some, any, something, anything, someone,
somebody, anyone, or anybody.
1. Do you have ________________ money? I don’t have ________________ money.
2. I don’t see ________________ people. Do you see ________________ playing in
the park?
3. I see ________________ cars on Main Street. But I don’t see ________________
cars on 5th Street.
4. Do you have ________________ stickers on your grammar book? I have many!
5. Do you want ________________ to help? Is there ________________ I can do for
you?
6. In math, there are ________________ students that don’t understand
________________.
7. Ouch! There’s ________________ in my left shoe. I’m going to see what it is.
8. I have ________________ tickets for the concert.
9. Do you want ________________ to eat? I’m going to buy ________________
food.
10. My sister is talking to ________________ on the phone. But don’t worry. She
doesn’t tell your secrets to ________________.

This, That, These, & Those Review

Directions: Fill in the lines using this, that, these, or those.
1. I am holding an antique vase. _______ vase is very expensive.
2. My sister is at her house, and I am at my house. She just bought a new
house. _______ House was a good bargain.
3. I am cleaning some old coins that my father gave me. _______ coins
have been in our family for three generations.
4. I am cutting one of my trees. _______ tree is called a mango tree.
5. There are three children swimming in my pool. I am inside the house
watching them through the window. _______ children are my nieces
and nephews.
6. My sister is eating some French fries. I am sitting on one side of the
table, and she is sitting on the other side. _______ French fries smell
good, but I am on a diet.
7. My mom just gave me a beautiful necklace. I told her, "I can't accept
_______ gift. It is too expensive".
8. Carol's boyfriend just surprised her with some airline tickets for
vacation. _______ tickets made her very happy.
Possessives
Select a possessive pronoun from the list and fill in the blanks.
My your his her our their
1. I live in a big house. house is pink.
2. My friend Mary lives in an apartment. apartment is in
the city.
3. Joey lives in New Orleans. house is small.
4. John and his family live in North Carolina. house has a
southern style.
5. My husband and I live in New York City. _ loft* is in Manhattan.
6. You need a new place. apartment is a bit old.
7. Lilly, Julio, and the children live in Doral. ___ townhouse
is very modern.
8. My mother and father live in a small farm in Arkansas.
farmhouse is very comfortable.
9. You and I need to find a new house. house is old and ugly.
10. Patricia bought a cottage at the beach in Rhode Island.
cottage is very close to the water.
4. ADVERB
Adverb adalah kata keterangan, fungsinya untuk menerangkan kata kerja,
kalimat, sifat dan adverb itu sendiri.
A. Pembagian adverb terdiri dari:
- Manner : bravely, fast, well, hard, quickly, etc.
- Place : by, down, here, near, there, up, etc.
- Time : now, soon, still, then, today, yet, etc.
- Frequency : always, never, occasionally, often, twice, etc.
- Sentence : certainly, luckily, definitely, surely, etc.
- Degree : fairly, hardly, rather, quite, too, very, etc.
- Interrogative : when? Where? Why? etc.
- Relative : when, where, why, etc.

Ex: Adverb – verb : work hard

Adverb – sentence : he answers the questions surely
Adverb – adjective : very good
Adverb – adverb : very well

B. bentuk comparative dan superlative adverb

- Satu suku kata
hard harder hardest
early earlier earliest
- Dua atau lebih suku kata
quickly more quickly most quickly
- Irregular adverb comparison
well better best
badly worse worst
much more most
little less least
far farther / further farthest / furthest

C. bentuk adverb dengan menambahkan ~ly

- Yang berakhir dengan huruf y dirubah ke i : happy – happily
- Yang berakhir dengan huruf e ditambah ly : extreme – extremely
 Exception: true, due, whole menjadi truly, duly, wholly.
- Adjective yang berakhiran able / ible dengan mengubah e menjadi y
Ex: capable – capably, sensible – sensibly

- Adjective yang berakhiran l dan huruf sebelumnya huruf hidup

Ex: beautiful – beautifully, final – finally
Exceptions: good – well, likely (adjective), probably (adverb),
friendly (adjective), a friendly way (adverb phrase)

5. PREPOSITION
Preposition adalah kata depan atau kata yang memulai sebuah kata
maupun kalimat.
Ex: by the end of July at night in the class on the table

Preposition dibagi menjadi dua bagian:

 free preposition
to, for, but, with, I advised him to wait, before signing this
at, on, by, before, in I arrive at the hotel on Friday
from, since, into etc. from Paris to Rome
at midnight, on Monday, in 1982
 bound preposition
 verb and preposition
ask for attend to believe in dream of beware of
consist of prepare for think of/about wait for depend on

 preposition with verb or adjective

good at/ for fit for capable of proud of
afraid of fond of pleased with successful in
sorry for / about accustomed to
see: The summary

Perbedaan penggunaan at, in, dan on berkenaan dengan waktu dan

tempat.
At - Waktu: digunakan untuk bagian hari, jam, dan nomor rumah,
Ex: At morning, at lunch time, at five o’clock, at 200 park avenue, etc
- Tempat: digunakan untuk menunjukan tempat yang specific,
Ex: At hospital, at Nottingham station, at store, at doctor.
digunakan untuk menunjukan usia, ukuran, contoh:
 At the age of 16, at 100 degree Celsius, at 120 miles an hour, etc.

In -Waktu: digunakan untuk menunjukan bulan, tahun, musim, dan

abad,
Ex: In March, in 1975, in summer, in 18th century, in the middle Ages
menerangkan bagian hari, masa yang akan / belum terjadi,
Ex: In the midnight, in the past, in the future, etc.
- Tempat: menunjukan Nama sebuah kota/negara, di dalam, cuaca.
In London, in India, in Nottingham, in the book, in the rain,
In the sun, in bed, in class, in the dark, in a street,
In a picture, in a line, in the photograph.
di dalam sebuah kondisi, contoh:
In love, in black, in cash, in ink (writing), in bad weather, etc.

On - Waktu: digunakan untuk hari, tanggal, dan sebuah event,

Ex: On Sunday, on April 16th, on 12 June, on birthday party.
- Tempat: menunjukan alamat dengan tanpa nomor, bermakna pada
dan di atas
On Park Avenue, on the wall, on the door, on the floor, etc.

- menunjukan sesuatu pada sebuah bagian, letak sebuah lokasi,

Ex: On page seven of magazine, on the piece of paper, on the island,
On the right side, on the south, etc.

- menunjukan pada sebuah benda elektronik, diatas kendaraan,

Ex: On television, on the radio, on the phone, on the bicycle,
on the horse, On the ship, on the train, on the plane, on the bus, etc.
(Note: kecuali pada car, taxi, tetap menggunakan in)

 Gerund setelah preposisi

I am too afraid of losing

There’s no point in waiting
He is good at diving
He is interested in skiing
A. Complete the sentences with a preposition from the box. (Note: There may be
more than one correct preposition for each sentence. There are extra
prepositions in the box.)

In on* between next to beside under

above
over near In front of in back of across
1. There is an apple _____ the table.
2. I have three gallons of milk ____ my refrigerator.
3. Mr. and Mrs. Smith live _________ the street _____ me.
4. The cat is sleeping_____ the bed.
5. There is a big tree _____________ my house.
6. The ceiling is _______ our heads.
7. A mole builds a house ________ the ground.
8. Jacky is sitting ____________ Phoebe.
9. Shelly and Tom are sitting _________ Jim and Freddie.
10. China is ______ the continent of Asia
*repeats

Select from the following list the preposition required to fill in the space.
in with to fromby through about on of
1. Niger, a country in Africa, is approximately twice the size _______ the
state _______Texas.
2. The streets are crowded people and cars.
3. There are also huts made out mud.
4. Many people ride camels their destinations.
5. Niamey, the capital, is full activity.
6. In the afternoons, some people stroll the
streets.
7. My friend is the United States, but she lives
Niger. I visited her there.
8. the second day of my visit, she took me the center ____
_____ town.
9. There, they sold many interesting things made local
people.
10. our way back _______ her house, we stopped to buy little trinkets. It
was a very interesting day.

