BAB

2 DAILY ROUTINES

Deskripsi Singkat
Kegiatan sehari-hari (daily routines) menjadi topik yang
penting dipelajari oleh mahasiswa. Topik ini dapat dipelajari oleh
mahasiswa dari berbagai disiplin ilmu yang berbeda karena sifatnya
yang umum. Beberapa cakupan dari tema daily routines ini dapat
meliputi pekerjaan, pendidikan, hobi, keseharian di rumah, dll.

Mahasiswa akan mempelajari

Materi yang disajikan dalam bab ini meliputi teks tentang daily
routines, tenses yang berkaitan dengan daily routines, serta
kegiatan-kegiatan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca,
mendengarkan, berbicara, dan menulis.

Capaian Pembelajaran
 Memahami informasi inti dan spesifik dari teks dan
percakapan bertema daily routine
 Memahami konsep present tense dan present progressive
dalam menyatakan daily routine
 Menyampaikan daily routine secara lisan
 Menulis teks deskripsi tentang daily routine dengan
menerapkan komponen kebahasaan yang tepat

2.1 Pengertian Umum Daily Routines

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 Daily routines adalah topik yang membahas kegiatan sehari-hari.
Topik ini penting dipelajari karena sering digunakan dalam berbagai
konteks komunikasi, baik formal maupun informal. Dalam wawancara
kerja, misalnya, seringkali muncul pertanyaan tentang kerutinan kandidat
karyawan. Selain dalam konteks formal, daily routines juga sering
dibicarakan dalam percakapan informal baik dengan orang baru maupun
orang yang sudah lama dikenal. Daily routines dapat mencakup beberapa
hal, seperti pekerjaan, pendidikan, hobi, keseharian di rumah, dll.
Dalam Bab ini, disajikan beberapa subtopik yang menyajikan
pendalaman kompetensi bahasa Inggris, seperti reading, listening,
speaking, dan writing. Selain itu, language focus juga ditambahkan untuk
mengupas tata bahasa yang diperlukan dalam menyampaikan kegiatan
sehari-hari. Untuk mengetahui perkembangan kemampuan mahasiswa,
disajikan latihan-latihan soal maupun aktivitas pada tiap kompetensi yang
dipelajari.

2.2 Reading
Bagian ini menyajikan beberapa teks yang berkaitan dengan topik
daily routines. Teks-teks tersebut dilengkapi dengan pertanyaan-
pertanyaan untuk membangun konteks dan soal-soal latihan.

2.2.1 Text 1
Before reading the text, answer the following questions.
1. What time do you wake up in the morning?
2. Do you enjoy waking up early?
3. What do you feel when you do not get up on time?
4. What do you do after getting up?
5. Do you think that people should get up on time? Why?

Now read the text below.

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 Talking About Daily Habits

Sumber: Valuavitaly (n.d.)

The worst thing about life, in my opinion, for my younger brother

is getting up in the morning. In every morning, my mother says, “Herby!
Get up! It is now 7 o'clock!”
“I’m coming,” Herby replies. However, he immediately falls
asleep again.
I am not like my brother at all. Getting up in the morning does not
bother me, but going to bed at night is something I dislike. Usually, I get
out of bed before my mother calls. I quickly get out of bed and walk to the
bathroom to take a shower. When my mother calls, I get ready and head
downstairs for breakfast after brushing my teeth, combing my hair, and
getting dressed.
But not Herby. He just sleeps. It seems to me that he would not be
awakened even by a military band playing in our bedroom. In every

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morning, I say, “Get up! Mom will be up here to pull you out of bed if you
don’t get up immediately!”
But he just sleeps. My mother has to go upstairs to wake him up.
He always says, “I was going to get up in another minute. Really I was.”
It is how things go every morning with my younger brother.
Maybe one day he will learn to wake up early, but I strongly doubt it.
Sumber: Macmillan (1964)

Answer the following questions based on the text above.

1. What activity does Herby dislike?
2. What activity does his brother dislike?
3. How does Herby’s brother spend his morning hours before his
mother calls?
4. When his mother wakes him up, what does Herby say?
5. After reading the text, whose morning routine do you think is
similar to yours? Herby’s or his brother’s?

2.2.2 Text 2
Before reading the text, answer the following questions.
1. What hobby do you like most?
2. Why do you like it?
3. Is your hobby expensive?
4. When do you do your hobby?
5. Where do you do your hobby?

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Now read the text below.

