 Jika ketemu keterangan waktu

always/usually/often/seldom
 dan verb di imbuhi s/es jika
subjectnya tunggal
contoh : He always goes to school
They always go to school

Jika menyatakan kata tidak maka gunakanlah don’t

s/es lagi
Contoh : they don’t always go to school
He doesn’t always go to school

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo

Contoh
I will meet you tomorrow
I must leave you
l
a
d
o
m
1
b
r
e
v
 Semua modal (will/would/can/could/must dll)
harus menggunakan verb 1

 Dan jika mau menyatakan kata tidak, modal

tinggal di imbuhi not
Contoh
I won’t meet you tomorrow
I mustn’t leave you

(they,we.I.you) dan doesn’t (he,she,it) tanpa di umbuhi

1
PENGGABUNGAN KALIMAT BERMODAL DAN KALIMAT AKTIFITAS BERULANG
1. Penggabungan menggunakan konjungsi before/as soon as/after
Kalimat menggunakan modal bisa di gabung dengan kalimat yang menyatakan aktifitas berulang
– ulang (konsep dua kejadian present) , dengan menggunakan conjunction “as soon
as/before/after. Dan rumusnya adalah
Subject + modal + verb 1 + as soon as /before/after + Subject + verb 1 s/es
Before he comes here, I will go home
After he eats, I will probably pick him up
As soon as you come, I will eat
2. Penggabungan menggunakan if (jika)
Penggabungan menggunakan “if” atau biasa disebut dengan conditional sentence
(kalimat pengandaian) digunakan ketika kita mengandai – andai (berhayal) namun
hayalan itu masih mungkin bisa terlaksana jika semua hal yang dibutuhkan ada.
Subject + modal + verb 1 + if + subject + verb 1 s/es
Contoh
I will buy a car if I have money (saya akan membeli sebuah mobil jika saya punya uang)
I can meet you if you always come to school (saya bisa bertemu kamu jika kamu selalu
datang ke sekolah).
Kalimat diatas adalah kalimat pengandaian yang bisa jadi nyata jika semua hal yang
dibutuhkan ada.
Exsercise
A. Translate and change the sentences using positive/negative/introgative with te answer
1. Kita selalu pergi ke sekolah
(+) We always go to school
( - ) we don’t always go to school
(?) Do we always go to school?
Yes, we do
No, we don’t
2. Mereka makan nasi setiap pagi
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 2

 No, ...................
3. Dia (pr) sering minum jus
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
4. Dia (lk) membuat sate setiap hari
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
5. Dewi dan Dewa biasanya membeli sebuah buku
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
6. Shinta akan memanggil kamu besok
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
7. Kita bisa belajar Bahasa Inggris
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
8. Dia (pr) harus memberi ku uang
(+) ...................................................................

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 3

 ( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
9. Mereka mungkin menemui ku besok
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
10. Seorang guru selalu datang tepat waktu
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................

B. Isilah kata yang kosong menggunakan verb 1 ataupun modal + verb 1

1. I (go) ........... to school as soon as you come to my house today
2. She (take) ........ my bicycle if she (visit) ....... my house
3. We can speak English if we (study) ....... hard
4. He may come here before shinta (go) ........ to the airport tomorrow
5. They (buy) .......... your cars before you (sell) ...... them to me .
C. Change the world

SUNSHINE IN A BOX
Victor is from Guatemala, but now he(live) ....................1 in New York. He likes New
York in winter but he doesn’t like summer because he(get, always) ...................2
headache and stomachache.He (feel) .............3 sick if he (eat, not) ..............4 the
chocolate. And he (sleep) .............5 16 or 18 hours if he (get) ................6 headache and
stomachache every day. He (eat) .................7 much chocolate and he is always sad. Why
is he always sad? He is always sad because he (need) ..............8 sunshine.
Victor remembers Guatemala. So, he buys a sun box. He (sit) ............9 under the sun box
2 or 3 hours before he (feel) .....................10 fine. He is happy now. He says “My sun box
is Guatemala in a box.

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 4

 Jika menyatakan
kalimat lampau
maka gunakan verb 2
Contoh :
I went to school
yesterday
He met me last year

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo

d
v
im
s
b
r
a
le
'p
n
2
t
Jika menyatakan kata “tidak” maka
gunakan didn’t dan verb 2 kembali
ke verb 1
Contoh :
I didn’t go to school yesterday
He didn’t meet me last year

5
 A. MODAL pun bisa berubah ke bentuk lampau jika kejadian itu batal terjadi
NO MODAL NOW MODAL LAMPAU Arti
1 Will Would Akan
2 Can Could Dapat/bisa
3 May Might Mungkin
4 Must Had to Harus
Contoh :
1. Saya akan pergi ke sekolah besok
I will go to school tomorrow
2. Saya akan pergi ke sekolah kemarin
I would go to school yesterday
Kalimat kedua menggunakan “would” karena hampir terjadi di masa lampau,
Ingat! Yang berubah ke bentuk lampau modalnya, bukan kata kerjanya.
B. Penggabungan dua kalimat
 Penggabungan kalimat lampau yang menyatakan aktifitas lampau (menggunakan
verb 2)
Penggabungan kalimat ini terjadi ketika ada dua aktifitas terjadi secara berurutan,
aktifitas pertama terhenti karena ada aktifitas kedua yang menyela
Konjungsi yang di gunakan adalah “when/before/after”
a. Konjungsi when (ketika) dan before (sebelum) bisa diletakan di awal kalimat dan
di tengah kalimat dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut :
Subject + verb 2 + when/before + subject + verb 2, atau
When/before + subject + verb 2 , subject + verb 2
Contoh :
Kalimat pertama :I ate (saya makan)
Kalimat kedua : I felt hungry (saya merasa lapar), digabung menjadi
 I ate when I felt hungry
When I felt hungry, I ate
 I felt hungry before I ate
Before I ate, I felt hungry