6. VERB
Dalam bahasa Inggris kata kerja terbagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu ordinary
verb dan auxiliary verb

Verb Function
VERB

Present Time Past Time

Verb + Object
Transitive

Mark cleans the floor Mark cleaned the floor

Joe drives a car Joe drove a car
Ordinary

Mary Sews a new cloth Mary Sewed a new cloth

No ObjectVerb +
Intransitive

She sleeps well She slept well

They walk on sidewalk They walked on sidewalk
Richard sits on the chair Richard sat on the chair
Did& WereIs, Am & Are
Auxiliary
Be Auxiliary

She is a nurse She was a nurse

I am agree with him I was agree with him
They are over there They were over there
Primary Auxiliary

Ted doesn’t tell the story Ted didn’t tell the story
Was

They have wrote a note They had wrote a note

past
past
Have, Has past HadDo, Does
 Can, Should, Ought to,
Had Better, May, etc.
Modal Auxiliary
The doctor can tell you The doctor could tell you
May I use this class? (no past form for question)
They should be here now They should have been here

A. Ordinary Verb
Kata kerja asli adalah kata kerja yang memiliki arti dan bermakna
perbuatan.
Ex: Call Wait Go Sleep Hear Work Walk

Bentuk kata kerja terbagi dua ada yang trasitif (yang membutuhkan
object) dan intransitif (yang tidak membutuhkan object), contoh:
 transitive: she writes a letter, cat eats fish, he is painting a wall
 intransitive:I sleep, she sits, you are swimming

Bentuk Perubahan Kata Kerja Dalam Bahasa Inggris

Inflection of Verb
Bare Infinitive / Verb Bare Watch Go Drive
Third Singular Person Watches Goes Drives
To Infinitive To watch To go To drive
Present Participle Watching Going Driving
Past Tense Watched Went Drove
Past Participle Watched Gone Driven

B. Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary verb dibagi menjadi tiga bagian:

 To Be Auxiliary:
be, is, am, are, was, were(cont & passive),
been (perfect), being (passive)
Ex: I am writing a letter, they are working hard today,
she is waiting now, you are watching TV now

 Primary Auxiliary:
 do, does, did (digunakan dalam kalimat negative & tanya)
Have, has, and had (perfect)
Ex: you do not study biology. Does she go to market?
She has got test twice they haven’t met Mr. Burrow before

Pengunaan Auxiliary Menurut Subject

Do To Be Perfect Future
Subjec
Present

Present

Present

Present
Past

Past

Past

Past
t

I Am Was Shall/ Should/

We Will Would
Do Have
You Are Were
They Did Had
She Will Would
He Does Is Was Has
It

 Modal Auxiliary:
Must, would, can, could, may, had better, etc.
Ex: he can speak France well they must work hard today
Note: apabila dalam kalimat itu terdapat sebuah primary atau modal
auxiliary maka kata kerjanya harus kembali ke bentuk asli

C. Active tenses
Tenses dalam pemahaman gramatikal Amerika ada 12 tenses,
sedangkan menurut pemahaman gramatikal Inggris ada 16 tenses
(termasuk didalamnya conditional sentence)

Tenses berdasarkan waktu yaitu:

Present Simple he works
 Continuous he is working
Perfect he has worked
Perfect Continuous he has been working
Past Simple he worked
Continuous he was working
Perfect he had worked
Perfect Continuous he had been working

Future Simple he will work

Continuous he will be working
Perfect he will have worked
Perfect Continuous he will have been working
Empat bentuk conditional
Present Conditional he would work
Conditional Continuous he would be working
Perfect Conditional he would have worked
Conditional Continuous he would have been working

D. auxiliary or ordinary
be, do, have as auxiliary verb & be, do, have as ordinary verb
Be
Affirmative Mary is sewing cloth Tom is a carpenter
You are sitting we are happy
Negative Mary isn’t sewing cloth Tom isn’t a carpenter
You aren’t sitting we aren’t happy
Interrogative is Mary sewing cloth? Is Tom a carpenter?
Are you sitting? Are we happy?
Do
Affirmative they sleep they do the test
He walks she does a job
Negative they don’t sleep they don’t do the test
He doesn’t walk She doesn’t do the job
Interrogative do they sleep? Do they do the test?
Does he walk? Does she do the job?

Have
Affirmative we have known
She has written
Negative we haven’t known
She hasn’t written
Interrogative have we known?
Has she written?
you have a painting
you haven’t a painting /
you don’t have a painting
Have you a painting? /
Do you have painting?

Using Regular and Irregular Verbs

Directions: Use the correct form of the words in parentheses.

1. Marie (smile) _______ yesterday because she received an A on her test.

2. Did you (spend) _________ your whole paycheck already?
3. Sharon (understand) ________________ what the teacher was saying.
4. Frank (buy) __________ a new car last week.
5. I saw a mother (hit) _______ her child in the store yesterday.
6. The two children were (fight) __________ over the cookie.
7. Lance (forget) _________ to give his homework to the teacher.
8. Marta (win) _________ a stuffed animal at the carnival.
9. The cats (catch) __________ a mouse yesterday and (put) _____ it on
my doorstep.

The Verbs Have, Do, and Go

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate verb depending on the
meaning and form depending on the subject.

Have Do Go
Has Does Goes

1. Terry to school every morning.

2. He sometimes homework.
3. He his homework quickly, but many times his answers
are wrong.
4. What homework Terry have?
5. Terry homework in English and math.
6. He is lucky because his teachers a lot of patience.
7. Terry exercises before school every day.
8. He __________ five classes.
9. He __________ to classes every morning and afternoon.
10 This morning, he reading and speech class.

7. CONJUNCTION
Conjunction adalah kata penghubung dan biasanya memararelkan dua
kata atau kalimat yang setara.
Conjunction yang memararelkan kata yang sama:
Ex: Smith is fat and kind
you aren’t rich still you could help him
Gil, Bill, and Smith are friends
Sam is sick, so he absents to the class
These shoes are old but comfortable
Mark likes to play game or listens the music
They are ugly and expensive yet people buy them

Macam – macam conjunction

And, for, but, or, yet, nor, so, beside,
however, if, that when, tough, unless, while as, because,
nevertheless, although, despite, thought,
otherwise, in spite of, therefore,
Both …….. and …….. not only …….. but also
either …….. or…… neither …….. nor ……..
(See: a practical English grammar, page 288)

8. INTERJECTION
Interjection adalah kata seru dan atau segala yang menyatakan takjub,
kaget.
Ex: Oops, ah, uh, ouw, look out, look, hey, watch out, etc.

Interjections biasanya di ikuti dengan

kalimat present continuous tenses
 TENSES
1. SIMPLE
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah kegiatan
rutinitas / kebiasaan yang dilakukan berulang – ulang, menyatakan sebuah
kebenaran umum dan kata kerja tertentu yang tidak dapat di Continuous
kan.
Structure – S + Infinitive (s/es) + O + Adv

Present a. I study two hours every night

b. He always eats a sandwich for lunch
Past Future c. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen
XXXXXXX d. The world is round
e. He needs a pen right now
f. I have only a dollar right now

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktifitas yang
berlangsung dan selesai di waktu lampau (past time), atau menunjukan
dua kejadian yang berurutan dengan mengunakan when.
Structure – S + Past Tense + O + Adv
Now a. I walked to school yesterday
b. I bought a new car three days ago
X X c. He lived in Paris for ten years, but now he is living
in Rome
d. I stood under the tree when it began to rain
e. when she heard the noise, she got up to investigate
f. when I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap.
 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Simple Future Tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktifitas yang akan
terjadi di masa yang akan datang. (will dan be going to digunakan untuk
menunjukkan masa yang akan datang / future time). Will digunakan untuk
sebuah prediksi dan keinginan, dan be going to digunakan untuk prediksi
dan mengungkapkan sebuah rencana.
Structure – S + WILL + Infinitive + O + Adv
Prediction a. it will be cloudy tomorrow
b. it is going to be cloudy tomorrow
Prior plan c. I’m going to paint my bedroom
X tomorrow
d. He’s going to buy a car
Willingness e. the phone’s ringing. I’ll get it
f. ask your teacher about it. She’ll help you

2. CONTINUOUS
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Present Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah akifitas /
kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada saat ini (present), ketika
pembicara mengatakan aktifitas tersebut dan untuk mengungkapkan
sesuatu secara umum kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung dalam suatu
periode.
Structure – S + BE + Present Participle + O + Adv

Present a. John is sleeping right now

b. I need an umbrella because it is raining
Past Future c. Bill and Mary are talking on the phone
X X d. I am taking five courses this semester
e. Sam is trying to improve his work habits
in progress f. She is writing another book this year

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past Continuous Tense menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang berlangsung
pada masa lampau saat kejadian lain terjadi, kejadian terjadi bersamaan
pada masa lampau dan yang memiliki makna yang sama dengan Simple
Past.
Structure – S + WAS / WERE + Present Participle + O + Adv

a. I was walking down the street when it began to

rain
b. at eight o’clock last night, I was studying
X c. last year at this time, I was attending school
d. while I was studying in a room, my friend was
having a party
e. it rained this morning
f. it was raining this morning

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Future Continuous Tense menunjukkan aktifitas yang akan sedang
berlangsung pada saat tersebut dimasa yang akan datang.
Structure – S + WILL + BE + Present Participle + O + Adv

a. I will be studying when you come

b. right now I am sitting in class. At this same time
tomorrow, I’ll be sitting in class,
X X c. don’t call me at nine because I won’t be home. I am
going to be studying at the library
d. don’t get impatient. She will be coming soon
e. don’t get impatient. She will come soon
 Note: kata kerja yang tidak dapat di Continuous kan

Non progressive Verb

Mental state know believe imagine want
realize feel doubt need
understand suppose remember prefer
recognize think* forget mean
Emotional Love hate fear mind
state Like dislike envy care
Appreciate
Possession Possess have own belong
Sense Taste* hear see*
perceptions Smell* feel*
Other Seem cost be* consist of
existing Look* owe exist contain
states Appear* weigh* include

* kata kerja diatas biasa juga digunakan dalam Continuous dengan makna
yang berbeda.

