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REVIEW SLOPE STABILITY ON EMBANKMENT CONTROLED BY

CLIMATE IN BOGOR -CIAWI - SUKABUMI TOLL ROAD PROJECT

Conference Paper · April 2020

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 Proceedings of International Conference on “Landslide and Slope Stability” (SLOPE 2019)
Bali – Indonesia, September 26 – 27, 2019

REVIEW SLOPE STABILITY ON EMBANKMENT

CONTROLED BY CLIMATE IN BOGOR – CIAWI –
SUKABUMI TOLL ROAD PROJECT

G. Prabowo Paulus Pramono Rahardjo

Post Graduate Student Professor
Parahyangan Catholic University Universitas Katolik Parahyangan
gagasprabowo123@gmail.com rahardjo.paulus@gmail.com

M. F. Syofyan Rinda Karlinasari

Engineer Doctor
Erka Konsultan Enjiniring Sultan Agung Islamic University
erka.enj@gmail.com rkarlinasari@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Bogor area has high-intensity rainfall rate of 3500 – 4000 mm annually. Meteorology Climatology
Geophysical Agency (BMKG)’s report explained the area of Bogor – Ciawi – Sukabumi Toll Road Project included
in Non-Zone area. The non-zone area is where the wet season and dry season can’t be distinguished, there is
no significant change between the dry season and wet season, and rainfall occurred throughout the year. With
high rainfall intensity, the soil meets saturation condition. High water content condition causes difficulty to
achieve optimum water content and has an impact on earthwork (embankment) in the project area. This
condition can cause unstable embankment. The method used to overcome this was an embankment with a
variety of granular layer sandwiches as an alternative in implementation of the earthworks. Analysis of
embankments incorporate the rainfall data and climatology data (evaporation) were done. With the analysis of
Vadose/W, the effect of evaporation is a matter of consideration to predict how long high water content can
reduce without rain condition. As well as Seep/W and Sigma/W by entering rain parameters to get the value of
settlement and safety factor on analysis embankment. This study concluded that the influence of the rainfall
and climate intensity on the stability of embankment were significant.

Keywords: Rainfall, Stability of embankment, Settlement, Embankment’s performance

INTRODUCTION

Bogor area has high-intensity rainfall rate of 3500 – 4000 mm annually. Meteorology
Climatology Geophysical Agency (BMKG)’s report explained the area of Bogor – Ciawi – Sukabumi
Toll Road Project included in Non-Zone area. The non-zone area is where the wet season and dry
season can’t be distinguished, there is no significant change between the dry season and wet
season, and rainfall occurred throughout the year. With high rainfall intensity, the soil meets the
saturation condition. High water content condition causes difficulty to achieve optimum water
content and has an impact on earthwork (embankment) in the project area. This condition can
cause an embankment slope unstable.

H6-1
H6-2

PROJECT LOCATION CLIMATE DATA

The Project location is in the vicinity of the Pondok Gedeh area because it is the nearest rainfall
gauge was exist and it is assumed that the rainfall data best represents the rain conditions around
the project location, with the name Rain heading Pondok Gedeh, Cijeruk District.

Table 1. Recapitulation Rainfall Design of Pondok Gedeh

RECAPITULATION RAINFALL DESIGN
RETURN RAINFALL DESIGN (MM/DAY)
PERIODE Pondok Gedeh
2 103.95
5 132.44
10 151.3
20 169.15
25 175.13
50 192.81
100 210.36

With high rainfall, another consideration is that with a high water content how long does it
takes to reach the optimum water content by considering the evaporation that occurs.