Swimming: My Favorite Sport

Sumber: Piacquadio (2020)

Compared to other sports, I choose swimming as my favorite. I

began to swim when I was five years old. I took swimming lessons, and
since then, I really enjoy swimming.
I will simply mention some of the numerous reasons I enjoy
swimming. I hope that they might inspire you to do the same.
The first reason why swimming so appealing to me is how calming
it can be. I simply love the sensation of weightless when I swim. Every
time I get out of the pool, I always feel completely comfortable.
On the other side, it is arguably an intensely competitive sport. It
is great to challenge yourself to reach the finish line first, and it is a lot of
fun to swim as quickly as you can. I get so excited when I do some
movements in the water. 
Swimming offers more variation than other sports, which is
another factor that makes me love it. It does not feel like you are
repeatedly performing the same movement because there are so many
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different strokes. A snorkel and flippers are just a few swimming gear that
can enhance the experience and improve your swimming technique.
Swimming offers a great, refreshing break during the summertime.
There is nothing more enjoyable than swimming on a hot and sunny day.
You feel better right away when going to the pool. Moreover, I believe that
swimming during the summer can enhance the impression of a vacation.
This kind of sport can be practiced in a variety of stunning places all
around the world. You have the option of going swimming in the sea or a
pool.
Last but not least, swimming is a life skill that everyone should
possess. Someday you might need it, so being skilled in it is excellent for
your safety and health.
Sumber: Lydia (2018)

Read the statements below and decide whether they are True (T) or
False (F) based on the text above.
1. Since the writer was kid and began her swimming lessons, she has
been swimming for years (….)
2. When you are stressed, you should not do swimming since it is
dangerous (….)
3. Swimming enhances people’s competitiveness since it is a
challenging sport, encouraging them to swim as fast as they can in
a competition (….)
4. Swimming is less popular since it is monotonous. All we can do is
just to jump into the water with a single style (….)
5. Swimming skill is like an investment for someone’s future. It will
be useful when he/she needs the skill later (….)

2.2.3 Text 3
Before reading the text, answer the following questions.
1. What is a job that you want to have in the future? Does it relate to
your major in college?
2. What will you do in in that job?
3. How do you prepare yourself for that job?
4. Why do you think you are great at that job?

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 5. Do you think that having passion is important at work? Why?

Now read the text below.

Work and Careers

Sumber: Fauxels (2019)

Someone we know is sometimes labeled as “a square peg in a

round hole”. This simply signifies that he/she is unsuitable for the job
being performed. He might be a bookkeeper who has a dream to become
an actor or a mechanic who actually prefers to be a chef. Sadly, a lot of
people are “square pegs” in the world; for one reason or another, they are
not performing the type of work they should be doing. As a result, they are
presumably not putting in much effort and feeling unhappy.
Making the appropriate job choice is crucial. A significant portion
of our lives is typically spent at work. We should therefore make an effort
to identify our talents and choose the best ways to utilize them. We can
achieve this by taking aptitude tests, consulting with experts, and studying
relevant books.

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 Each of us has a variety of career options. We might love science.
We could then train to become chemists, physicists, or biologists. Perhaps
our interests lead us to careers in business, such as accountancy, human
resources, or public relations. In the government sector, many people find
their specialty. People with talent and expertise can pursue exciting careers
in a variety of fields, including teaching, journalism, medicine,
engineering, and many more.
Sumber: Macmillan (1964)

Answer the following questions based on the text above.

1. Why is it important to find the right career?
2. What are the ways to find the right career?
3. What are some of the careers found in the scientific world?
4. What do we mean by “square peg in a round hole”?
5. What will you do to be happy at your job in the future?

2.3 Listening
Bagian ini menyajikan beberapa percakapan yang mengandung topik
daily routines. Masing-masing percakapan dilengkapi dengan soal-soal
untuk melatih kemampuan listening. Kemampuan dasar dalam listening
adalah memahami informasi inti (listening for gist) dan spesifik (listening
for detail). Selain itu, listening juga dapat dilakukan untuk mempelajari
grammar (grammar listening). Keseluruhan audio untuk kegiatan listening
bersumber dari Ello Productions (2016) dan dapat diakses melalui
https://bit.ly/daily_routine_listening, atau dengan memindai QR Code di
bawah ini.

Sumber: Ello Productions (2016)

2.3.1 Task 1
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Listen to the conversation 1 and give checks (√) to the persons in the
conversation who experience the following conditions. It can be one of the
two people (Todd or Meg) or both of them (Todd and Meg). Number 1 is
done for you as an example.

No. Conditions Todd Meg

1. Being busy throughout the week √ √
2. Compared to other days, Thursday is
the busiest day
3. Teaching from the morning until
evening
4. Doing shopping on Saturday
5. Having fun on Sunday at the beach
6. Praying on Sunday morning
7. Doing the cleaning

2.3.2 Task 2
Listen to the conversation 2, and write a number (1-6) to put the topics in
order.
(....) Places they love to visit
(....) Seasons they love to experience
(....) The same movie they prefer to watch
(....) Great actors they admire
(....) Kinds of food the speakers love to eat
(....) The plan to celebrate birthdays together

2.3.3 Task 3
Listen to the conversation 2 again, and decide whether the following
sentences are true or false.
1. Aimee does not like fruit
2. Pizza is Todd's favorite food
3. Star Wars is Aimee's favorite movie
4. Jean Reno is an actor from America
5. They disagree that Brad Pitt is talented
6. Aimee loves Winter since it is not too hot
7. Todd loves Autumn since the weather is nice

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 8. They have the same birthday
9. Aimee loves to visit Osaka in Japan despite the fact that the city is
costly
10. They agree that both Osaka and Barcelona are expensive

2.3.4 Task 4
Listen to the conversation 3, and answer the following questions.
1. What is John doing?
2. What is Emma doing?
3. What are Marcus and Emily doing?
4. What is Alex doing?
5. What is Daniel's mom doing?
6. What is Daniel's dad doing?
7. What is Daniel's brother probably doing?
8. What is Daniel's sister doing?