SIMPLE (existing state) CONTINUOUS (activity in progress)

Think I think he is a kind man I am thinking about grammar
Have He has a car I am having trouble.
She is having a good time
Taste This food tastes good The chef is tasting the sauce
Smell These flowers smell good Don is smelling a rose
See I see a butterfly, do you see it? The doctor is seeing a patient
Feel The cat’s fur feels soft Sue is feeling the cat’s fur
Weigh A piano is heavy, it weighs a lot The grocer is weighing the bananas
Be I am hungry Tom is being foolish
See: Betty Azar: Understanding and Using English Grammar, Second edition
 SPELLING OF ~ING AND ~ED
(1) Verb (a) Hope hoping hoped
Word end in ~e
that end in Date dating dated
Drop ~e and add ~ing*
~e Injure injuring injured
One- syllable verb
(b) Stop stopping stopped
1 vowel – 2 consonant**
Rob robbing robbed
Beg begging begged

(c) Rain raining rained

(2) Verb 2 vowel – 1 consonant
Fool fooling fooled
that end in
Dream dreaming dreamed
a vowel
Two- syllable verb
and a
(d) Listen listening listened 1st syllable stressed – 1
consonant
Offer offering offered consonant
Open opening opened

(e) Begin beginning (began) 2nd syllable stressed – 2

Prefer preferring preferred consonant
Control controlling controlled
(3) verb that (f) Start starting started If the word end in two
end in two Fold folding folded consonant, just add
consonants Demand demanding demanded ~ing
If ~y preceded by a
(g) Enjoy enjoying enjoyed vowel, keep the ~y
Pray praying prayed
Buy buying (bought) If ~y is preceded by
(4) verb that
consonant:
end in ~y
(h) Study studying studied ~ing form: keep ~y add
Try trying tried ~ing
Reply replying replied ~ed form: change to ~i,
add ~ed
(i) Die dying died ~ing form: change ~ie
(5) verb that
Lie lying lied to ~y, add ~ing
end in ~ie
Tie tying tied ~ed form: add ~d
* Exception: if a verb ends in ~ee, the final ~e is not dropped: seeing, agreeing,
freeing.
**Exception: ~w and ~x are not double: plow – plowed; fix – fixed.

3. PERFECT
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Present Perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan aktifitas / atau sesuatu telah
atau tidak terjadi sebelum saat ini (tidak ada ket. Waktu yang jelas), untuk
mengungkapkan kegiatan / aktifitas yang berulang – ulang sebelum saat
ini (waktu present), dan juga digunakan dengan kata since dan for untuk
menunjukkan situasi yang berlangsung sampai saat ini.
Structure – S + HAVE / HAS + Past Participle + O + Adv
Time?

a. they have moved into a new apartment

Present b. I have already seen that movie
X X c. we have had four tests so far this semester
Past Future d. I have flown on an airplane many times
e. I have been here for two hours
X X f. I have known him since last year
xxx
For + a duration time
Since + a particular time
X X

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Past Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktifitas yang telah
sempurna terjadi sebelum kejadian lain terjadi di masa lampau atau dapat
digunakan juga Simple past.
Structure – S + HAD + Past Participle + O + Adv
a. My parent had eaten by the time I got home
b. Until yesterday, I had never heard about it
X X c. Sam had already left when we got there
d. Sam had left before we got there
 e. After the guests had left, I went to bed

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Future Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktifitas yang telah
sempurna terjadi sebelum kejadian lain terjadi di masa yang akan datang.
Structure – S + WILL + HAVE + Past Participle + O + Adv
a. I save $ 50 a month, and I started in January. So by
the end of the year I will have saved $ 600
X X b. I will graduate at college in June, I will visit you in
August. So by the time I visit you, I will have
graduated
c. By the end of next month he will have been here for
ten years.

4. PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Present perfect continuous digunakan untuk menyatakan aktifitas yang
sedang berlangsung saat ini, dan dinyatakan dengan adanya durasi waktu
dan atau saat menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang umum yang sedang
berlangsung pada saat tersebut.
Structure – S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + Present Participle + O + Adv
I have been sitting here for eight o’clock
She has been living here since 1998
X X It has been raining all day
You have been studying for five straight hours

I have been thinking about changing my major

X X All of students have been studying hard. The
final exam start Next week
 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past perfect continuous menyatakan lamanya waktu sebuah aktivitas yang
sedang berlangsung sebelum aktifitas lain terjdi dimasa lampau.
Structure – S + HAD + BEEN + Present Participle + O + Adv

X X Sarah finally came at six o’clock. They had been

waiting since 4.30
The police had been looking for the thief before they
caught him
Judy had been swimming for a half an hour when
Bill met her.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past perfect continuous menyatakan lamanya waktu sebuah aktivitas yang
sedang berlangsung sebelum aktifitas lain terjdi dimasa yang akan datang
dan meyatakan aktifitas yang masih berlangsung sampai saat yang akan
datang.
Structure – S + Will + HAVE + BEEN + Present Participle + O + Adv

X X Mary will be back at twelve midnight. I will

Sleep at eight nine so I will have been sleeping for
four hours by the time she is back.
X X when professor Jones retires next month, he will
Have been teaching for 40 years
 KONSEP DUA KEJADIAN

A. Kejadian yang terjadi bersamaan

Kejadian ini untuk menyatakan dua aktifitas yang terjadi bersamaan
diwaktu sebelum saat ini (past) dan atau sesudah saat ini (future)

Continuous

Continuous

Tenses yang digunakan

Bentuk lamapu: past continuous dan past continuous
Bentuk future: future continuous dan future continuous

Example:
a. She was waiting us by the time they were preparing the party at nine
two days ago.
b. Mary was writing a letter while listening the music
c. She will be watching TV when I will be reading the novel
d. Jack will be playing card while listening the news

B. kejadian yang terjadi memotong

kejadian ini menerangkan sebuah aktifitas yang terjadi ditengah –
tengah aktifitas lain yang sedang terjadi diwaktu sebelum saat ini (past)
dan atau yang sesudah saat ini (future)

Continuous
 Simple

Tenses yang digunakan:

Bentuk lampau: past continuous dan simple past
Past perfect continuous dan simple past
Bentuk future: future continuous dan simple present
Future perfect continuous dan simple present

a. Hugh was climbing the tree when he fell down

b. Nancy had been studying since 1998 when Prof. Jones retired
c. The dean will be giving the lesson when she calls me
d. Mark will have playing foot ball for an hour before I arrive

C. kejadian yang terjadi berurutan

kejadian ini menerangkan sebuah aktifitas yang sudah selesai terjadi
sebelum aktifitas lainnya terjadi secara berurutan.