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 6

 b. Konjungsi after hanya bisa diletakkan di awal kalimat yang menyatakan sebagai
aktifitas utama (induk kalimat), dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut:
After Subject + verb 2, Subject + verb 2
Kejadian pertama kejadian ke dua
Subject + verb 2 after Subject + verb 2
Kejadian kedua kejadian pertama
Contoh
Kalimat pertama : I ate (saya makan)
Kalimat kedua : I felt full (saya merasa kenyang), digabung menjadi :
 After I ate, I felt full
 I felt full after I ate
 Penggabungan kalimat yang menggunakan modal lampau dan aktifitas lampau
(menggunakan verb 2)
Penggabungan kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat pengandaian yang
batal terjadi, pengandaian ini menggunakan kata “if (jika)”, dengan ketentuan
sebagai berikut :
Subject + modal lampau + verb 1 + if + subject + verb 2, atau
If + subject + verb 2 , Subject + modal lampau + verb 1
Contoh kalimat :
a. I would buy a car if I got money yesterday
Saya akan membeli sebuah mobil jika saya mendapatkan uang kemarina
b. If I got money yesterday, I would buy a car
Jika saya mendapatkan uang kemarin, saya akan membeli sebuah mobil

A. Translate and change the sentences using positive/negative/introgative with the answer
1. Kita pergi ke sekolah kemarin
(+) We went to school yesterday
( - ) we didn’t go to school yesterday
(?) Did we go to school yesterday?
Yes, we did
No, we didn’t

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 7

 2. Mereka makan nasi tadi
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
3. Dia (pr) minum jus satu bulan yang lalu
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
4. Dia (lk) membuat sate kemarin
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................
5. Dewi dan Dewa membeli sebuah buku tahun lalu
(+) ...................................................................
( - ) .................................................................
(?) ....................................................................
Yes, ...................
No, ...................

B. Gabunglah kalimat dibawah ini dengan konjungsi when/before/after

1. I bougt a bag
She met me
 I bought a bag before she met me/ She met me before I bought a bag
 She met me when I bought a bag/ I bought a bag when she met me
 After I bought a bag, She met me/ She met me after I bought a bag

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 8

 2. We went to school
We saw a beautiful girl
 .........................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
3. She drove my car
I slept
 .........................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
4. They left me alone
She got an accident
 .........................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
5. You beat me
I read a book
 .........................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
6. I got stomachache
I ate meatball
 .........................................................................................................
 .........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 9

Jika menyatakan kata “sudah”
maka gunakan have
(they,we,I,you) dan has
(he,she,it) + verb 3
Contoh :
I have eaten a lizard
She has gone to market
H
h
/
e
v
d
a
s
Jika menyatakan kalimat yang sudah terjadi di ikuti kalimat lain, maka gunakanlah had + verb 3
dan gunakanlah “when/before/after+ subject + verb 2” untuk menggabungkan kalimat kedua
yang mengikuti :
Contoh :
I had taken a bath before you came
She had written a note after shinta didn’t come
She had left me when I felt sick

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo

Ketentuan penggabungan diatas :
Subject + had + verb 3 + when/before/after + subject + verb 2

10
ketemu complement maka to
be tidak di artikan :
Contoh I am handsome
She is smart
They were here

Jika di artikan “sedang” maka di

ikuti verb ing
Contoh :
I am studying English now

#gunakan is/am/are jika

menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang
terjadi sekarang
Klo ketemu
modal kembali
ke “be”
Contoh :
I will be right
here
She will be
studying English
at 3. Tomorrow

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo

3
contoh :
i
g
n
a
sd
e
b
o
T
jika ingin di artikan kata “di”
maka setelah to be gunakan verb

this laptop is made in Bumiayu

“laptop ini di buat di bumiayu”
You are loved by me
“kau di cintai oleh aku”

Di ikuti to be was/were + verb ing jika menyatakan yang sedang

terjadi di masa lampau dan biasanya di ikuti kalimat lain
Contoh :
I was studying English while you were calling Elli
They were listening to the music when the accident happened

11
 A. KONSEP DUA KEJADIAN DALAM PAST TENSE
1. Berpotongan
Suatu 2 kejadian yang berlangsung dan salah satu kejadian memotong kejadian yang
sedang berlangsung.
Konjungsinya menggunakan when (ketika) dan while (ketika sedang)
Kejadian I : Past Continuous (subject + was/were + verb ing)
Kejadian II : Simple Past (subject + verb 2)
 When simple past, past continuous
 Past continuous when simple past
 While past continuous, simple past
 Simple past while past continuous
Example :
When Jono came, I was studying tenses
While I was studying tenses, Jono came
Kesimpulan :
Subject + verb 2 + while + subject + was/were + verb ing
Subject + was/were + verb ing + when + subject + verb 2
2. Bersamaan
2 (dua) kejadian yang sedang terjadi pada waktu yang bersamaan
Kedua – duanya menggunaka tobe (was/were) + verb ing
Konjungsinya menggunakan “while(ketika sedang)”
Example :
I was studying in my room while my roommate was having party in our room.
While I was watching TV, he was doing his work.
Kesimpulan-
subject + was/were + verb ing + while + subject + was/were + verb ing

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 12

Asking for and giving permission
 
When you ask for permission to use something that belongs to someone else you have to do
your best to be polite. It is desirable to use the word “please.”
Ketika kita meminta izin untuk menggunakan sesuatu yang dimiliki orang lain kita
harus melakukan yang terbaik untuk bersikap sopan agar seseorang mau mengizinkan kita
menggunkan barang miliknya. Dalam bahasa inggris dianjurkan menggunakan kata “ Please”.
Asking for Permission :
Berikut ini adalah kata-kata yang sering digunakan untuk meminta izin dan contoh kalimatnya.
 Can I go out, please?
 MayI open the window, please?
 Please, can I have a look at your photo album?
 Please, mayI taste that hot spicy couscous dish?
 Do you mind if I smoke?
 Would you mind if I asked you something?
 Is it okay if I sit here?
 Would it be all right if I borrowed your mobile Phone?
Giving Permission:
 Yes, please do.
 Sure, go ahead.
 No problem.
 Please feel free.
Refusing to give permission:
 No, please don’t.
 I’m sorry, but that’s not possible.
 I’m afraid, but you can’t.
Language for asking permission
Question head  subject verb phrase with base infinitive
borrow your pen?
I
use your phone charger?
Can he
take the day off tomorrow?
Could she
ask you something?
they
have one of your sandwiches?
borrow/s your pen?
I
Would it be OK if use/s your phone charger?
he
Would it be alright take/s the day off tomorrow?
she
if ask/s you to help me?
they
have/has one of your sandwiches?
borrowed your pen?
I
Would it be OK if used your phone charger?
he
Would it be alright took the day off tomorrow?
she
if asked you to help me?
they
had one of your sandwiches?