2.4 Language Focus

Untuk menyatakan kegiatan sehari-hari seperti kerutinan, hobi, atau
pekerjaan, tenses yang digunakan adalah present tense. Pada bagian ini,
akan disajikan pembahasan simple present dan present progressive.
Sebelum memulai pembahasan keduanya, kerjakan soal-soal di bawah ini.

Read the following sentences (adapted from Azar & Hagen, 2013), and
mark yes or no based on the true situation.
1. I study English twice a week. yes no

2. I am standing next to the door. yes no

3. The earth encircles the sun. yes no

Now answer the following questions based on the sentences above.

1. Which sentence discusses a general truth?
2. Which sentence talks about a habit?
3. Which sentence talks about something that is happening right
now?

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 Jawaban dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan di atas mengarah pada penerapan
simple present dan present progressive. Secara umum, simple present
digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang merupakan fakta umum dan
sesuatu yang terjadi secara rutin. Sementara itu, present progressive
digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi. Perhatikan
contoh-contoh kalimat dalam Tabel 2.1 dan Tabel 2.2 berikut ini dan
pahami penjelasan singkatnya.

Tabel 2.1. Contoh dan penjelasan simple present

Simple Present

a. I normally get up before my Kalimat ini merupakan simple

mother comes to my room
to wake me up.
present yang menyatakan kegiatan
sehari-hari. Keterangan waktu
normally (biasanya) bisa menjadi
petunjuk waktu. Kalimat ini
mengandung konteks bahwa
penulis/penutur sering bangun
tidur sebelum dibangunkan oleh
ibunya.

b. I take a shower, wear my Kalimat ini juga merupakan

uniform, comb my hair, and
have breakfast.
simple present. Maksud dari
kalimat ini adalah menyatakan
beberapa kegiatan yang rutin
dilakukan oleh penulis/penutur.
Meskipun tidak ada keterangan
waktu, penggunaan beberapa kata
kerja bentuk pertama (verb 1) pada
kalimat ini sudah menandakan
bahwa ia selalu melakukan hal-hal
tersebut setiap hari.

c. Swimming provides a Berbeda dengan dua kalimat

variety of styles. sebelumnya, kalimat ini adalah
simple present yang digunakan
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d. Swimming offers a great,
refreshing break during the
summertime.
e. Many of us spend a
significant portion of our
lives at work.
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untuk menyatakan suatu fakta.
Kalimat ini mengandung konteks
bahwa berenang memiliki
sejumlah gaya yang berbeda-beda.
Fakta ini memang sudah ada sejak
lama, dan sampai saat ini dan
bahkan di masa depan, berenang
tetap memiliki beberapa gaya.
Serupa dengan kalimat
sebelumnya, kalimat ini juga
menyatakan suatu fakta. Konteks
dari kalimat ini adalah bahwa
berenang selalu dapat memberikan
kesegaran, terutama saat musim
panas. Musim panas selalu identik
dengan cuaca panas, dan berenang
selalu menjadi kegiatan yang
menyenangkan di musim tersebut.
Kalimat ini adalah simple present
yang menyatakan kerutinan dan
fakta. Kerutinan dimaknai dari
kebiasaan menghabiskan waktu
untuk bekerja. Hal ini juga
merupakan suatu fakta karena
kebanyakan individu melakukan
hal yang sama.
 f. People with talent and Kalimat ini juga menyatakan suatu
expertise can pursue fakta. Simple present yang
exciting careers in a variety digunakan dalam kalimat ini
of fields, including menunjukkan bahwa orang-orang
teaching, journalism, yang berbakat dan ahli di
medicine, engineering, and bidangnya dapat memiliki karir
many more. yang cemerlang.

Tabel 2.2. Contoh dan penjelasan present progressive

Present Progressive

1. The students are sitting at Kalimat ini merupakan present

their desks right now.
progressive untuk menyatakan
sesuatu yang sedang terjadi. Pada
kalimat ini, keterangan waktu
right now (sekarang) menjadi
penanda yang jelas bahwa para
siswa sedang duduk di bangku
mereka.