Table 2. Evaporation Data

ANALYSIS PARAMETER

The soil investigation data presented in this analysis are the results of PT Arkonin Engineering
MP's Planner laboratory data and PT Geotechnical Engineering Consultant data on the Bogor -
Ciawi - Sukabumi Section 2 Project in 2018.
From the laboratorium data Wn max, Wn mean and Wn min were choosen as the input of
Geostudio 2012 SWCC chart along with e (void ratio), Gs (specific Grafity) and Sr (degree of
saturation). Here is the profile of Wn, where it can be seen that Wn max = 119.07%, Wn min =
31.16% and Wn mean = 69.39 %.
 H6-3

Table 3. Lab Data. Soil Project Toll Bocimi Section 2

Natural
Wet Cohesion Compress
Water Void Ratio LL PL Friction Cv
No Bor Depth Density kg/cm2 ion ratio,
Content (e) (%) (%) Angle ( f ) (m2/Year)
( ym) t/m³ (c) Cc
(Wn)
7 - 7.5 66.55 1,38 2.17 79.24 35,72 1,10 0,10 0,38
DBG 1
17 - 17.5 40.98 1,69 1.20 73.05 36,62 2,86 0,52 -
Sta.14+650
25 - 25.5 54.85 1,64 1.49 83.27 43,18 5,71 0,42 -
3 - 3.5 64.70 1,43 2.02 74.91 35,56 0.00 0,13 -
DBG 2
13 - 13.5 41.62 1,67 1.24 66.93 31,53 0.00 0,34 0,33
Sta.15+025
23 - 23.5 43.91 1,65 1.32 66.29 36,28 1,15 0,29 -
3 - 3.5 88.94 1,42 2.52 97.54 50,95 0,57 0,12 -
DBG 3
13 - 13.5 45.82 1,65 1.38 73.08 36,83 1,71 0,20 0,31
Sta.15+100
23 - 23.5 37.66 1,75 1.12 60.94 38,27 2,86 0,60 -
DBG 5 3 - 3.5 88.55 1,46 2.46 90.30 62,25 0.00 0,20 0,39
Sta.15+250 13 - 13.5 44.92 1,63 1.37 76.98 33,78 2,86 0,30 0,31
Kiri 23 - 23.5 45.30 1,72 1.20 71.94 43,81 0.00 0,40 0,21
DBG 6 3 - 3.5 90.38 1,34 2.69 97.72 66,91 0.00 0,12 0,50
Sta.15+500 13 - 13.5 84.46 1,41 2.44 95.18 62,99 2,86 0,25 -
Kiri 23 - 23.5 39.42 1,69 1.23 76.68 45,12 1,67 0,74 -
DBG 7 3 - 3.5 84.13 1,45 2.36 94.96 59,19 0.00 0,22 -
Sta.15+600 11 - 11.5 77.77 1,48 2.30 85.68 49,35 2,86 0,16 -
Kiri 19 - 19.5 49.17 1,67 1.30 85.26 46,20 0.00 0,49 0,33
DBG 9 3 - 3.5 84.58 1,42 2.47 96.54 55,93 2,86 0,20 -
Sta.15+750 11 - 11.5 79.23 1,50 2.20 89.70 54,52 0.00 0,06 0,46
DBG 11 3 - 3.5 56.58 1,63 1.53 85.26 46,05 2,86 0,40 0,25
Sta.16+075 13 - 13.5 89.75 1,40 2.56 92.15 55,14 1,71 0,20 -
Kiri 23 - 23.5 52.44 1,63 1.54 68.02 46,39 5,14 0,20 -

Figure 1. Profile of Wn

Figure 2. Profile of void ratio Figure 3. Profile of LL

The following is one of the grain sizes distribution from the Lab results. Bogor Toll Project,
Sukabumi.
H6-4

Figure 4. Grain size distribution (sand) Figure 5. Grain size distribution (clay)

MODELING ANALYSIS

The numerical model is made with the Geostudio SEEP / W and VADOSE / W programs

RAINFALL SEEP/W
The problem in the Section 2 BOCIMI Toll Road project is the high level of natural water content
of soil, far exceeding the optimum water content. The result is that embankment becomes difficult
to compact, thus slowing down the time work. So by using Geostudio SEEP / W software, the
influence of rainwater will be analyzed base on the volumetric water content parameters and the
purpose is to reduce volumetric water content so that the soil water content decreases and can
reach the optimum water content to be compacted. Volumetric water content is water content per
volume, in contrast to water content obtained from water content testing which is usually done in
a laboratory, where water content is calculated based on weight.
The volumetric water content () can be determined from the specific gravity (Gs), void ratio,
and values of natural water content obtained from laboratory tests. Volumetric water content
calculations can be used with the following equation:

The calculation of volumetric water content downgraded can be derived by using the equation
of the degree of saturation (Sr):

So the volumetric water content equation () becomes:

Where :
W = Water content natural
Gs = Spesific Gravity
e = Void ratio
 H6-5

The following is the calculation of the volumetric water content value from the Lab data. for Toll
Bocimi Section 2 Project.