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 13

SHORT FUNCTIONAL TEXT
Pengertian dan Contoh Short Functional Text
 What is definition of short functional text? (Apa itu Short Functional Text?)
Short Functional Text adalah suatu teks (bacaan) pendek yang mempunyai makna dan fungsi
tertentu yang biasa digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Adapun yang termasuk Short
functional text adalah: Notice, Short message, Announcement, Greeting card, Invitation,
Advertisement, dll.
Berikut penjelasan singkatnya beserta contohya.
1. Notice/Caution/warning (Petunjuk/Peringatan)
Suatu teks pendek yang berisi informasi singkat yang dijutukan untuk kepentingan orang banyak.
Teks ini digunakan untuk memeberi informasi tentang petunjuk atau peringatan kepada khalayak
orang banyak.
Contoh:
 “NO SMOKING” (Dilarang Merokok!)
 “DON’T SWIMMING” (Dilarang berenang!)
 “PLEASE TURN OFF SELULAR PHONE” (Dimohon untuk mematikan Hand phone)
 “DON’T ENTER STAFF ONLY” (Selain pegawai dilarang masuk!)
 “DON’T TURN LEFT” (Dilarang belok ke kiri)
2. Greeting Card (Kartu Ucapan)
Suatu bentuk teks pendek yang berisi tentang harapan atau ucapan yang dikirimkan kepada
seseorang pada saat-saat tertentu. Contohnya ucapan ulang tahun, lebaran, Tahun baru, dan lain-
lain.
Adapun bentuk dari kartu ucapan diantaranya:
a. Birthday card. (Kartu ucapan Ulang Tahun)
Diberikan pada saat sesorang Ulang tahun
b. Thank you Card. (Kartu ucapan terima kasih)
Diberikan untuk mengungkapkan rasa terima kasih
c. Congratulation Card. (Kartu ucapan selamat)
Diberikan untuk seseorang yang telah meraih keberhasilan atau kesuksesan
d. Condolence Card . (Kartu ucapan bela sungkawa)
Diberikan untuk mengungkapkan rasa bela sungkawa .

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 14

e. Religion card
Diberikan ketika seseorang merayakan hari –hari raya keagamaan.
Contoh:
To: Raja
Congratulation on your success in the final English speech competition! We are proud you.
Always do the best for the future.
Dad & Mom
3. Short Message (Pesan Singkat)
Short Message adalah bentuk teks pendek yang berfungsi memeberi tahu seseorang tentang
informasi tertentu. Pesan disampaikan dikarenakan tidak dapat bertemu langsung dengan orang
tersebut. Ini bisa dilakukan dengan cara menulis pesan singkat pada secarik kertas atau melalui
hand phone.
Contoh:
To: Doni
Don’t forget to pick up your little sister at school at 10.am.
Because today is very hot, don’t forget to bring an umbrella.
Mom
4. Announcement
Announcement adalah sebuah teks pendek yang mempunyai fungsi memberikan suatu informasi
resmi tentang sesuatu kepada orang banyak.
Announcement
To celebrate the School Anniversary, SMP TUNAS BANGSA will hold some contest:
1. English speech contest
2. Volley ball
3. Football
The contest will be held 17 July -21 July 2016. Each class must send participant for the contest.
For the more information contact the committee Ricky S (chairperson of OSIS).
The committee
5. Advertisement (Iklan)
Advertisement adalah teks pendek yang berisi sebuah pemberitahuan yang bertujuan untuk
mendorong, merayu/membujuk orang banyak agar membeli/menggunakan barang/jasa yang
ditawarkan.

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 15

Iklan biasanya dipublikasikan melalui media cetak (Koran, majalah,dll ) dan media elektronik
seperti Tv atau radio.
Contoh:
LET’S VISIT BEAUTIFUL BALI
Enjoy Bali’s beautiful beaches!
Visit the art city of Ubud!
Buy beautiful souvenir!
The temples and the exotic dances
Come and try our restaurants
Call citra Tour Phone (02315508706)
6. Invitation
Invitation adalah sebuah teks pendek yang berupa Undangan yang diberikan pada seseorang
kepada orang lain untuk menghadiri acara tertentu. Sepertii Undanganpernikahan, ulang
tahun.dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
To: Tia
I invite you to attend my 20th birthday party. It will be held on Sunday 20 july 2016 at 07.00 pm
at my sweet house. I hope your coming.

Yours

Sintha

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 16

 KIND OF GENRE
Genre banyak berhubungan dengan jenis teks yang memiliki 3 unsur :
1. Communicative purpose/social function (tujuan komunikasi)
2. Generic structure/text organization (struktur teks)
3. Linguistic features (ciri-ciri kebahasaan)
Meskipun memiliki tiga unsur yang sapa namun pola penyusunan masing masing jenis teks itu
berbeda antara yang satu dengan yang lain. Perbedaan generic structure ini terjadi karena tujuan
tulisan atau teks tersebut memang juga berbeda.

Genre memiliki 2 jenis, yaitu :

1. Literary text type:
a. Narrative
b. Poems
c. Drama
Tiga teks diatas digunakan untuk menceritakan tentang pengalaman manusia biasanya dengan
cara khayalan sehingga bisa membuat pembaca atau pendengar berpikir, tertawa, menangis atau
terhibur.
2. Factual text type
I. RECOUNT
1) Ciri Umum
 Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining
(melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan
atau menghibur).
2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):
 Orientation: sama dengan orientasi pada teks narrative, penulis recount
dalam memulai paragraf juga perlu memperkenalkan participant (pelaku
cerita), kemudian setting of place, dan juga setting of time.
 Events: peristiwa apa saja yang dialami oleh pelaku cerita dalam teks
recount. Berbagai peristiwa yang disampaikan biasanya diurut berdasarkan
kronologi waktu terjadnya atau sifat pentinngya peristiwa tersebut.
 Reorientation: pernyataan akhir penulis tehadap pengalaman yang telah
dilakukan. Biasanya berupa kesan atau impression

3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):

 nouns dan pronouns sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan atau benda yang
terlibat, misalnya David, the monkey, we dsb.
 action verbs atau kata kerja tindakan, misalnya go, sleep, run dsb.
 past tense, misalnya We went to the zoo; She was happy dsb.
 conjunctions dan time connectives yang mengurutkan peristiwa, kejadian
atau kegiatan, misalnya and, but, then, after that, dsb.
 adverbs dan adverb phrases untuk mengungkap tempat, waktu dan cara,
misalnya yesterday, at my house, slowly dsb.
 adjectives untuk menerangkan nouns, misalnya beautiful, funny, dsb.
Generic Structure/Text Organization Orientation: menunjukkan setting
(tempat) dan memperkenalkan tokoh. Event 1 Event 2 Event 3 … dst.
Reorientation: Penutup ataupun penekanan kembali Events: menceritakan
apa yang terjadi secara berurutan.