2. I need an umbrella because Kalimat ini adalah kalimat

it is raining. majemuk bertingkat yang terdiri
dari induk kalimat (I need an
umbrella) dan anak kalimat (it is
raining). Present progressive
ditunjukkan oleh anak kalimat.
Sementara itu, induk kalimat
memakai simple present. Simple
present digunakan pada induk
kalimat karena kata kerja need
adalah non-action/stative verb.
Kata kerja jenis ini lebih
menyatakan suatu kondisi, bukan
tindakan. Pada kalimat di samping,
jelas bahwa induk kalimat
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 merupakan suatu kondisi
(membutuhkan payung).
Sementara itu, pada anak kalimat,
jelas bahwa present progressive
harus digunakan untuk
menyatakan suatu hal yang sedang
terjadi (hujan). Jadi, konteks
kalimat di samping adalah
penulis/penutur membutuhkan
payung karena sedang terjadi
hujan.

3. I am taking five classes this Kalimat ini mengandung present

semester. progressive karena menyatakan
kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung
dalam satu periode. Meskipun satu
semester berlangsung cukup lama,
namun jumlah kelas/mata kuliah
(classes) yang diambil di setiap
semester tidak selalu sama
jumlahnya. Kalimat di samping
mengandung konteks
penulis/penutur sedang
mempelajari lima kelas/mata
kuliah saja di semester ini.

2.4.1 Task 1
Complete the following sentences with the simple present or present
progressive by looking at the verbs. Number 1 is done for you as an
example.
1. Arief can’t attend the meeting because he (join) is joining a
training in Surabaya.
2. Herby (go) …………………. to the gym every weekend.
3. Sherly (bring, usually) …………………. food to eat at recess, but
she (now, eat) …………………. snacks from the canteen.
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 4. Please keep your voice down. I (attempt) …………………. to
concentrate.
5. Many university graduates (struggle) …………………. to find a
job at the moment.
6. Universitas Islam Balitar (offer) …………………. diverse
programs to students.
7. After one year of finishing his thesis, I am glad that he finally
(graduate) …………………. today.
8. Billy used to be a top football player, but currently he (not,
perform) …………………. very well.
9. The sun (shine) …………………. through my bedroom window
every morning, waking me up.
10. Every December, Universitas Islam Balitar (hold)
…………………. a graduation ceremony.

2.4.2 Task 2
Choose the most suitable form – present simple or present continuous – to
complete each sentence.
1. My uncle works for a business that …………………. used cars.
a. buys and sells
b. is buying and selling
2. I …………………. some tea. Would you like some?
a. make
b. am making

3. The planet Mars …………………. just under 687 days to go

round the sun.
a. takes
b. is taking
4. Have you noticed that whenever we see Tim, he ………………….
a different pair of shoes?
a. wears
b. is wearing
5. At my school we …………………. exams twice a year, in January
and June.

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 a. sit
b. are sitting
6. Our neighbors …………………. on holiday. I don't know how
they can afford it.
a. always go
b. are always going
7. My wife …………………. supper on Mondays because I
…………………. home late.
a. always cooks/get
b. is always cooking/am getting
8. Mrs. Jenny …………………. a special dish right now. She is
preparing the dish for her family.
a. cooks
b. is cooking
9. Before going to work or school, Muslims …………………. their
day by performing the Fajr prayer.
a. begin
b. are beginning
10. Dani usually …………………. to sleep after performing the Fajr
prayer, but at the moment he …………………. the Quran.
a. returns/is reciting
b. is returning/recites

2.5 Speaking
Bagian ini menyajikan beberapa latihan percakapan tentang
kehidupan sehari-hari dengan menerapkan present tense.

2.5.1 Task 1
Read the following piece of conversation, and complete it with your own
routines. Then, practice it with your partner.
Arya : Alya, can you tell me about your day?
Alya : I always start my day early in the morning. I wake up at about
4.00 a.m. I am a morning person.

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Arya : That’s good. What do you do then?
Alya : Well, I perform the Fajr prayer. Then, I check my schedule for
today, and I read some news.
Arya : Where do you have breakfast?
Alya : I always have breakfast at home. It is more efficient I think.
Arya : I think so. What is your typical breakfast menu?
Alya : Normally I eat rice with vegetables, eggs, or chicken,
Arya : So what about your day?
Arya : …. (add your own routines)

2.5.2 Task 2
Read the following piece of conversation and complete it with your own
routines. Then, practice it with your partner.
Bella : What is your favorite activity on Sunday?
Icha : I usually do adventure sports like hiking. I also often visit the
park. I like exploring the beach, too.
Bella : That must be great.
Icha : It is always fantastic to visit the beach. Nobody is there. It is
wonderful.
Bella : Wow, it is amazing to be there, isn’t it?
Icha : Yes, it is. What is your typical Sunday about, Bella?
Bella : …. (add your own routines)

2.5.3 Task 3
Student A asks the following questions, and Student B gives complete
answers using the information in parentheses (adapted from Macmillan,
1964).
Examples:
Student A : When do you go to campus? (at 9 a.m.)
Student B : I go to campus at 9 a.m.
1. What time do you perform the Fajr prayer? (at 4.30 a.m.)
2. What do you do after taking shower? (have breakfast)
3. What do you eat for breakfast? (eat rice and vegetables)

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 4. How do you go to campus? (motorcycle)
5. How many lessons do you have in one day? (four hours)
6. When do you go home? (at 3 p.m.)
7. How do you feel when you come home from campus? (tired and
hungry)
8. What do you do in the evening? (do homework)
9. What TV programs do you watch in the evening? (news and talk
show)
10. When do you go to sleep? (at 10 p.m.)

