RESPIRASI // RESPIRATION
CHAPTER 2.4 -2.5
* EFFECTIVE PT3 ORIENTED
SELF – ASSESSMENT (CHAP - 2)
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2.4 ADAPTASI DALAM SISTEM RESPIRASI
Adaptations in Respiratory System
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The skin of frogs is also always moist because it is covered by a layer
of mucus which causes the respiratory gases to dissolve and diffuse
easily.
Under the layers of skin is a dense network of blood capillaries to
increase the diffusion rate of gases between the skin and the blood
capillaries.
water flow
Blood vessels
lamellae / lamela
Insang
Gills
filaments
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Fish is an organism that can only live in water.
the respiratory structure of fish, namely gills can
adapt to increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange
in water.
Gills are made up of two rows of fine filaments that
have many thin and flat projections known as lamellae
as shown in Figure below.
The number of filaments and lamellae produces a large surface area
to facilitate gaseous exchange.
Since fish live in water, their gills are surrounded by water and this
causes the respiratory gases to dissolve and diffuse easily.
*** Mudskippers are classified as amphibious fish because they breathe
through their gills like fish and also through their moist outer skin like
amphibians.
1. Sistem respirasi serangga ialah sistem trakea yang terdiri daripada tiub
udara yang dikenali sebagai trakea seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah di
bawah.
2. Udara masuk atau keluar dan trakea melalui liang pernafasan yang
dikenali sebagai spirakel.
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8. Kantung ini diisi dengan udara untuk meningkatkan adar pertukaran gas
respirasi antara tisu dengan persekitaran dalam aktiviti cergas.
Air sacs
These sacs are filled with air to increase the rate of exchange of
respiratory gases between tissues and the surroundings during
energetic activities.
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Adaptasi dan keupayaan sistem respirasi bagi keadaan yang berlainan:
Adaption and ability for respirator system in different conditions:
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(iii) Bagi mengatasi risiko tekanan tinggi yang berbahaya ini,
penyelam scuba dilengkapi peralatan scuba dan gas
pernafasan yang disesuaikan mengikut kedalaman.
(iv) Di bawah tekanan yang tinggi,system respirasi tak dapat
berfungsi dengan normal. Oleh itu, alat pengawal tekanan perlu
sentiasa dibawa oleh penyelam skuba. Pada paras 610 m (2 000
kaki) dari aras laut, penyelam perlu memakai suit atmosfera.
(c) Penyakit seperti anemia sel sabit // Disease like anemia sickle cells
Pesakit anemia kekurangan sel darah merah yang mengurangkan kecekapan
untuk penyerapan oksigen ke dalam darah. Pesakit akan mudah letih.
Anemia patients lack of red blood cells which reduces the
efficiency of oxygen absorption into the blood. The patient will be
easily tired.
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2.5 Pertukaran Gas dalam Tumbuhan
Gas Exchange in Plants
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Peresapan Karbon Dioksida // Absorption of Carbon Dioxide
1. Setiap stoma terdiri daripada satu liang stoma yang disempadani oleh
sepasang sel pengawal.
Stoma is made up of a stomatal pore bounded by a pair of guard cells.
4. Maka, molekul air dari kawasan yang berpekatan tinggi akan meresap
masuk ke dalam sel pengawal yang mempunyai molekul air berpekatan
rendah melalui osmosis.
Thus, water molecule from a high concentration area will diffuse into the
guard cell where the water molecule is in low concentration by osmosis.
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Concept of Osmosis
Osmosis is the process of movement of water molecules from a
region of high concentration of water molecules (solution with a
low concentration of solutes) to a region of low concentration of
water molecules (solution with a high concentration of solutes)
through a semipermeable membrane .This membrane is permeable
to water but not permeable to some solutes such as sucrose
molecules.
• Sel pengawal menjadi flasid dan • Sel pengawal menjadi segah dan
lurus. melengkung.
Guard cell become flaccid Guard cell become turgid
and flattened. and curved.
• Stoma tertutup • Stoma terbuka
Stoma closed Stoma opened
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Kesan Pencemaran Terhadap Tumbuhan
Impact of Pollution on Plants
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Langkah-langkah pencegahan pencemaran
Steps to prevent pollutions
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SOALAN KBAT BERSAMA CIKGU THANA
Menilai
(a) Asap rokok mengurangkan kecekapan pertukaran gas dalam peparu kita.
Wajarkan pendapat anda.
Cigarette smoke reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange in
our lungs. Justify your opinion.
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[3 markah/3 marks]
Menganalisis
(b) Selain daripada kanser peparu, merokok juga akan menyebabkan
penyakit jantung. Terangkan.
Besides lungs cancer, smoking will also cause heart problem.
Explain.
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[3 markah/3 marks]
Mencipta / Menjana idea
(c) Puan Maini ingin menerangkan tentang kesan merokok terhadap peparu
kepada anaknya. Sekiranya Puan Maini diberikan bahan-bahan yang berikut,
janakan idea bagaimanakah dia boleh menunjukkan demonstrasi kepada
anaknya. Lakarkan demonstrasi tersebut dan terangkan apakah yang akan
diperhatikan.
Madam Maini wants to explain the effects of smoking on the lungs
to her child. If Madam Maini is given the following substances,
generate ideas on how she can demonstrate to her child. Sketch
the demonstration and explain the observation.
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Botol plastik Bebola kapas
Plastic bottle Cotton balls
Lakaran // Sketch:
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Penerangan // Explanation:
[4 markah/4 marks]
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