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 17

 4) Contoh recount text
The Last School Semester Holiday
The last semester holiday was a moment
that I'd been waiting for. Because as
long as I sit in ninth grade, I was Orientation
spending more time to learn than doing
some activities associated with my
hobby.
My last holiday was classified as a very
simple holiday. I was only at home for
doing my hobbies such as writing,
drawing, and visiting my friends’ house.
On the first day until the fifth day I
spent time with writing some short
stories, chatting with family, and
painting some objects at home. Events
Then in the following days, I visited my
friends’ home to study and to do fun
things together. Having finished
studying, we then cycled around the area
to see new things together. After being
tired of cycling, we took visit at other
friends’ house while fulfilling the thirst.
Every time the day got dark, we went
back to our homes to spend time with
family.
Those days were very enjoyable for me.
Although I only spent holiday at home
by doing funny things, spending time Reorientation
with family, and visiting my friends’
home while studying, I really enjoyed
that short holiday.

II. NEWS ITEM

1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To inform readers, listeners, or viewers about events of the day which are
considered newsworthy or important
(memberitakan kepada pembaca, pendengar atau penonton tentang peristiwa-
peristiwa atau kejadian-kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak diberitakan).
2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):
 Newsworthy event: Berita inti berupa kejadian utama yang menjadi bahan
tulisan. Sederhananya ada peristiwa apa, dimana, dan kapan terjadinya.
 Backround events: rentetan peristiwa lain yang melatarbelakangi peristiwa
utama terjadi. Peristiwa lain yang membrikan pengaruh sehingga peristiwa
utama terjadi.
 Sources: penyataan sumber berita. Bisa berupa komentar pelaku, saksi,
dan juga pihak yang dianggap berwenang

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 18

 3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):
 Informasi singkat tertuang dalam headline
 Menggunakan action verbs
 Menggunakan saying verbs, misalnya say, tell, dsb.
 Menggunakan kata keterangan, misalnya badly injured, the most beautiful
bride in the world.
4) Contoh news item text
Actor Didi Petet dies aged 58
Veteran actor Didi Widiatmoko,
popularly known as Didi Petet, died at
the age of 58 at his residence in Sasak
Tinggi, Ciputat, South Tangerang, on
Friday morning.
Didi’s niece Muthia Kautsar said that Newsworthy event
Didi, who starred in a number of
comedy and drama films in the 1980s
and 1990s, collapsed and lost
consciousness when attending an expo
in Milan, Italy, recently.
He just arrived home on May 10 after
attending the exhibition. In that city, he
collapsed and lost consciousness and
returned home in a wheelchair,” she Backround events
said.
On Tuesday, Didi was taken to Bandung
for treatment. Muthia said no diseases
were detected but he died on Friday.
“Didi’s body is laid out in his residence
on Jl. Bambu Apus in Sasak Tinggi,
Ciputat, South Tangerang. It has yet to Sources
be decided when and where he will be
buried.

III. PROCEDURE
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or
steps
(Memberi petunjuk tentang cara melakukan sesuatu melalui serangkaian tindakan
atau langkah).

2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):

 Aim/Goal: Apa tujuan dari ditulisnya teks itu. Biasanya “Aim” dalam teks
procedure sudah kelihatan pada judul tulisan
 Materials: Bahan-bahan apa saja yang dibutuhkan. Pada paragraf ini
penulis teks procedure perlu memberikan daftar bahan dan peralatan agar
tujuannya tercapai. Pada jenis teks procedure tententu, tahap ini bersifat
optional, bisa ada atau tidak.
 Steps: langkah-langkah yang perlu dilakkukan dijelasakn secara rinci dan
berurutan. Karena ini adalah procedure dan bersifat teknis, maka urutan

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 19

 langkah-langka tersebut sangat penting dan tidak boeleh tertukar. Makanya
diawali dengan kata squence of time seperti first, second, third dan
lainnya.

3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):

 pola kalimat imperative, misalnya, Cut, Don’t mix, dsb.
 action verbs, misalnya turn, put, don’t, mix, dsb.
 connectives untuk mengurutkan kegiatan, misalnya then, while, dsb.
 adverbials untuk menyatakan rinci waktu, tempat, cara yang akurat,
misalnya for five minutes, 2 centimetres from the top, dsb. Generic
Structure/Text Organization Goal: Biasanya judulnya Materials – Steps
(berupa metode)
4) contoh procedure text
How to Make Ice Cream AIM/GOAL
Materials:
2 cups milk or cream
2 tablespoons sugar
1 teaspoon Vanilla extract
Several cups of Ice
1 cup salt
You need these supplies to make ice cream Materials
Tub or large coffee can to hold salt and ice
Glass bowl or small coffee can
Electric mixer or whisk
Ice cream scoop
Storage container for freezer
Steps:
First, setting up the cooling apparatus. Stir
ice and salt in the larger container.
Then, combine the ingredients. Mix
together the milk, sugar, and vanilla in the
glass bowl. Then, set this bowl in the tub
filled with ice and rock salt, making sure
that the salt water does not spill into the
bowl.
Next, mix the ice cream. Mix the steps
ingredients in the small container
vigorously. The salty ice mixture will cool
the mixture down until it turns into ice
cream. It should take about 10 to 15 minutes
to stir the ice cream using either method.
Stir until it is free from ice crystals and is
the right consistency.
Last, storage and serving. ice cream is
ready.