2.5.4 Task 4
Let's play a speaking game called Picture This (American English, n.d.).
This game is suitable for improving your speaking skill. Before playing
this game, read the following instructions carefully. The instructions are
written in Indonesian to help you understand them better.
1. Bentuklah kelompok yang beranggotakan 2-4 mahasiswa;
2. Media yang digunakan adalah kartu yang berisi gambar dan
pertanyaan. Kartu dapat diunduh melalui
https://bit.ly/picturethiscard. Pelajari materi tersebut sebelum
memainkan game;
3. Terdapat 6 pertanyaan untuk setiap topik yang dimainkan. Para
pemain dalam satu kelompok saling bertanya dan menjawab
pertanyaan secara bergantian;
4. Dosen akan menentukan kartu mana yang akan Anda mainkan.
Alternatif lainnya adalah dosen dapat meminta Anda mengambil
kartu (print out) secara acak untuk dimainkan;
5. Setelah menerima kartu, pemain 1 akan menyampaikan pertanyaan
pertama. Misalnya, pada topik Snack Time (makanan ringan),
pemain 1 akan bertanya, "Which of the snacks on the card is the
healthiest? Which is the least healthy?" Pertanyaan ini harus
dijawab oleh pemain 2, "I think the fruits are the healthiest. So,
the grapes, the banana, and the apple. The least healthy is the
chocolate, or maybe the donuts. I’m not sure!" Setelah menjawab,
pemain 2 menyampaikan pertanyaan ke pemain 3, dan begitu

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 seterusnya sampai semua pertanyaan terjawab. Semua pemain juga
dapat berkontribusi pada satu pertanyaan;
6. Berikut ini adalah contoh kartu dan pertanyaannya.

Gambar 2.1. Picture This Card (American English, n.d.)

2.6 Writing
Bagian ini menyajikan cara menulis kegiatan yang rutin dilakukan.
Sebelum menulis teks, Anda akan mempelajari unsur-unsur kebahasaan
dan struktur teks deskripsi. Anda akan terlebih dulu menganalisis struktur
serta komponen-komponen teks deskripsi tersebut pada Tabel 2.3 berikut
ini.
Tabel 2.3. Struktur teks deskripsi tentang daily routines
Struktur
An English teacher’s daily routines

Sumber: Fischer (2020)

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Identification I am an English teacher. I normally teach in a
(berisi identifikasi school, but sometimes I teach online. I am a married
seseorang dan woman. I have a son who has been employed. I take
kegiatan yang
akan akan full responsibility for my life.
dideskripsikan)

Description My day begins at 5:00 a.m. After getting up, I

(membahas drink some tea and iron my clothes. Then, I take a
deskripsi kegiatan shower and wear my clothes. In the winter, I usually
secara detail)
wear trousers, a sweater, and shoes. In the summer, I
wear a skirt and a blouse. I brush my hair before
applying make-up. After that, I put all of my teaching
materials in my bag. Then, I take my coat and head
outside. I take a walk to the bus stop. I get on the bus
at 8.15 a.m., pay my fare, and take a seat. My three-
mile destination can be reached in about 45 minutes.
When I reach my destination, I exit the bus and
directly walk toward the school. I need to get the key
to enter the classroom. I teach English for two hours,
starting from 9.25 a.m until 11.25 a.m.
At twelve, I have lunch. I often eat sandwich
at the nearby café. Before I walk back to school, I
occasionally go shopping. I make several photocopies
before returning to my classroom. I teach in the
afternoon from 1 to 3 p.m. After that, I ride the bus
back home and relax for a while before preparing
dinner.
After I get home, my son leaves for work. He
occasionally makes dinner before I come home, and I
sometimes do. I enjoy preparing some food, such as
rice or pasta. To make the sauce for pasta, I combine
the onions, spinach, carrots, tomatoes, and chilies. I
wash my dishes, mop the floor, and make slight
adjustments after dinner.
After dinner, I make phone calls, grade my
students' assignments, and wash my clothes. Then, I
either watch TV or check my social media accounts
till my son gets home at about 10.30 p.m. After talking
about our days, I sleep at 11 p.m.
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 On other days, I wake up early, head
downstairs, and spend three hours teaching online. I
then take a break, have dinner, go for a walk, or buy
something before going back to teach for the next
schedule. Working from home is quite comfortable,
and I enjoy having access to a global network.
Working in a school, getting to know people regularly,
and being part of a team are all pleasant experiences.
That is why I love my job as a teacher.
Diadaptasi dari Austen (2018)

Pada contoh teks di atas, terdapat sejumlah komponen yang digunakan

penulis dalam menyusun teks deskripsi, yang meliputi:

1. Simple present
Teks deskripsi bertujuan untuk menjelaskan sesuatu secara
rinci. Dalam hal ini, teks tentang kegiatan sehari-hari juga
tergolong ke dalam teks deskripsi. Kegiatan sehari-hari ini
diungkapkan dengan menggunakan simple present. Tenses jenis
ini dinamai ‘simple’ present karena strukturnya sederhana, yaitu
hanya menerapkan satu kata (misalnya, live, come, play, dsb.),
tanpa adanya kata kerja bantu. Perhatikan contoh kalimat di bawah
ini dengan penekanan pada kata kerja yang bercetak tebal:
a. I leave for work at 6.30 a.m. (habit/kebiasaan)
b. I teach for two hours in the afternoon (habit/kebiasaan)
Bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan dalam kalimat di atas
merupakan bentuk kata aslinya, atau dengan kata lain tidak ada
perubahan bentuk kata kerja. Akan tetapi, jika subjeknya dirubah
menjadi sudut pandang orang ketiga tunggal (misalnya, she, he, it,
atau nama orang), kata kerjanya akan berakhiran –s/es. Perhatikan
contoh di bawah ini:
a. She leaves for work at 6.30 a.m.
b. He teaches for two hours in the afternoon

2. Action verbs

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 Action verbs adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi untuk
menjelaskan kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh subjek kalimat. Kata
kerja jenis ini sangat sesuai untuk mengilustrasikan kegiatan
sehari-hari. Perhatikan beberapa contoh kalimat di bawah ini:
a. I drink a cup of coffee
b. I put all of my teaching materials in my bag.
Pada dua contoh di atas, jelas bahwa subjek kalimat
melakukan suatu kegiatan. Pada contoh kalimat pertama, kegiatan
yang dilakukan adalah meminum (drink) secangkir teh, sedangkan
pada kalimat kedua, kegiatan yang dilakukan adalah menaruh (put)
keperluan mengajarnya ke dalam tas.

3. Temporal conjunctions
Temporal conjunctions adalah kata hubung yang berfungsi
untuk menandakan waktu terjadinya suatu kegiatan. Kata hubung
jenis ini dapat menggabungkan dua klausa, yaitu klausa
independen (bebas) dan klausa dependen (terikat), untuk
menyusun sebuah complex sentence (pelajari bagian Simple
sentence and complex sentence). Terdapat 5 (lima) kategori
temporal conjunctions (Herring, 2016) sebagai berikut:

a. Previously
Pada kategori ini, kegiatan/kejadian yang dinyatakan dalam
klausa independen terjadi lebih dulu. Kata hubung yang dapat
digunakan adalah before. Perhatikan contoh kalimat di bawah ini
dengan memperhatikan perbedaan warna pada dua klausa. Warna
biru menunjukkan klausa independen, sedangkan warna merah
menandakan klausa dependen.
(1) “I sometimes do some shopping before I walk back to school.”
Pada contoh kalimat di atas, kejadian yang dinyatakan pada
klausa independen (warna biru) terjadi lebih dulu daripada
kejadian pada klausa dependen (warna merah). Kejadian yang
dimaksud adalah subjek berbelanja terlebih dahulu sebelum
kembali ke sekolah. Struktur kalimat di atas juga bisa dirubah

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sebagai berikut, dengan menempatkan kata hubung di awal
kalimat:
(2) “Before I walk back to school, I sometimes do some shopping”
Perbedaan utama dari kedua kalimat di atas adalah
penempatan kata hubung. Pada contoh pertama, kata hubung
ditempatkan di antara dua klausa (klausa independen diikuti klausa
dependen), sedangkan pada contoh kedua, kata hubung
ditempatkan pada awal kalimat (klausa dependen diikuti klausa
independen). Jika kata klausa independen ditulis terlebih dahulu
(kata hubung di tengah kalimat), penulis tidak perlu menambahkan
tanda baca koma. Namun, jika klausa dependen ditulis terlebih
dahulu (kata hubung di awal kalimat), tanda koma perlu
ditambahkan untuk memisahkan dua klausa. Meskipun struktur
kalimatnya berbeda, makna dua kalimat tersebut sama.

b. Concurrently
Pada kategori ini, dua kegiatan/kejadian yang dinyatakan
dalam klausa independen dan dependen terjadi dalam waktu yang
bersamaan. Kata hubung yang dapat digunakan adalah when.
Perhatikan contoh kalimat di bawah ini dengan memperhatikan
perbedaan warna pada dua klausa. Warna biru menunjukkan
klausa independen, sedangkan warna merah menandakan klausa
dependen.
(1) “I am watching TV when my son comes home.”
Pada contoh di atas, dua kejadian yang dinyatakan terjadi
secara bersamaan. Hal ini dapat diidentifikasi dari penggunaan
kata hubung when (ketika). Kejadian yang dimaksud adalah subjek
sedang menonton TV ketika anaknya pulang. Struktur kalimat di
atas juga dapat dirubah dengan menempatkan kata hubung di awal
kalimat. Tanpa merubah makna, struktur kalimatnya akan berubah
sebagai berikut:
(2) “When my son comes home, I am watching TV.”
Sama seperti pada penjelasan sebelumnya, jika klausa
dependen (diawali dengan kata hubung) dinyatakan lebih dulu,
tanda koma diperlukan untuk memisahkan dua klausa. Selain