Perfect simple

Tenses yang digunakan:

Bentuk lampau: past perfect dan simple past

Bentuk future: future perfect dan simple present

Example:
a. after Kate had eaten, she went to office
b. Margaret had gone when the arrived to pick her up
c. Josh will have graduated before he visits his grandfather
d. We’re late; the train will have left before we arrive there
 MODAL
Modal auxiliary adalah Sekelompok kata kerja Bantu yang memiliki arti dan
fungsi tertentu. Fungsinya: yaitu memberikan makna atau arti tambahan pada
kata kerja ordinary ( asli )

LARANGAN MODAL:
She can go ( correct )
She cans go ( incorrect )
She can goes ( incorrect )
She can to go ( incorrect )
She to can go ( incorrect )
She can went ( incorrect )
She can going ( incorrect )
She can is going ( incorrect )
Does She can go ( incorrect )
She doesn’t can go ( incorrect )
Can you please to pass the salt? ( Incorrect )

MODAL COMBINATION
1. Modal - modal ( incorrect )
2. Phrasal modal – modal ( incorrect )
3. Modal – phrasal modal ( correct )
4. Phrasal modal – phrasal modal ( correct )

She will can do the test well ( incorrect )

She is going to can do the test well ( incorrect )
She will be able to do the test well ( correct )
She is going to be able to do test well( correct )

I. MACAM – MACAM MODAL

Modal aux Similar of modal
1. Will 1. Be going to ( akan )
2. Shall 2. Used to ( Dulu terbiasa )
3. would 3. Be supposed to ( Seharusnya )
4. Should ( Semestinya )
5. Ought to 4. Be able to ( Bisa / Dapat )
6. Can
5. Be to / Have to ( Harus )
7. Could
8. Must
9. May
10. Might
11. Had better
12. Used to
2. STRUKTUR MODAL
a. Verbal
S Modal Verb O Adv
I can invite him tomorrow
b. Nominal
S Modal Verb O Adv
He must be the winner now

I. POSSIBILITY
Modal Meaning Form
Will Pasti (100%) * Present / Future
Must Pasti (95 %) (+) S+ Modal +Infinitive + O
Should Kemungkinan besar (90 %) (?) Modal + S + Infinitive + O?
Ought to * Cont
May Mungkin (50 %) (+) S + Modal + be + Present
Participle + O
Might * Past
Can (+) S + Modal + Have + Past
Participle + O
Could (?) Modal + S + Have + Past
Participle + O?
* Cont
(+) S + Modal +Have been + Present
Participle + O

Present/Future { + } She must visit her friend now.

{ ? } Must She Visit her friend now?.
Cont { + } She must be visiting her friend at this time.
Past { + } He may have called me up yesterday
{ ? } May he have called me up yesterday?

II. IMPOSSIBILITY
Modal Meaning Form
Can not tidak mungkin “99% Present / Future
Could not (+) S+ Modal +Infinitive + O
Must not Pasti tidak/95% (?) Modal + S + Infinitive + O?
May not Mungkin tidak “50% Cont
Might not {+} S + Modal + be + Present
Participle + O
Past
(+) S + Modal + Have + Past
Participle + O
(?) Modal + S + Have + Past
Participle + O?
Cont
{+} S + Modal +Have been + Present
Participle
Present/Future { - } You can not go without him
{ - } Can’t you go without him?
Cont { - } Ann can not be leaving so soon
Past { - } He may not have gone with Jones last week
{ ? } May he not have gone with Jones last week?

1. Wishes (Harapan)
Modal Meaning Form
May Semoga { + } May + S + Infinitive + O + Adv.

Present / Future only { + } May we get success in our life.

{ - } May we not be bored with
learning English.

2. Ability ( Kemampuan )
Modal Meaning Form
Can Mampu Present / Future
Similar of modal Bisa {+} S + Can + Infinitive + O + Adv.
Be able to Dapat { - } S + Can not + Infinitive + O + Adv
{?} Can + S + Infinitive + O + Adv?
Similar
of modal
{+} S + is, am, are + able to + Infinitive + O
{-} S + is, am, are + Not + able to + Infinitive
{?} Is, am, are + S + able to + Infinitive + O?
Past
{+} S + Could + Infinitive + O + Adv
Similar of modal
{+} S + was, were + able to + Infinitive + O

Present / Future {+} He can speak German very well

{-} He can not speak German very well
{?} Can he speak German very well?

Similar of modal {+} The man is able to go to the moon

{-} The man is not able to go to the moon
{?} Is the man able to go to the moon?
Past {+} my sister could read when she was four
{+} She was able to reach the top of Semeru last
year
3. Necessity (Keharusan)
Modal Meaning Form
Must Harus Present / Future
Have to/Has to {+} S + Must + Infinitive + O + Adv.
Similar of modal {-} S + Needn’t + Infinitive + O + Adv
Be to {?} Must + S + Infinitive + O + Adv?
{+} S + Have to + Infinitive + O + Adv.
{-} S + don’t have to + Infinitive + O + Adv
{+} S + Has to + Infinitive + O + Adv
{-} S+doesn’t/don’t have to+Infinitive+O +Adv
{?} Do/Does + S + have to+ infinitive+ O +Adv?
Similar of modal
{+} S + is, am, are + to + Infinitive + O
{-} S + is, am, are + Not + to + Infinitive
{?} Is, am, are + S + to + Infinitive + O?
Past
{+} S + Had to + V! + O + Adv
{-} S + didn’t have to + Infinitive + O +Adv
Similar of modal
{+} S + was, were + to + Infinitive + O

Present / Future {+} I must talk to her right away

{-} I needn’t talk to her right away
{+} I have to talk to her about our lunch date tomorrow.
{-} I don’t have to talk to her about our lunch date
tomorrow
{?} Do I have to talk to her about our lunch date
tomorrow?
Similar of modal {+} I am to be at the meeting now coz’ my boss ordered me.
Past {+} They had to go to class yesterday.
 {-} They didn’t have to go to class yesterday
{+} They were to go to class yesterday

4. Advisability (Nasehat 1 solusi)

Modal Meaning Form
Should Seharusnya Present / Future
Ought to Seharusnya {+} S + Modal + Infinitive + O + Adv.
Had better Sebaiknya {-} S + Modal + not + Infinitive + O + Adv
{?} Modal + S + Infinitive + O + Adv ?
{+} S + Ought to + Infinitive + O + Adv.
{-} S + Ought not to + Infinitive + O + Adv
{?} Ought + S + to+ Infinitive+ O + Adv?
Continuous
{+} S + Modal + Be + Present Participle + O
Past
{+} S + Modal + have + Past Participle + O
{-} S + Modal + not + have+Past Participle+ O
{?} Modal + S + have + Past Participle + O?
Continuous
{+} S + Modal + Have been + Ving

Present / Future {+} Drivers should obey the speed limit.

{+} Drivers ought to obey the speed limit
{-} Drivers ought not to break the speed limit.
{?} Ought drivers to obey the speed limit?
{+} You had better turn that music down before Dad
gets angry
{-} You had better not turn that music up.
Similar of modal {+} I am supposed to attend the class, teacher wants
me to join.
Past {+} You should have done the job before you lived.
{+} You had better have run yesterday before the
police came.
5. Suggestion (Nasehat 2 Solusi / lebih)
Modal Meaning Form
Could Seharusnya Present / Future
{+} S + Could + Infinitive + O + Adv.
{-} S + could + not + Infinitive + O + Adv
{?} Could + S + Infinitive + O + Adv?
Continuous
{+} S + could be + Present Part + O + Adv
Past
{+} S + could have +Past Participle+ O+ Adv
Continuous
{+} S + could have been + Present part + O

Present / Future
{ + } You could talk to your teacher or you could ask Ann to
help you with math lessons.
Continuous { + } You could be sleeping or you could be drinking a
coffee.
Past { + } You could have phoned me or come to me last night.

6. Prohibition (Larangan)
Modal Meaning Form
Must not Dilarang* Present / Future
{-} S + Must not + Invinitive + O + Adv.
{-?} Mustn’t + S + Infinitive + O + Adv?
Present / Future { - } You mustn’t open the parcel until your birthday
{-?} Mustn’t you open the parcel?
7. Preference (Kesukaan)
Modal Meaning Form
Would rather Lebih suka Present / Future
{+} S + Would rather + Infinitive + O than
{-} S + Would rather not+ Infinitive +O than
{?} Would rather + S + Infinitive + O than?
Continuous
{+} S + Would rather be + Present Parc + O
Past
{+} S + Would rather have+ Past Participle+O
Continuous
{+} S + Could have been + Present Parc + O
{ +} Ann would rather have an apple than have an orange
{ - } Ann would rather not have an apple than have an orange
{?} Would rather Ann have an apple than have an orange?
{+} She would rather be here than be home

8. Request (Permintaan)
Modal Meaning Form
May Dapatkah Present / Future
Might Bisakah {?} Modal + S + Infinitive + O + Adv ?
Can {-?} Modal +S + not + Infinitive + O + Adv?
Could More polite request
Will ~ Would + you + mind + Present Parc + O?
Would ~ Would + you + mind if+ S+ Past Tense+ O?
~ Would + you + like to + Infinitive + O?
Polite Request (formal) * Answer
{?} Would you please open the door? - Yes, of course
- Yes, Certainly
{?} Can you please open the window? - I’d be happy to
- I’d be glad to
{?} Could you please listen to me? - Sure
 - Okay / - My pleasure!
More polite request
~ Would you mind lending me some money? - No, I would be glad to.
~ Would you mind if I asked you a question? - No, Please go ahead.
~ Would you like to take picture with me? - With / my pleasure!
Informal
{?} Will you please be on time?