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 20

IV. DESCRIPTIVE
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To describe a particular person, place, or thing
(Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri seseorang, benda atau tempat tertentu).
2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):
 Identification: identifikasi terhadap objek tulisan. Apa yang akan
dibicarakan dalam tulisan ini. Biasanya “Identification” ini agak
membingungkan dengan “General Clssification” milik teks report.
Identifikasi dalam teks recount bersifat khusus tidak umum dan terikat
dengan kondisi tertentu yang sudah disampaikan.
 Description: Penggambaran objek tulisan. Bagaiman rupa, bentuk, sifat,
atau kegunaan dari objek tulisan digambarkan dengan gamblang.
3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):
Terfokus pada participant tertentu: misalnya my house, my cat, the museum, dsb.
Menggunakan:
 simple present tense.
 detailed noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek,
misalnya It was a large open rowboat, a sweet young lady, dsb.
 berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering,
classifying, misalnya, two strong legs, sharp white fangs, dsb.
 relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek, misalnya, My
mum is realy cool, It has very thick fur, dsb.
 thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan
pribadi penulis tentang subjek, misalnya Police believe the suspect is
armed, I think it is a clever animal, dsb.
 action verbs, misalnya Our new puppy bites our shoes, dsb.
 abverbials untuk memberikan informasi tambahan tentang perilaku
tersebut, misalnya fast, at the tree house, dsb.
 bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metafor, misalnya John is white as
chalk, sat tight,dsb
4) contoh
Monas National Monument
Monas National Monument is a 132-meter
tower in the center of Merdeka Square,
Central Jakarta, Indonesia Jakarta, is the Identification
capital of the state. It symbolizes the
struggle for Indonesian independence of
our country

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 21

    The monument consists of a 117.7 m
obelisk on a 45m square platform at a
height of 17 m. Towering monument
symbolizes the philosophy of Lingga and
Yoni. Resembles a phallus, or pestle
mortar pestle and Yoni resembles rice or Description
mortar, two important things in the
tradition of Indonesian agriculture.
   Construction began in 1961 under the
direction of President Sukarno, the first
president of the us and the monument was
opened to the public in 1975. It is topped
by a flame covered with gold foil, and now
the monument calls.
V. NARRATIVE
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To ammuse, entertain, and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different
ways
(Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca (yang bertalian dengan pengalaman nyata,
khayal atau peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke suatu krisis, yang pada akhirnya
menemukan suatu penyelesaian)).

2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):

 Orientation: orientasi adalah pengenalan. Pengenalan yang perlu
disampaikan kepada pembaca oleh penulis tentang apa cerita selanjutnya.
Orientation biasanya berisi 3 informasi utama yaitu pelaku cerita, tempat
terjadinya cerita dan waktu kapan cerita itu terjadi.
 Complication: diartikan lebih sederhana, complication adalah pertentangan,
masalah, atau conflict yang dihadapi oleh para pelaku cerita. Dalam kajian
literture, conflict ini biasanya dibedakan menjadi 3 macam pula yaitu,
natural, social dan psychological conflict.
 Resolution: resolusi adalah cara mengakhiri sebuah cerita. Penulis memilih
bagaimana para pelaku cerita tersebut menyelesaikan pertentangannya.
Resolusi ada yang happy ending ada pula yang sad ending.
 Reorientation/Coda: Ketika cerita itu berakhir, penulis perlu memberikan
hikma atau pelajaran yang bisa diambil setelah membaca cerita narrative
tersebut. Inilah yang sering disebut sebagai nilai moral cerita narative.

3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):

 nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan dan benda tertentu dalam
cerita, misalnya, stepsisters, housework, dsb.
 adjectives yang membentuk noun phrase, misalnya, long black hair, two red
apples, dsb.
 time connectives dan conjunctions untuk mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian,
misalnya then, before that, soon, dsb.
 adverbs dan adverbial phrases untuk menunjukkan lokasi kejadian atau
peristiwa, misalnya here, in the mountain, happily ever after,dsb.
 action verbs dalam past tense; stayed, climbed, dsb.

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 22

  saying verbs yang menandai ucapan seperti: said, told, promised, dan thinking
verbs yang menandai pikiran, persepsi atau perasaan tokoh dalam cerita,
misalnya thought, understood, felt, dsb.

4) Contoh
Fox and A Cat
One day a cat and a fox were
having a conversation. The fox,
who was a conceited creature,
boasted how clever she was. 'Why, Orientation
I know at least a hundred tricks to
get away from our mutual enemies,
the dogs,' she said.
'I know only one trick to get away
from dogs,' said the cat. 'You
should teach me some of yours!'
'Well, maybe some day, when I Complication
have the time, I may teach you a
few of the simpler ones,' replied
the fox airily.
Just then they heard the barking of
a pack of dogs in the distance. The
barking grew louder and louder -
the dogs were coming in their
direction! At once the cat ran to the
nearest tree and climbed into its Resolution
branches, well out of reach of any
dog. 'This is the trick I told you
about, the only one I know,' said
the cat. 'Which one of your
hundred tricks are you going to
use?'
The fox sat silently under the
tree, wondering which trick she
should use. Before she could
Reorientation
make up her mind, the dogs
arrived. They fell upon the fox
and tore her to pieces.
Moral : A single plan that works
is better than a hundred doubtful
plans.

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 23

VI. REPORT
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made, and
social phenomena in our environment
(menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan
sistematis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gejala alam, lingkungan,
benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat
berupa kesimpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena
ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya. Untuk membuat laporan semacam ini, siswa perlu
mengamati dan membandingkan ikan paus dengan binatang lainnya yang memiliki
ciri-ciri yang sama).

2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):

 General Clasification: yang dimaksud dengan “Pengelompokan Umum”
adalah cara penulis mengidentifikasi objek tulisannya secara umum. Apa
yang sedang dibahas dalam tulisan tersebut tidaklah kasuistik, alias berlaku
dimana saja asal masih dalam klasifikasi atau kelompok yang sedang dibahas
itu.
 Description: Penggambaran dalam tulisan tentang objek yang sedang
dibicarakan. Biasanya meliputi hal-hal yang membedakan dangan klisifikasi
atau kelompok lainnya, misalnya habitat, sifat, fungsi dan lainnya.
3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):
 general nouns, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Island’, dsb.
 relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptiles are scaly animals (ciri
ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia), dsb.
 action verbs dalam mejelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly, dsb.
 present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya Komodo
dragons usually weight more than 160 kg, dsb.
 istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen, dsb.
 paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah informasi.
 Tidak bersifat promotif
4) Contoh
CATS
Cats are similar in anatomy to the other felids, with a
strong, flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp retractable
claws, and teeth adapted to killing small prey. Cat senses
fit a crepuscular and predatory ecological niche. Cats can
hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human
ears, such as those made by mice and other small animals. General
They can see in near darkness. Like most other mammals, clasification
cats have poorer color vision and a better sense of smell
than humans. Cats, despite being solitary hunters, are a
social species and cat communication includes the use of a
variety of vocalizations (mewing, purring, trilling, hissing,
growling, and grunting), as well as cat pheromones and