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when, kata hubung yang masuk dalam kategori concurrently
adalah once atau as soon as.
c. Subsequently
Pada kategori ini, kegiatan/kejadian yang dinyatakan dalam
klausa dependen terjadi lebih dulu. Kata hubung yang sesuai
adalah after. Perhatikan contoh kalimat di bawah ini dengan
memperhatikan perbedaan warna pada dua klausa. Warna biru
menunjukkan klausa independen, sedangkan warna merah
menandakan klausa dependen.
(1) “I wash up, sweep the floor, and tidy up a bit after I have
dinner.”
Pada contoh di atas, kejadian yang dinyatakan pada klausa
independen (warna biru) terjadi setelah kejadian pada klausa
dependen (warna merah). Kejadian yang dimaksud adalah subjek
melakukan kegiatan bersih-bersih setelah makan malam. Struktur
kalimat di atas juga bisa dirubah sebagai berikut, dengan
menempatkan kata hubung di awal kalimat:
(2) “After I have dinner, I wash up, sweep the floor, and tidy up a
bit.”
Meskipun ada perubahan struktur kalimat, makna kedua
kalimat tetap sama. Yang perlu diingat adalah penempatan tanda
baca koma di antara dua klausa jika klausa dependen dinyatakan
terlebih dulu.

d. Up to a certain time
Pada kategori ini, suatu kegiatan/kejadian yang dinyatakan
dalam klausa independen berakhir ketika kegiatan/kejadian lain
(klausa dependen) bermula. Kata hubung yang digunakan adalah
until. Perhatikan contoh kalimat di bawah dengan memperhatikan
perbedaan warna pada dua klausa. Warna biru menunjukkan
klausa independen, sedangkan warna merah menandakan klausa
dependen:
(1) “I watch TV until my son comes home.”

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 Pada contoh di atas, subjek berhenti menonton TV ketika
anaknya pulang. Kata hubung until lebih sering digunakan di
tengah kalimat daripada di awal kalimat. Meskipun demikian,
until juga bisa difungsikan sebagai awalan kalimat. Pada contoh
kalimat di atas, jika until diletakkan di awal kalimat, struktur
kalimatnya sebagai berikut (penambahan tanda baca koma untuk
memisahkan dua klausa):
(2) “Until my son comes home, I watch TV.”
Kedua kalimat di atas memiliki makna yang sama. Namun,
struktur kalimat pertama lebih umum digunakan. Penulis dapat
mengkombinasikan keduanya dalam menulis teks agar gaya
tulisannya lebih variatif.

e. Any time or every time

Pada kategori ini, kegiatan/kejadian dalam klausa independen
dan dependen selalu terjadi bersamaan. Kata hubung yang sesuai
adalah whenever. Perhatikan contoh kalimat di bawah ini dengan
memperhatikan perbedaan warna pada dua klausa. Warna biru
menunjukkan klausa independen, sedangkan warna merah
menandakan klausa dependen:
(1) “I feel totally relaxed whenever I leave the pool.”
Pada contoh kalimat di atas, subjek merasa sangat nyaman
ketika ia selesai berenang. Kapanpun aktifitas berenang itu ia
lakukan, ia akan selalu merasa nyaman. Struktur kalimat di atas
juga dapat dirubah dengan menempatkan kata hubung di depan
kalimat seperti di bawah ini:
(2) “Whenever I leave the pool, I feel totally relaxed.”
Serupa dengan kategori-kategori sebelumnya, jika penulis
menempatkan kata hubung di awal kalimat, tanda baca koma perlu
ditambahkan di tengah kalimat untuk memisahkan dua klausa. Hal
ini wajib diingat oleh penulis karena tanda baca merupakan bagian
dari the mechanics of writing.

4. Simple sentence and complex sentence

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 Dalam menulis sebuah teks deskripsi, penulis perlu
mengetahui jenis-jenis struktur kalimat. Pada contoh teks yang
berjudul “An English teacher’s daily routines,” terdapat dua jenis
struktur kalimat yang digunakan penulis, yaitu simple sentence dan
complex sentence.
Simple sentence adalah kalimat sederhana yang dapat berdiri
sendiri (klausa independen). Untuk membentuk klausa independen
ini, penulis minimal membutuhkan subjek dan predikat, misalnya
“Sheryl takes a shower.” Namun, tidak menutup kemungkinan
simple sentence ini juga menyertakan objek (object), kata sifat
(adjective) atau kata keterangan (adverb).
Pada struktur yang paling sederhana, penulis dapat
menuliskan satu subjek dan satu predikat dalam suatu kalimat.
Namun, penulis juga dapat menuliskan lebih dari satu predikat
(compound predicates) atau lebih dari satu subjek (compound
subjects). Pada teks yang berjudul “An English teacher’s daily
routines,” penulis banyak menerapkan simple sentence dengan
komposisi satu subjek dan satu predikat, atau satu subjek dan dua
(atau lebih) predikat. Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut ini
yang diambil dari teks di tersebut.