9. Permission (Perizinan)
Modal Meaning Form
Can Bolehkah Present / Future
Could Dapatkah @ Giving permission
May Boleh {+} S + Modal + Infinitive + O + Adv
Dapat
Bisa
Present / Future @ Giving permission (Memberikan izin)
{+} Yes, sure. You can ask me something.
{+} Okay, you may have the cake after working.

10. Habitual action in the past (Kebiasaan di masa lalu)

Modal Meaning Form
Would Dulu terbiasa Present / Future
Used to {+} S + Would + Infinitive + O + Adv?
Similar of modal {+} S + Used to + Infinitive + O + Adv?
Be used to Sekarang terbiasa

American Style {-} S + didn’t use to + Infinitive + O + Adv

{?} Did + S + Use to + Infinitive + O + Adv?
British Style {-} S + Used not to + Infinitive + O + Adv
{?} Used + S + To + Infinitive + O + Adv?
Similar of modal Present {+} S + is, am, are + used to + V ing + O
Future {+} S + will be used to + V ing + O
Present {+} I would smoke last year, but now I have stopped.
/Future {+} She used to be a singer, but now she is mot.
American Style {-} She did not use to be a singer
{?} Did she use to be a singer?
British Style {-} She used not to be a singer
{?} Used she to be a singer?
Similar of modal {+} I am used to driving in London, but it was hard at the
 beginning

11. Expectations
Modal Form
Be supposed to Present / Future
Be to {+} S + is, am, are + supposed to + Ving + O + Adv
To
{-} S + is, am, are + not+ supposed to +Infinitive + O
To
{?} Is, am, are +S + supposed to + Infinitive + O +Adv?
To
Present/Future
{+} The program is supposed to begin at 11.00.
{+} The program is to begin at 11.00.
{+} The English student is supposed to meet tomorrow in meeting hall.
{+} The English student is to meet tomorrow in meeting hall.
{-} The program is not supposed to begin at 11.00
{-} The program is not to begin at 11.00
{?} Is the program supposed to begin at 11.00?
{?} Is the program to begin at 11.00?
 PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice adalah kalimat yang subjectnya dikenai perbuatan /
pekerjaan / tindakkan
Structure – Be + past participle dan kata kerjanya harus transitive
(memiliki object)

Contoh: He drives the red car (active)

S O

The red car is driven by him (passive)

O S

a. Marry is reading newspaper

Newspaper is being read by Marry
b. Cat has eaten the fish
The fish has been eaten by cat
c. Thief stole my the wallet
My the wallet was stolen (by thief)

Apabila subjectnya berupa:

Everyone, Someone, Anyone and No one (none) maka dalam bentuk
passive nya harus dihilangkan.
 SUBJUNCTIVE
Struktur kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan yang
diharapkan terjadi, menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar
adanya (bertolak belakang dengan fakta yang ada)

I. Macam – Macam Kata Subjunctive

Wish ( Berharap )
Would Rather ( Lebih suka )
As if / As though ( Seolah - olah )
If Only ( Kalau saja )

1. Kalimat Subjunctive yang menggunakan “Wish, if Only, Would

Rather” digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keinginan yang tidak
benar adanya.
2. Kalimat Subjunctive yang menggunakan “as If / as Though”
digunakan untuk menyatakan sifat atau keadaan yang tidak benar
adanya.

BENTUK KALIMAT SUBJUNCTIVE DAN FAKTA ATAU ARTINYA

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
Digunakan sebagai harapan / penyesalan / kejadian yang bertolak
belakang dengan fakta / peristiwa yg terjadi sekarang

S + Wish + That + S + V2 + O
Simple Past
1. Wish
Verbal:
She Wishes ( That ) She went home Now
S Subj. Conj. Simple Past Time Signal
dia Berharap Bahwa Dia pulang Sekarang
Nominal:
They Wish ( That ) She were at home Right now
 S Subjunctive Conj. Simple Past Time Signal
Mereka berharap bahwa Dia pr ada di rumah Saat ini

2. Would Rather S + Would Rather + S + V2 + O

Simple past
Verbal:
We Would Rather ( that ) He didn’t go anywhere today
S Subj. Conj Simple Past
Kami lebih suka bahwa Dia lk tidak kemana-mana hari ini
Reality: He goes today
Nominal:
I Would Rather (that) My sister were in my show now
S Subj Conj Simple Past
Saya Lebih senang bahwa Saudaraku ada di pertunjukanku skrg

3. As If / as Though

as If
S + V s/es + O + Adv + / as Though + S + V2 + O + Adv
Simple Present Simple Past

Verbal:
She Acts as If She had a lot of money
S Verb Subj. Simple Past
Dia Berlagak Seolah-olah Dia punya banyak uang
Faktanya: She doesn’t have a lot of money
Nominal:
You walk on the stage as though you were an actress
S V Adv. Subjunctive Simple Past
Kamu berjalan di atas panggung seolah-olah Kamu seorang artis
Faktanya: You are not an actress
4. If Only If Only + S + V2 + O + Adv + Past Future
Simple Past
Verbal:
If Only I had car now I would go to the movie
Subj. Simple Past Adv. Past Future
Kalau saja saya punya mobil saat ini saya akan ke Bioskop
Reality: I don’t have car now
Nominal:
If Only she were my friend now I would call her up
Subj. Simple Past Adv. Statement
Kalau saja dia pr temanku Sekarang aku akan telp dia
Faktanya: She isn’t my friend now

PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pengharapan / peristiwa yang tidak

benar adanya dimasa lampau.
S + Wish + ( that ) + S + Had + V3 + O
1. Wish Past Perfect
Verbal:
I wish that my girl had written me a latter last time
S Subj. Conj. Past Perfect
Saya berharap bahwa dia telah mengirimiku surat waktu dulu
Reality: My girl didn’t write me a latter last time
Nominal:
She wish that she had been in Bali yesterday
S Subj. Conj. Past Perfect
Dia berharap bahwa dia berada di Bali kemarin
Reality: She wasn’t in Bali yesterday
2. Would Rather
S + Would Rather + S + Had + V3 +
O Past
Verbal: Perfect
They would rather that we had finished the job two days ago
S Subj. Conj Past Perfect
Mereka lebih senang bahwa Kita sdh selesaikan tgs itu dua hr lalu
Reality: We didn’t finish the job two days ago
Nominal:
1 would rather (that) she had been my teacher yesterday
S Subj. Conj Past Perfect
Saya lebih suka bahwa dia jadi guruku kemarin
Reality: She wasn’t my teacher

3. As If / As Though

S + V 2 + O + As If / As Though + S + Had + V3 + O
Simple past Past perfect

Verbal:
You looked happy as if you had not had any problem
S. Past Subj. Past Perfect
Kamu nampak senang Seolah - olah kamu tidak punya masalah
Reality: You had problem
Nominal:
Betty told about Bromo as though she had ever been in Bromo
S. Past Subj. Past Perfect
Betty cerita tentang Bromo seolah - olah dia sudah pernah ke Bromo
Reality: she was never in Bromo
4. If only

If only + S + Had + V3 + O + Past future perfect

Past Perfect

Verbal:
If only I had invited her last night she must have been happy
Subj. Past Perfect Statement
Kalau saja aku mengajaknya tadi malam Dia pasti bahagia
Reality: I didn’t invite her

Nominal:
If only he had been the best student I would have given him a book
Subj. Past Perfect Statement
kalau saja dia lk jadi murid terbaik aku akan beri dia hadiah
Reality: He was not the best student

FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE
Untuk menyatakan pengandaiaan/ harapan tentang peristiwa / keadaan
yang tidak mungkin terjadi di waktu yang datang.

Marina: Will you come to my party?

Harry : I’m so sorry, I can’t… I have appointment with my friend
Marina: oh..! I only wish you would come.
Harry : thank you. But may be anytime when you make a party

Untuk menyatakan harapan tentang peristiwa atau keadaan di masa akan

datang yang mungkin bisa terwujud.