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 24

 types of cat-specific body language.
Cats have a high breeding rate. Under controlled breeding,
they can be bred and shown as registered pedigree pets, a
hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control the breeding
of pet cats by neutering and the abandonment of former
household pets has resulted in large numbers of feral cats
worldwide, requiring population control. This has
contributed, along with habitat destruction and other
factors, to the extinction of many bird species. Description
Cats have been known to extirpate a bird species within
specific regions and may have contributed to the extinction
of isolated island populations. Cats are thought to be
primarily, though not solely, responsible for the extinction
of 33 species of birds, and the presence of feral and free
ranging cats makes some locations unsuitable for
attempted species reintroduction in otherwise suitable
locations.
VII. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif (communicative purpose/social function):
The communicative purpose/social function of analytical exposition is to persuade
the reader or listener that something is the case
(Untuk membujuk, meyakinkan atau mempengaruhi pembaca atau pendengar bahwa
sesuatu merupakan kasus)
(Kadang juga dikatakan bahwa analytical exposition dimaksudkan untuk
mempengaruhi audience / pendengar atau pembaca bahwa ada masalah yang
tentunya perlu mendapat perhatian)
2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):
 Thesis: peragraf yang berisi pernyataan penulis terhadap hal yang sedang
dibicarakan.
 Arguments: argumentasi yang mendukung posisi penulis sebagaimana telah
dinyatakn dalam thesis pada pargraf sebelumnya.
 Reiteration/ Elaboration: pernyataan kembali penulis tehadap posisinya
dihadapan hal yang sedang dibicarakan. Kadang sifatnya hanya kesimpulan
dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mempengaruhi.
3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):
 General nouns, misalnya car, pollution, leaded petrol car, dsb.
 Abstract nouns, misalnya policy, government, dsb.
 Technical verbs, misalnya species of animals, dsb.
 Relating verbs, misalnya It is important, dsb.
 Action verbs, misalnya She must save, dsb.
 Thinking verbs, misalnya Many people believe, dsb
 Modal verbs, misalnya we must preserve, dsb.
 Modal adverbs, misalnya certainly, we, dsb.
 Connectives, misalnya firstly, secondly,dsb.
 Bahasa evaluatif, misalnya important, valuable, trustworthy, dsb.
 Kalimat pasif (passive voice)
4) Contoh Analytical Exposition
Men sana in corpore sano

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 25

 The term “Men sana in corpore sano” means that a healthy body
makes a sound mind. More and more people nowadays are aware
of the truth behind the maxim.
As a result, they make sports an integral part of their lives. Some THESIS
people participate in sports to release energy and tension, while
others do it to make friends. Sports, such as soccer, basketball or
boxing, have become an acceptable way to release energy and
aggression.
Other sport like golf, mountain climbing, dancing or bowling can
be means of starting or consolidating friendships. Most sports offer
ARGUMENTS
a constructive escape from the pressures of the everyday life. In
fact, you can change your life if you take up and keep up an
activity suited to your character, abilities and lifestyle.
It is important to realize that no matter what kind of exercise you Reorientation
do, you can be sure that it’s always good for your health and that
it’s fun.

VIII. HORTATORY EXPOSITION

1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To persuade the reader or listener that something should be/shouldn’t be the case
(Untuk membujuk, meyakinkan atau mempengaruhi pembaca atau pendengar bahwa
sesuatu seharusnya/tdk seharusnya demikian

2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):

 Thesis: seperti pada analytical exposition, penulis perlu menytakan dan
mengumumkan akan adanya hal dan perlu untuk disikapi
 Arguments: argumentasi kenapa penulis perlu bersikap sepeti dalam thesi
diatas. Alasan-alasan yang mendukung thesisnya perlu diperkuat dan bila
perlu diuji dan dibuktikan supaya logis dan masuk akal.
 Recommendation: rekomendasi atau ajakan penulis teks akan kebenaran
thesis yang sudah dibuktikannya.
3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):
 Terfokus ke pembicara / penulis yang mengangkat isu. Menggunakan:
 Abstract nouns, misalnya policy, government,dsb.
 Technical verbs, misalnya species of animals, dsb.
 Relating verbs, misalnya should be, doesn’t seem to have been,dsb.
 Action verbs, misalnya We must act, dsb.
 Thinking verbs, misalnya I believe, dsb
 Modal verbs, misalnya we must preserve, dsb
 Modal adverbs, misalnya certainly, wem dsb.
 Connectives, misalnya firstly, secondly, dsb
 Simple present tense
 Kalimat pasif
 Bahasa evaluatif, misalnya important, valuable, trustworthy, dsb.
4) Contoh
THESIS : A lot of people, especially young people, go through the day without
having breakfast. Many people believe that it is not necessary, or they say that they
don’t have time for that,  and  begin  their  day  with  no  meal. I  believe  that

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 26

 everyone  should  eat  breakfast before going to their activities. The purpose of this
paper is to show the importance of breakfast, especially for students.
ARGUMENT 1 :The first reason why you should eat breakfast before going to
school is for your health. When you skip breakfast and go to school, you are looking
for a disease because it’s not healthy to have  an empty stomach all day  long.  It’s
very important to have a meal and not let your stomach work empty. All you are
going to get is gastritis and a lot of problems with your health if you don’t eat
breakfast.
ARGUMENT 2 :Another reason for eating breakfast is because you need food for to
do well in your classes. You body and your brain are not going to function as good as
they could because you have no energy and no strength. When you try to learn
something and have nothing  in  your  stomach,  you  are  going  to  have  a  lot  of
trouble  succeeding.  A  lot  of people think that they should not eat because they are
going to feel tired, but that’s not true. Breakfast is not a very big meal, and on the
contrary, you’re going to feel tired if you  don’t  have  breakfast  because  you  have
spent  the  entire  previous  night  without food.
ARGUMENT 3: The last reason to have breakfast every day is because you can
avoid diseases if you eat some breakfast in the morning. If you don’t eat, you are
going to get sick, and these diseases will have a stronger effect on you because
you’re going to get sick easier than people who have breakfast every day.
RECOMMENDATION : You have to realize that breakfast is the most important
meal of the day, and you cannot  skip  it  without  consequences  for  your  health,
your  school  and  your  defense mechanism. It is better to wake up earlier and have a
good breakfast that run to school without eating anything. It is time for you to do
something for your health, and eating breakfast is the better way to start your day.
Sumber : http://www.englishindo.com/2011/10/contoh-hortatory-exposition-why-
students-should-eat-breakfast-everyday.html#ixzz55MWxsJdg