Contoh simple sentence dengan satu subjek dan satu predikat:

(1) “I get up at 5 o’clock.”
(2) “I usually wear jeans.”
(3) “I teach in the afternoon from 1 to 3 p.m.”

Contoh simple sentence dengan satu subjek dan dua predikat:

(1) “I make a cup of tea and iron my clothes.”
(2) “I get off the bus and walk to the school.”
(3) “I have a shower and get dressed.”

Berbeda dengan simple sentence yang susunannya sederhana,

complex sentence memiliki struktur yang lebih kompleks.
Complex sentence merupakan gabungan dari klausa independen

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 dan klausa dependen. Untuk menggabungkan dua klausa tersebut,
penulis memerlukan kata hubung seperti before, after, when, until,
whenever, dsb. Kata-kata ini umum digunakan dalam menuliskan
teks deskripsi bertema kegiatan sehari-hari yang menekankan pada
runtutan aktivitas penulis. Silakan membuka kembali bagian
Temporal conjunctions untuk lebih mendalami penerapan kata
hubung dalam complex sentence.

2.6.1 Task 1
Make 5 simple sentences that contain action verbs. For example, “I wash
my motorcycle every Sunday morning.”

……………………………………………………………………….
1.
……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….
2.
……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….
3.
……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….
4.
……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….
5.
……………………………………………………………………….

2.6.2 Task 2
Make 5 complex sentences that contain action verbs and temporal
conjunctions. For example, “I wash my motorcycle every Sunday morning
before I go sightseeing.”
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 ……………………………………………………………………….
1.
……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….
2.
……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….
3.
……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….
4.
……………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………….
5.
……………………………………………………………………….

2.6.3 Task 3
Arrange the jumbled paragraphs below into a good descriptive text. Write
the order of each paragraph (1-11) in the left column.

A marathon runner’s daily routines

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 Sumber: Pixabay (2017)

Order Paragraphs
Towards evening, I continue my running. I run
roughly 145 miles each week in total. In my training journal, I
track every run. I keep track of everything, including my
(….)
feelings and the weather. I exercise a lot every day, go for an
extra-long run every four days, and take a day off every eighth
day.
Afterwards, I take a nap, and Garry normally takes
Isla for a walk. After having a nap, I have a drink and some
(….)
snacks, and Isla drinks milk. I eat a lot throughout the day,
especially dark chocolate and bananas.
In the evening, I regularly do some workouts. These
enable me to maintain my strength when I do long runs. When
(….) I stretch, Isla likes to climb on me. While I finish my
exercises, Gary makes tea for Isla and me. After that, Gary
gives Isla a bath while I continue making dinner.
(….) After breakfast, we bring Isla to the nursery. Then I
begin my training. Gary follows me on his bike while I am
running and offers me some water. I take a cold bath or swim

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 in a lake four times a week.
As soon as the food is ready, Gary and I have dinner
together. Four times a week, I eat red meat with a lot of
(….)
vegetables, rice, pasta, or potatoes. We consume a lot of stir-
fries as well because they are convenient and nutritious.
I am a marathon runner. I have a husband named
Gary, and a daughter named Isla. In the morning, my husband
and I normally wake Isla up. I always check my pulse right
(….)
after getting up. Typically, it is 38 to 40 beats per minute. I
take a break if it is too high. It is crucial that I pay attention to
my body. Then, we have breakfast together.
We put Isla to bed after dinner so we can rest. While
(….) checking my emails, I talk to Garry or watch TV. Hospital and
police dramas are my favorites!
It is finally time for bed. I balance myself on one leg,
then the other, as I clean my teeth. This keeps my legs in good
(….)
shape. I like to read, but since Isla was born, I do not have
enough time to read.
When I finish my training, I go to the nursery to pick
(….) up Isla. We go home and have lunch together. I often eat right
after training. I usually play with Isla after having lunch.

Diadaptasi dari Exam English (2021)

2.6.4 Task 4
In pairs, make a descriptive text about the life of someone. He/she can be
your favorite figure such as an actor, singer, athlete, politician, etc. You
can do some research through the internet to figure out his/her routines.
The structure of your text contains identification (pengenalan karakter),
and descriptions (deskripsi keseharian karakter).

2.6.5 Task 5
Make a descriptive text that tells about your daily routines. Use all the
components of descriptive text previously discussed. Your writing consists
of four or five paragraphs:
 The first paragraph is introduction
30
 The second paragraph tells a description of your morning routines
 The third paragraph tells a description of your afternoon routines
 The fourth paragraph tells a description of your evening/night
routines
 The fifth paragraph (optional) tells your feelings of living your
days

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