Joy : Will you come to my party? Coz, I wish you would come to
celebrate my birthday and I want you to dance with me
( Maukah kamu datang ke pestaku? soalnya aku berharap kamu
bisa datang
 untuk merayakan ulang tahunku dan aku ingin entar kamu
dansa ama aku )
May : Yes sure...! It’s my pleasure ( Tentu saja, dengan senang hati )
Joy : thank you...! I’ll be waiting for you.
( Makasih… ya..Ku tunggu lho…)

ELLIPTICAL STRUCTURE
a. DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ADVERB.

1. digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang sama dikerjakan

oleh object yang berbeda untuk kalimat positif menggunakan so atau
too.

Ex: Budi rode motorcycle to his office. Alex rode motorcycle to his office
Budi rode motorcycle to his office and so did Alex

Ex: Nathan is an engineer. I am an engineer.

Nathan is an engineer and I am too.

2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aktifitas yang sama dikerjakan

oleh object yang berbeda dalam kalimat negatif menggunakan either
atau neither.

Ex: Susan doesn’t go to school by bus. Marry doesn’t go to school by

bus.
Susan doesn’t go to school by bus and Marry does not either.

Ex: Ahmed is not watching the game. They are not watching the game
Ahmed is not watching the game and neither are they.
b. DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CONJUCTION.

1. But digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aktifitas atau sesuatu yang

kontradiktif.
Ex: Marco didn’t come to the class this morning. I came to the class this
morning
Marco didn’t come to the class this morning but I did

2. And digunakan untuk memararelkan subject, verb, dan object.

Ex: Rafael is going to school. Mark is going to school. Ted is going to
school.
Rafael, Mark and Ted are going to school.

3. Both digunakan untuk memararelkan subject

Ex: Hans agrees to his idea. Smith agrees to his idea.
Both Hans and Smith agree to his idea

4. Not only …. but also …… digunakan untuk memararelkan subject,

verb, dan object.
Ex: the police has not only investigated but also caught the thief
Not only my parents but also my sister was at home

5. Either … … or …… digunakan untuk memararelkan subject, verb dan

object dalam kalimat positif
Ex: I’ll take either chemist or physics next semester
Either they or Judy has promised to finish the job

Neither …… nor …… digunakan untuk memararelkan subject, verb

dan object dalam kalimat negatif
Ex: that book is neither interesting nor accurate
Neither my brother nor my friends were invited to the party.

Catatan:
a. and dan both maka subjectnya dijamakkan
b. not only …… but also ……, either …… or ……, dan neither ……
nor …… maka verb nya mengikuti subject yang belakang

CAUSATIVE VERB
Kata kerja tertentu yang digunakan untuk meminta atau menyuruh seseorang
untuk melakukan sesuatu.
A. Bentuk kata kerja tersebut:
Causative Present/ Present
Past Perfect Meaning
Verb Future Participle

Make Make Made Made Making Memaksa

Have Have Had Had Having Menyuruh
Get Get Got Got / Gotten Getting Menyuruh
B. Bentuk Structure Causative dalam kalimat
- Causative active
1. Make S + Make + O + Infinitive + O / Adv
She makes her young brother study English every day
2. Have S + Have + O + Infinitive + O / Adv
My friend is having me go to Jakarta right now
3. Get S + Get + O + to + Infinitive + O / Adv
They got him to do their job yesterday

- Causative passive
1. Have S + Have + O + Past Participle + (By + O)
 He has his book changed by his friend now
We had our cars washed yesterday

2. Get S + Get + O + Past Participle + (By + O)

 I will get my friends invited in the party tomorrow
I have got the rubbish thrown just now

Note: Ada beberapa bentuk kata kerja yang memiliki bentuk structure yang sama
seperti Causative Verb akan tetapi bukan termasuk Causative Verb.
 Kata kerja tersebut adalah:
  Let ( membiarkan ) She helped them to do their home
work
 Help ( Menolong ) I let him Use my cycle

CLAUSE
1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Adjective clause adalah clause yang menjadi sifat dari subject pada
main clause, conjuctionnya menggunakan Who, Which, dan That
Ex: Caroline is a beautiful girl. (Main clause)

She is joining the class now (sub clause)

Caroline who is joining the class now is a beautiful girl
Adj clause
The girl was dancing with a lieutenant (main verb)

I saw her on party last night. (Sub clause)

The girl whom I saw in the party last night was dancing with a
lieutenant.
Adj clause
2. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Adverbial clause adalah clause yang menjadi kata keterangan dari
kalimat atau kata kerja pada main clause, conjuctionnya menggunakan
After, Before, When, While, Because, Although, etc.
Ex: after she had graduated, she got a job.
she got a job after she had graduated.

when we were in New York, we saw several plays.

we saw several plays when we were in New York.
3. NOUN CLAUSE
Noun clause adalah clause yang menjadi object dari kata kerja pada
main clause, conjuctionnya menggunakan That.
Ex: Ahmed realizes that Susan will not come back again.
Object
My surprise is that she gives a present
 Object
S v o
His story was interesting
s v v o
What he said was interesting

PARTICIPLE
 Present Participle – sebagai kata kerja (verb)

1. Present Participle dalam Continuous tense

- we are studying Grammar now
- he is working at hospital right now

2. Setelah kata kerja tertentu (certain verb)

See watch smell hear leave stand observe
Catch feel find keep notice sit lie
- I saw him standing in front of the store
- I see him passing my house everyday
- he is sitting in the bus stop waiting for her
- I stood in the corner waiting for Ann

 Present Participle – sebagai kata sifat (adjective)

- The leaking pipe - pressed dress - stolen wallet - a written report
M M --- H M ---- H M ---- H M M --- H
- The book is interesting - interesting girl
M – H -------- M M ----- H
- I want to meet the girl wearing blue dress
H --- M

 Present Participle – sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)

Having finished my job, I went home
(after I had finished my job, I went home)
Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy, he took large supplies with
him
 GERUND AND INFINITIVE
Gerund
 Sebagai subject
Dancing is her hobby
Fishing is interesting

 Setelah preposisi
I am too afraid of losing
There’s no point in waiting
He is good in diving
He is interested in skiing

 Sebagai subject complement

Her hobby is painting

 Sebagai modifier of noun (memiliki makna for)

Meeting Hall writing book swimming pool
 Sebagai head
Her smiling they visiting his coming
 Setelah kata Go + Gerund – bermakna rekreasi
Go fishing Go camping
Go shopping Go hiking
 Setelah kata No + Gerund – bermakna larangan
No parking No swimming
No smoking No fishing

 Setelah kata kerja tertentu (certain verb)

- Keep going - would you mind waiting a moment
 - Forgive me for ringing you up early

Certain verbs are followed by gerund

Admit Dread imagine remember pardon
Deny
Anticipate Dislike involve resent postpone
Appreciate escape keep resist propose
(suggest)
Avoid excuse loath risk suggest
Consider enjoy mean save understand
Defer fancy mind recollect forgive
Delay finish miss practice Detest

To Infinitive
 Sebagai subject
To walk alone at night makes her scare
 Setelah adjective
I am happy to see you I am glad to see you
 Setelah kata too dan enough
He strong enough to lift the box
He is too young to be soldier
 Setelah kata How What Which
Why When Where
- I don’t know how to do it
- I couldn’t think what to say

 Setelah certain verb

I hope to see you
I promise to wait her
She agreed to pay ₤50
Certain verbs are followed by infinitive
Agree aim ask arrange appear
Attempt bother claim condescend care
Choose Consent decide determine fail
Forget guarantee hesitate hope happen
Learn manage neglect offer plan
Promise prepare pretend refuse remember
resolve undertake try tend swear seem