IX. SPOOF
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To retell an event with humorous twist
(menceritakan kejadian, peristiwa aneh atau lucu berdasarkan kejadian atau peristiwa
dalam kehidupan nyata yang bertujuan menghibur, yang biasa diakhiri dengan
sesuatu plesetan yang lucu (twist).
2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):
 Orientation: pengenalan tokoh certia , tempat dan informasi waktu kejadian,
seperti halnya pada narrative text.
 Events: berbagai peristiwa yang dialami oleh tokoh cerita seperti halnya
dalam recount text dijelasakn berurutan berdasakan waktu dan sifat
pentingnya peristiwa tersebut.
 Twist: hal tak terduga yang terjadi di akhir cerita sehingga terkesan menjadi
cerita lucu.
3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):
 Terfokus pada orang, binatang, benda tertentu;
 Menggunakan action verbs, misalnya eat, run;
 Menggunakan keterangan waktu dan tempat;
 Menggunakan past tense;
 Disusun sesuai dengan urutan kejadian.
4) Contoh

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 27

 Two vampire bats
ORIENTATION
Two vampire bats wake up in the middle of the night, thirsty for blood. One says,
EVENTS
“Let’s fly out of the cave and get some blood.”
“We’re new here,” says the second one. “It’s dark out, and we don’t know where to
look. We’d better wait until the other bats go with us.”
The first bat replies, “Who needs them? I can find some blood somewhere.” He flies
out of the cave.
When he returns, he is covered with blood.
The second bat says excitedly, “Where did you get the blood?”
TWIST
The first bat takes his buddy to the mouth of the cave. Pointing into the night, he
asks, “See that black building over there?”
“Yes,” the other bat answers.
“Well,” says the first bat, “I didn’t.”

X. EXPLANATION
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To explain the process invloved in the formation or workings of natural or
sociocultural phenomena
(menerangkan proses-proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan atau kegiatan yang
terkait dengan fenomena alam, dunia ilmiah, sosial-budaya, atau lainnya yang
bertujuan menjelaskan).
2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):
 General statement: pernyataan umum tentang apa yang sedang diperjelaskan
dalam tulisan. Biasany berupa gejala alam dan sosial
 Sequenced explanation: penjelasan kenapa dan bagaimana gejala alam atau
sosial tersebut sampai bisa terjadi. Penjelasan ini bersifat objektif dan tidak
dimaksudkan untuk menilai baik ataupun buruk.
 Closing
3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):
 general dan abstract nouns, misalnya word chopping, earthquakes;
 action verbs;
 simple present tense;
 passive voice;
 conjunctions of time dan cause;
 noun phrase, misalnya the large cloud;
 abstract nouns, misalnya the temperature;
 adverbial phrases;
 complex sentences;
4) contoh
TSUNAMI
In Indonesia, we are very familiar with the word "
Tsunami ". This natural disaster has ever killed
thousands of lives in Banda Aceh a few years ago. General statement
Indonesia mourned, the world mourned. Then, how

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 28

 the Tsunami happens? Here is a brief explanation
of the process of how the Asian tsunami happens.

Tsunamis can occur if there is a phenomenon

which causes the displacement of large amounts of
water in the ocean, such as volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, landslides, and meteors that fall to
Earth. However, 90% of tsunamis is the result of
underwater earthquakes.
Sequenced explanation
Vertical movement in the Earth's crust in the
bottom of the ocean causes a sudden up or down
movement of sea floor which then causes the water
balance disorders above it. This disturbance causes
the occurrence of the flow of the massive sea water
energy, that once it reaches the shore, it becomes
huge waves resulting Tsunami.

XI. DISCUSSION
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To present at least two points of views about an issue
(mengetengahkan suatu masalah (isu) yang ditinjau paling tidak dari 2 (dua) sudut
pandang, sebelum sampai pada suatu kesimpulan atau rekomendasi

2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):

 Issue: Menerangkan adanya isu yang sedang diperdebatakan. Biasanya hal-
hal yang gampang sekali menimbulkan pro dan kontra, pendapat setuju dan
sebaliknya.
 Arguments for and against: pernyataan yang mendukung issu dan juga
pernytaan yang tidak mendukung. Dua alat bukti ini perlu disampaika secara
berimbang untuk bisa mengambil keutusan.
 Conclusion: kesimpulan yang diambil oleh penulis ketika sudah memberikan
2 hal yang berseberangan.
3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):
 general nouns untuk menyatakan kategori, misalnya uniforms, alcohol, dsb,
 relating verbs untuk memberi informasi tentang isu yang didiskusikan,
misalnya smoking is harmful, dsb.
 thinking verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis, misalnya
feel, believe, hope, dsb.
 additives, contrastives dan causal connectives untuk menghubungkan
argumen, misalnya similarly, on the hand, however, dsb.
 detailed noun groups untuk memberikan informasi secara padu, misalnya the
dumping of unwanted kittens, dsb.
 modalities, seperti perhaps, must, should, should have been, could be, dsb.
 adverbials of maner, misalnya deliberately, hopefully, dsb.
4) Contoh
Pros and Cons of Smoking Bans
ISSUE

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 29

Smoking ban policies are implemented in some American states and cities but the contentions on
whether they are necessary and relevant are still heard from supporters and critics. Restrictions
on cigarette smoking can be traced back as early the 16th century and up to now, this issue
remains to be controversial. To get an idea on how people are taking smoking bans, here are
some of the views expressed by proponents and opponents.
ARGUMENTS
Advocates for smoking bans claim that passing a policy to prohibit smoking in public places can
lessen the possibility of second-hand smoke being inhaled by non-smokers. The supporters also
say that states and cities which have non-smoking policies and prohibited smoking in restaurants
and public indoor spaces have better indoor air quality then the cities which still allow smoking
public. With restricting smoking, supporters posit that it will decrease the waste since there will
be lesser cigarette butts and lesser toxic garbage that can be stuck in water systems. It is also
believed by the supporters that it can lessen the chance of influencing others to take on the habit.
For many smokers, smoking bans is one of the government’s ways of interfering in their
lifestyle. They find this offensive because they believe that, since smoking is not a crime, the
government nor anyone else should not have a say about what they do and limit their freedom. In
principle, smoking bans aren’t effective since they will make people just avoid places with
smoking bans and smoke elsewhere rather than to quit or at least to reduce their tobacco
consumption. Implementing smoking bans also can be very difficult. There are many people and
even establishments that don’t respect the ban mainly because the penalties aren’t so stiff and
won’t get offenders into too much trouble.
CONCLUSSION
These are just some of the pros and cons of smoking bans. Government officials, business
owners, and ordinary citizens should weigh them carefully to decide if smoking bans are worth
implementing or not.