Table 4. Calculation of volumetric water content ()

Sample No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rata - rata
Specific Gravity (Gs) 2.64 2.76 2.68 2.65 2.65 2.68 2.61 2.67 2.668
Void Ratio 1.51 1.43 1.87 1.38 1.35 1.63 1.40 1.38 1.494
Natural Water Content (%) 66.80 66.86 73.48 68.73 68.31 72.79 59.46 75.55 68.998
Optimum Water Content (%) 51.80 40.50 51.30 43.00 41.80 46.20 48.40 43.30 45.788
Theta (ϴ ) 70.26 75.94 68.62 76.53 77.03 74.17 64.66 84.76 73.996
Theta (ϴ ) pada W optimum 54.48 46.00 47.90 47.88 47.14 47.08 52.64 48.58 48.963

The following is a calculation of Saturated Water Content from Lab data. The Tol Bocimi Section
2 Project on the Geostudio SEEP / W parameter input.

Figure 6. Input Parameter Vol. Water Content SEEP/W

Rainfall Analysis Without Using Sand-Gravel Sandwich

The result of analysis without handling in high rainfall conditions are as follows. From results of
the analysis it appears that the value of 0. ranges from 0.48 - 1.04 The value of  in the embankment
still passes the value of  at the optimum water content which is the value of 0.54. With high
volumetric water content and not achieving Water content optimum, the construction of
embankments is difficult to be done. Then it is suggest to include sand – gravel layer on
embankment.

Figure 7. Modelling Geostudio SEEP/W

H6-6

Rainfall Analysis Using Sand - Gravel Sandwich

From the results of the analysis it appears that the value of  ranges from 0.25 - 0.7 The value
of  on the embankment still passes the value of  at optimum W, which is the value of 0.54.
However, this has not taken into account the evaporation factors that can be calculated to reduce
the condition of Vol. High Water Content () to exceeds Womc.
The results of the analysis of handling the use of layered liquid in high rainfall conditions are as
follows.

Figure 8. Modelling with sand-gravel layers Figure 9. Output SEEP/W vol. water content

Safety Factor

Figure 10. Safety factor of total slide for a return Figure 11. Safety factor of local slide for a return
periode of 2 years rain periode of 2 years rain

Figure 12. Safety factor of total slide for a return Figure 13. Safety factor of local slide for a return
periode of 5 years rain periode of 5 years rain

Figure 14. Safety factor of total slide for a return Figure 15. Safety factor of local slide for a return
periode of 10 years rain periode of 10 years rain
 H6-7

Figure 16. Safety factor of total slide for a return Figure 17. Safety factor of local slide for a return
periode of 20 years rain periode of 20 years rain

Figure 18. Safety factor of total slide for a return Figure 19. Safety factor of local slide for a return
periode of 25 years rain periode of 25 years rain

Figure 20. Safety factor of total slide for a return Figure 21. Safety factor of local slide for a return
periode of 50 years rain periode of 50 years rain

Figure 22. Safety factor of total slide for a return Figure 23. Safety factor of local slide for a return
periode of 100 years rain periode of 100 years rain

Table 5. Safety Factor Slope from Years of Rain Return Periode

RETURN PERIODE Safety Factor
(years) Local Slide Total Slide
2 1.539 2.86
5 1.427 2.777
10 1.373 2.728
20 1.329 2.686
25 1.316 2.67
50 1.282 2.626
100 1.248 2.585
H6-8

VADOSE/W EVAPORATE
The problem in the Section 2 BOCIMI Toll Road project is the high level of natural water content
of soil, far exceeding the optimum water content. The result is that embankment becomes difficult
to compact, thus slowing down the time work. So by using Geostudio VADOSE / W software, it will
analyze the influence of climate and weather on the volumetric water content parameters to reduce
volumetric water content so that the soil moisture content decreases and can reach the optimum
water content to be compacted.