SUMMARIES
PRASAL VERB
Be back = have return after a long or short absence
Be in = be at home / in this building
Be up = Get up
Break in = Enter by force
Call up = Telephone
Carry on = Continue
Carry out = Obey, fulfill
Clean up = Leave the place clean
Clear out = Make the room empty
Clear up = Make tidy and clean
Come on = Come with me, accompany me
Come away = Leave (with me)
Drop in = Short visit (mampir)
Find out = Discover, get
Get away = Escape, be free to leave
Get back = Reach home again
Get on = Live, work (how are you and Mr. Pitt getting on)
Get out = Escape from, leave
Get through = Get into telephone communication
Get up = Wake up
Give back = Restore (a thing) to its owner
Give up = Abandon / discontinue, surrender
Go ahead = Lead the way, continue
Go away = Leave me, leave this place
Go back = Return, retire, retreat
Go on = Continue a journey (plus gerund = continue any actions)
Go out = Leave the house
Grow up = Become adult
Hold on = Wait (especially on the phone)
Jump out = Turun (from the bus)
Keep away (from) = Hindarkan (dari) jangkauan
Keep on = Continue (keep on talking)
Keep out = Stay in outside
Let (sb) down = Disappoint sb. By failing to act ….(merendahkan)
Look after = Take care of
Look for = Search for, seek
Look out = Beware, watch out
Make up one’s mind = Come to decision
Mix up = Confuse
Move in = Move into a new house, flat, room
Move out = Leave the house, flat
Pull up = Stop (of vehicles)
Put off = Postpone
Ring up = Telephone
Ring off = End the telephone
Run after = Pursue
Runaway = Elope, escape
Sell out = Sell all that you have of a certain type of article
(sold out), run out
Set in = Begin
Set off/out = Start a journey
Settle up = Pay off, repay, pay back
Sit back = Relax, take no action, do no more work.
Stand by (sb) = Continue to support and help somebody
Take back = Withdraw, recall
Take care = be careful
Take over = Assume responsibility for, (hand over)
Turn in = Go to bed
Turn on/off = Switch on/off
Turn down/up = Increase/decrease volume
Walk out = March out in disgust or indignation
Watch out = Look out
 PREPOSITION COMBINATION
A be absent from be divorced from look forward to
be accused of be done with M be made of, from
be accustomed to dream of, about be married to
be afraid of be dressed in O object to
agree with E be engaged in, to be opposed to
be angry at, with be equipped with P participate in
be annoyed with, by escape from be patient with
apologize for excel in, at be pleased with
apply to, for be excited about be polite to
argue with, about be exhausted from pray for
arrive in, at excuse for be prepared for
be associated with be exposed to be protected from
be aware of F be faithful to be proud of
B believe in be familiar with provided with
beware of feel like R recover from
blame for fight for be related to
be blessed with be finished with be relevant to
be bored with, by be fond of be remembered for
C be capable of forget about rescue from
care about, for forgive for respond to
be committed to be friendly to, with be responsible for
compare to, with be frightened of, by S be satisfied with
complain about, with be furnished with be scare of, by
be connected to G be gone from stop from
consist of be grateful to, for subscribe to
be content with be guilty of substitute for
contribute to H hide from succeed in
be coordinate with hope for T take advantage of
be covered with I be innocent of take care of
be crowed with insist (up) on talk about, of
D decide (up) on be interested in thank for
be dedicated to introduce to think about, of
depend (up) on J be jealous of be tired of, from
be devoted to K keep from U be upset with
be disappointed in, with be known for be used to
be discriminated against L be limited to V vote for
distinguish from be located in W be worried about
Taken from: understanding and using English Grammar (Betty Azar)

IRREGULAR VERB
PAST
INFINITIVE PAST TENSE MEANING
PARTICIPLE
Abide Abode Abode Berdiam
Arise Arose Arisen Terbit
Awake Awoke Awoken Membangunkan
Backbite Backbit Backbitten Mengumpat
Bear Bore Borne Memikul
Beat Beat Beaten Memukul
Become Became Become Menjadi
Befall Befell Befallen Menimpa
Beget Begat Begotten Melahirkan
Begin Began Begun Mulai
Behold Beheld Beheld Melihat
Bend Bent Bent Membengkokkan
Bereave Bereft Bereft Merampas
Beseech Besought Besought Memohon
Beset Beset Beset Mengelilingi
Bespeak Bespoke Bespoken Memesan
Be spread Be spread Be spread Menyeber,menutupi
Bestrew Bestrewed Bestrewn Menaburkan,menghambur
Bestride Bestrode Bestridden Mengangkangi
Bestow Bestrewed Bestrewn Menaburkan,berhamburan
Bet Bet Bet Bertaruh
Betake Betook Betaken Pergi,melarikan diri
Bethink Bethought Bethought Berfikir mengingat
Bid Bid Bid Minta,menawar
Bide Bode Bided Menunggu,menanti
Bind Bound Bound Mengikat
Bite Bit Bit Menggigit
Bleed Bled Bled Berdarah
Blend Blended Blend Bercampur
Bless Blest Blest Memberkati
Blow Blew Blown Bertiup,mengembuse
Break Broke Broken Memecahkan
Breed Bred Bred Memelihara,mendidik
Bring Brought Brought Membawa
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Memancarkan radio
Browbeat Browbeat Browbeaten Menggertak
Build Built Built Membangun
Burn Burnt Burned Membakar
Burst Burst Burst Merekah,meledak
Buy Bought Bought Membeli
Cast Cast Cast Melempar
Catch Caught Caught Menangkap
Chide Chide Chide Menggusur,mencaci
Choose Chose Chosen Memilih
Cleave Clove Cloven Membelah
Cling Clung Clung Melekat
Clothe Clad Clad Memakai
Come Came Come Datang.mendekat
Cost Cost Cost Berharga
Creep Crept Crept Merangkak
Crow Crew Crowed Berkokok,bangga
Cut Cut Cut Memotong
Dare Dared Dared Memberanikan diri
Deal Dealt Dealt Membagi,berdagang
Dig Dug Dug Menggali
Do Did Done Membuat,melakukan
Draw Drew Drawn Menggambar
Dream Dreamt Dreamt Bermimpi
Drink Drank Drunk Minum
Drive Drove Driven Mengendarai
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Merenungkan,bertempat tinggal
Eat Ate Eaten Makan
Fall Fell Fallen Jatuh
Feed Fed Fed Memberi makan
Feel Felt Felt Merasa
Fight Fought Fought Berkelahi
Find Found Found Mendapat,menemukan
Flee Fled Fled Melarikan diri
Fling Flung Flung Membuang
Fly Flew Flown Terbang
Fly Fled Fled Lari
Forbear Forbore Forborne menahan diri,menjauhkan
Forbid Forbad Forbidden Melarang
Forecast Forecast Forecast Meramalkan
Forego Forewent Foregone Mendahului
Foreknow Foreknew Foreknown Mengetahui
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Mengetahui lebih dulu
Foretell Foretold Foretold Meramalkan
Forget Forgot Forgotten Melupakan
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Memaafkanmengampuni
Forsake Forsook Forsaken Meninggalkan
Forswear Forswore Forsworn Mengingkari
Freeze Froze Frozen Membekukan
Gainsay Gainsaid Gainsaid Menyangkal membantah
Get Got Gotten Memperoleh
Gild Gilt Gilt Menyepuh
Girt Girt Girt Mengikat
Give Gave Given Memberi,menyerahkan
Go Went Gone Pergi
Grave Graved Graven Memahat
Grind Ground Ground Mengasah,mengisar
Grow Grew Grown Tumbuh timbul
Hamstring Hamstrung Hamstrung Melumpuhkan
Hang Hung Hung Bergantung menggantung
Have/has Had Had Mempunyai
Hear Heard Heard Mendengar
Heave Hove Hove Mengangkat dg susah payah
Hew Hewed Hewn Memotong
Hide Hid Hidden Bersembunyi,menyembunyikan
Hit Hit Hit Memukul,mengenai
Held Held Held Memegang,menahan
Hurt Hurt Hurt Melukai
Inlay Inlaid Inlaid Menaruh,menata
Keep Kept Kept Memegang,menyimpan
Kneel Knelt Knelt Berlutut,bersujud
Knit Knit Knit Merajut
Know Knew Known Mengenal,mengetahui
Lade Laded Laden Memuat
Lay Laid Laid Menaruh
Lead Led Led Memimpin
Leap Leapt Leapt Meloncat,meloncati
Learn Learnt Learnt Mendengar,belajar
Leave Left Left Meninggalkan
Lend Lent Lent Meminjamkan
Let Let Let Membiarkan
Lie Lay Lain Berbaring
Light Lit Lit Menerangi
Lose Lost Lost Kehilangan
Make Made Made Membuat
Mean Meant Meant Bermaksud
Meet Met Met Bertemu
Melt Melted Melted Melebur
Misdeal Misdealt Misdealt Salah membagi
Miss give Miss gave Miss given Merasa takut
Mislay Mislaid Mislaid Lupa
Mislead Misled Misled Menyesatkan
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Saah mengira
Mow Mowed Mown Menyabit
Outbid Out bade Out bidden Menawar lebih tinggi
Outdo Outdid Outdone Melebihi
Outgo Out went Out gone Mengeluarkan
Outgrow Outgrew Outgrown Tumbuh lebih cepat
Outride Out rode Out ridden Berjalan lebih cepat
Outrun Outran Outrun Berlari lebih cepat
Outshine Outshone Outshone Bersinar lebih cepat
Outspread Outspread Outspread Terbakar lebar,
Outwear Outwore Outworn Mengatasi menjadi tua
Overbear Overbore Overborne Menindih,melebihi
Overcast Overcast Overcast Mendung berawan
Overcome Overcame Overcome Mengatasi
Overdo Overdid Overdone Melebih-lebihkan
Overdraw Overdraw Overdrawn Melukiskan,berlebih-lebihkan
Overeat Overate Overeaten Terllu banyak makan
Oversleep Overslept Overslept Tidur kesiangan
Overtake Overtook Overtaken Menyusul
Pay Paid Paid Membayar
Prove Proved Proved, Proven Membuktikan
Put Put Put Menyimpan
Quit Quitted, quit Quitted, quit Keluar
Read Read Read Membaca
Rebind Rebound Rebound Menjilid kembali
Rebuild Rebuilt Rebuilt Membangun kembali
Recast Recast Recast Menyusun lagi
Redo Redid Redone Mengulangi, memperbaiki
Repay Repaid Repaid Membayar kembali
Reset Reset Reset Memasang lagi
Retell Retold Retold Menceritakan ulang
Rewrite Rewrote Rewritten Karangan yang ditulis lagi
Rid Rid, ridded Rid, ridded Membersihkan
Ride Rode Ridden Mengendarai
Ring Rang Rung Menelpon
Rise Rose Risen Naik, menaikan
Run Ran Run Lari
Saw Sawed Sawn, sawed Menggergaji
Say Said Said Mengatakan
See Saw Seen Melihat
Seek Sought Sought Mencari, meminta, mencoba
Sell Sold Sold Menjual
Send Sent Sent Mengirim
Set Set Set Menaruh, memasang , mengatur
Sew Sewed Sewn, sewed Menjahit
Shake Shook Shaken Mengoyangkan
Shine Shone Shone Menyinari
Shoot Shot Shot Menembak
Show Showed Shown, Showed Mempertunjukkan
Shut Shut Shut Menutup
Sing Sang Sung Menyani
Sink Sank Sunk, Sunken Tenggelam
Sit Sat Sat Duduk
Sleep Slept Slept Tidur
Slide Slid Slid Menyelipkan, terpeleset
Smell Smelt, smelled Smelt, Smelled Mencium bau
Speak Spoke Spoken Berbicara
Spell Spelt, spelled Spelt, spelled Mengeja
Spend Spent Spent Menghabiskan
Spread Spread Spread Menyebarkan
Stand Stood Stood Berdiri
Steal Stole Stolen Mencuri
Strike Struck Struck, stricken Melanggar, menabrak
Swear Swore Sworn Bersumpah
Sweep Swept Swept Menyapu
Swim Swam Swum Berenang
Swing Swung Swung Mengyunkan, menggoyangkan
Take Took Taken Mengambil, membawa
Teach Taught Taught Mengajar
Tear Tore Torn Merobek
Tell Told Told Mengatakan
Think Thought Thought Berpikir, mengira
Throw Threw Thrown Melempar
Unbend Unbent Unbent Meluruskan, menjadi ramah
Underbid Underbid Underbid Menwarkan harga yang rendah
Understand Understood Understood Mengerti
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Menjalankan, melakukan,
Undo Undid Undone Melepaskan, membuka
Unwind Unwound Unwound Melepaskan, membuka
Uphold Upheld Upheld Menegakkan, membenarkan
Upset Upset Upset Mengganggu merusak
Wake Woke, waked Woken, waked Membangunkan
Wear Wore Worn Memakai pakaian
Weave Wove Woven Menenun, menganyam
Wed Wedded, Wed Wedded, Wed Mengawini
Wet Wet, Wetted Wet, wetted Membasahi
Win Won Won Menang
Wind Wound Wound membalut, menggulung
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Menarik, mengambil kembali
Work Worked Worked Bekerja
Wring Wrung Wrung Memeras, meremas, memijit
write Wrote Written Menulis
 NUMBERS
CARDINAL NUMBER
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty one
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty two
3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty
4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty
5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty
6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty
7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy
8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty
9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety
10 ten 20 twenty 100 a / one hundred