XII. REVIEW
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose):
To critique an art work, event for a public audience. Such works of art include
movies, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitions, concerts, and
ballets
(melakukan kritik terhadap peristiwa atau karya seni untuk pembaca atau pendengar
khalayak ramai, misalnya acara TV, buku, drama, film, opera, konser, dan lain
sebagainya)

2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):

 Orientation: pengantar review, apa yang dinilai, dan penilaian itu berdasarkan
kondisi apa.
 Interpretive Recount. Ringkasan dan intepretasi penulis tehadap karya yang
sedang direview. Sebenarnya bersifat optional, boleh ada atau dihilangakan.
 Evaluation: evaluasi yang diberikan oleh penulis tehadap karya yang sedang
dibahas.
 Evaluative Summation: opini penulis setelah diadakan penilaian, karya itu
layak atau tidak untuk diberikan kepada pembaca lainnya.

3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):

Terfokus pada partisipan tertentu; Menggunakan:
 adjectives menunjukkan sikap, seperti bad, good;
 klausa panjang dan kompleks;

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 30

  metafor. Generic Structure/Text Organization Orientation: menempatkan
suatu karya dalam konteks umum dan khusus, seringkali dengan
membandingkannya dengan yang lain. Interpretative recount: merangkum
plot dan/atau memberikan penjelasan tentang bagaimana suatu karya ditinjau
Evaluation: memberikan penilaian atau evaluasi dari suatu karya dan/atau
kinerjanya atau produknya Evaluative summation: berupa rangkuman
pandangan si peninjau

4) Contoh
Review Laskar Pelangi
Laskar Pelangi (English: The Rainbow Troops) is a 2008
Indonesian film adapted from the popular same titled
novel by Andrea Hirata. The movie follows a group of 10
schoolchildren and their two inspirational teachers as ORIENTATION
they struggle with poverty and develop hopes for the
future in Gantong Village on the farming and tin mining
island of Belitung off the east coast of Sumatra. The film
is the highest grossing in Indonesian box office history
and won a number of local and international awards
The movie, set in the 1970s, opens on the first day of the year
at a Muhammadiyah elementary school on Belitung. The
school needs 10 students but is one short until near the end of
the day, when a straggler fills out the ranks for their teachers,
Muslimah and Harfan. Muslimah dubs the children “The
Rainbow Troops” (sometimes translated as “The Rainbow Interperative
Warriors”) and the movie traces their development and
recount/synopsis
relationships with the teachers.
The film “reportedly” cost 8 billion rupiah (US$890,000) to
make and was a year in production. Most of the child actors in
the film are from Belitung, and Producer Mira Lesmana
explained that choice by saying: “In my opinion, there won’t
be any actors with a deeper connection to the roles than those
who were born and lived in Belitong their entire life.”
The Bangka Belitung Provincial government declared some of
the locations used in the film as areas of importance to culture
Evaluation
and tourism in 2010, and provincial tourism chief Yan
Megawandi said the decision was “primarily” made to help
raise funds for the Muhammadiyah elementary school on
which the film and novel’s story are centered.

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 31

 The film’s local and international success fueled a tourism
boom on Belitung, with Indonesian airline Garuda reopening
direct service from Jakarta to Tanjung Pandan, Belitung’s
capital. A provincial government official that month said he Evaluative summation
had no hard data on the increase in tourist arrivals as a result
of the film, but said that nearly all seats on flights to the island
from Jakarta were booked in the first week it was open and
that most arrivals were asking about information on how to
visit the film’s locations.

XIII. ANECDOTE
1) Ciri Umum
Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (communicative/social purpose):
The communicative purpose of the text is to share with others an account of an
unusual or amusing accident
(menceritakan kejadian/peristiwa lucu berdasarkan khayalan atau peristiwa nyata
yang bertujuan menghibur).

2) Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):

 Abstract: ringkasan cerita biasanya berupa kejadian-kejadian yang tidak
lumrah atau ganjil dalam cerita yan akan disampaikan.
 Orienation: seperti pada Narrative dan Recount, orientasi pad Anecdote text
juga memberikan informasi awal tentang siapa, dimana dan kapan.
 Crisis: inti dari kejadian yang tidak lumrah yang dialami pelaku cerita
diperjelas agar pembaca merasa tertarik untuk terus membaca.
 Reaction: reaksi apa yang diambil oleh pelaku cerita tehadap krisis yang
sedang dihadapi.
 Coda: sama halnya dengan cerita narrative bahwa, anecdote text juga perlu
menyajikan pesan atau pelajaran yang perlu diambil ketika sudah
menyelesaikan krisis yang sedang dihadapi cuman disampaikan dalam cerita.

3) Ciri Kebahasaan (Linguistic Features):

 seruan/kata seru, pertanyaan retorik dan kata-kata seperti Listen to this! And
do you know what? It’s awful, isn’t it? dsb.
 action verbs, misalnya go, write, dsb.
 conjunctions yang berhubungan dengan waktu, seperti then, afterwards, dsb.
4) Contoh
Scarecrow
I was from a big family. I had two aunts and one uncle whose house was so far away from my
house. I was the oldest child and had three brothers and one sister.I had a lot of friends and I
really loved them.
Every day, after school, as the village kids, we gathered at the field of the village together. There,
we could play soccer, play kite, play “Back through Door” game, play marbles, and play some
other gams of children of the village. We were really closed friends.
One day, Thinky, my cousin, said, “Hi Friends, you already know that my father is a smart
farmer. He has created the scarecrow that makes birds never approache our rice again. They just
watch from three miles away. They do not dare to take even a grain of rice,” he bragged. “That’s

Kind of Genre by Juliano Davisuozo 32

good,” said one of my friends. “It’s nothing,” says Pinky, a friend who also loved to brag. “My
dad had created a so big-talk that created a so big-dark scarecrow that the birds returned all of
rice that they had picked some days ago.”

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