111 a / one hundred and eleven

121 a / one hundred and twenty one
1023 a / one thousand and twenty three
1135 a / one thousand, one hundred and thirty five
5801 five thousand eight hundred and one

How many + plural How much + singular

How many books are on the table? How much is this book?
How many cars does your father have? How much water in the gallon?
How many days are there in a week? How much money do you spend
everyday?
How many chairs are there in the class? How much water do we drink everyday?

ORDINAL NUMBER
1st first 11th eleventh 21st twenty first
2nd second 12th twelfth 22nd twenty second
3rd third 13th thirteenth 30th thirtieth
4th forth 14th fourteenth 40th fortieth
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 50th fiftieth
6th sixth 16th sixteenth 60th sixtieth
7th seventh 17th seventeenth 70th seventieth
8th eighth 18th eighteenth 80th eightieth
9th ninth 19th nineteenth 90th ninetieth
10th tenth 20th twentieth 100th one hundredth

121st one hundred and twenty first

1000th one thousandth
1023rd one thousand and twenty third
1135th one thousand, one hundred and thirty fifth
5801st five thousand eight hundred and first

Using date of time

- What date was our independent day?
It was on seventeenth of August or It was on August Seventeenth
- What time will our study begin?
It will begin at eight o’clock
- What date do you celebrate your birthday?
On twenty third of May or On May twenty third

Please read these sentences below!

Written
March 10 10 March 10th of March Charles V Elizabeth II
Read
March 10th 10th of March March the 10th Charles the fifth Elizabeth the
Second

NUMBER SPELLING
Now read these numbers below!
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
111 222 333 444 555 666 777 888 999 1000

182 482 514 1500 1966 1975 1982 1987 2008

MULTIPLICATIVE NUMBER
Once satu kali Seven times tujuh kali
Twice dua kali Eight times delapan kali
Three times tiga kali Nine times sembilan kali
Four times empat kali Ten times sepuluh kali
Five times lima kali Eleven times sebelas kali
Six times enam kali Twenty one times
Many times berkali-kali

Fraction Number Decimal Number

½ a half, one – second 0.5 zero point five
⅓ a third, one – third 0.15 zero point one five
¼ a quarter, one – forth 0.09 zero point ought nine
⅔ two – third 25.36 twenty five point thirty six
⅝ five – eighth 3.24 three point twenty four
⅜ three – eighth 20.78 twenty point seventy eight
⅞ seven - eighth

CURRENCY
There are some currencies symbols ($ = dollar, € = Euro, ₤ = pound sterling, ₣ = frank)
25 cents dollar 50 cents dollar a hundred cents = one dollar $1,-
20 cent Euro 40 cent Euro a hundred cents = one Euro €1,-
20 pence 50 pence a hundred pennies = one pound ₤1

Note: Pennies – pence (singular.) a penny

$1 $2 $ 5,- $ 10,- $ 20,- $ 50,- $ 100,-

€1 €2 € 5,- € 10,- € 20,- € 50,- € 100,-
₤1 ₤2 ₤ 5,- ₤ 10,- ₤ 20,- ₤ 50,- ₤ 100,-
₣1 ₣2 ₣ 5,- ₣ 10,- ₣ 20,- ₣ 50,- ₣ 100,-
₤ 2.90 two pounds and ninety ₤ 5.60 five pounds and sixty
₤ 12.25 twelve pounds and twenty-five $ 7.39 seven dollars and thirty-nine
$ 20,- twenty dollars $ 0.50 fifty cents

Measure
A. Weight
1. Pound (lb.) = 16 ounces (oz.) = 0.454 kilogram (kg)
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
1 pint (pt.) = 0.568 liter (l)
2 pints = 1 quart (qt.)
4 quarts = 1 gallon
1 gallon = 4.55 liters

B. Length
12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)
3 feet = 1 yard (yd.)
1. 760 yard = 1 mile (m.)
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters (cm)
1 yard = 0.914 meter (m)
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers (km)
SUMMARY OF TENSE
 Library
- Azar. Betty Schrampfer,
Understanding and Using English Grammar, Third Edition, Longman, July 1999.
- Azar. Betty Schrampfer,
Understanding and Using English Grammar, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1989.
- Murphy. Raymond,
Grammar in Use, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.
- Frank. Marcela,
Modern English, Prentice-Hall, 1972.
- Thompson, A.J. and, A.V. Martinet
A Practical English Grammar, fourth edition, Oxford Univ. Press, 1986.
- Team. Genta,
Golden Grammar, first edition, GEC Pare.