CLIMATE DATA

Using climate data sourced from https://weather.com/weather/monthly/ combined with

evaporation data sourced from the Java and Bali Evaporation Study Based on Observation Data
1975 - 2013, Trinh Wati, Postgraduate of Bogor Agricultural Institute.

Table 6. Climate Table Toll Bocimi Section 2 Project

Temperature ( C ) RH (%) Wind Presipitasi Precipitation period evaporation
Tanggal Max Min Max Min (m/s) (mm) start hour end hour mm
1 24 19 81 61 2.78 30.2 0 24 2.6
2 24 18 79 59 3.33 24.8 0 24 2.5
3 24 19 80 60 3.06 73.9 0 24 2.5
4 26 18 80 60 3.06 29.9 0 24 2.6
5 23 18 78 58 2.78 29.4 0 24 2.7
6 23 18 80 60 2.50 7.1 0 24 2.7
7 25 18 79 59 3.06 2.5 0 24 2.9
8 26 18 78 58 2.78 10.1 0 24 2.9
9 25 18 74 54 3.89 2.5 0 24 2.9
10 26 18 76 56 3.33 1.5 0 24 3
11 24 18 80 60 3.61 20.5 0 24 2.93
12 23 18 80 60 2.78 11.4 0 24 2.97
13 25 18 78 58 2.50 8.1 0 24 3.5
14 26 18 80 60 3.06 20.8 0 24 2.6
15 25 18 79 59 2.78 8.1 0 24 3.9
16 24 18 78 58 2.78 17.7 0 24 2.6
17 25 18 74 54 3.06 1.7 0 24 3
18 25 18 76 56 3.33 1 0 24 3
19 24 18 84 64 3.33 15.4 0 24 2.5
20 28 20 82 62 2.78 15 0 24 2.6
21 28 19 81 61 2.78 14 0 24 2.9
22 28 20 79 59 3.33 14 0 24 2.4
23 27 20 80 60 3.61 17 0 24 2.5
24 27 20 80 60 3.33 17.7 0 24 2.6
25 28 19 78 58 3.06 11.7 0 24 2.4
26 28 19 80 60 2.78 2.5 0 24 3
27 28 20 79 59 2.50 7.9 0 24 3
28 28 19 78 58 2.78 17 0 24 2.4
29 29 19 74 54 2.50 29 0 24 2.6
30 29 19 76 56 2.50 35 0 24 2.4
31 29 19 77 57 2.78 17 0 24 2.9

In this modeling, we tried to use Vadose / W, to determine the change in volumetric water
content in influence of evaporation (Figure 24).
On the first day we were modeling one day rain then the rest of days without any rain infiltration
(Figure 25).
Using Vadose / W with climate data without precipitation, it can be seen that the volumetric
water content value in 3 days is 0.63 and it is greater than  at the optimum W which is 0.54,
evaporation still not enough to dry the soil.
With the input of climate data, evaporation that occurs after 10 days of no rain occurs as follows
(Figure 26).
 H6-9

Figure 24. Vadose / W modeling and climate Figure 25. Vadose / W output vol. water content
data input within 3 days

Figure 26. Vadose / W output vol. water content within 10 days

Using Vadose / W with climate data without precipitation it can be seen that the volumetric
water content in the embankment is 0.58 - 0.62 greater than  at the optimum W which is 0.54,
evaporation begins on the 10th day as the value of  begins to decrease due to evaporation.
With the input of climate data, evaporation that occurs after 20 days of no rainfall is as follows.

Figure 27. Vadose / W output vol. water content within 20 days

Using Vadose / W with climate data without precipitation, it can be seen that the volumetric
water content in the embankment is 0.52 - 0.62 greater than  at optimum W, which is 0.54,
evaporation begins on the 20th day, and the value of  begins to decrease due to evaporation.
With the input of climate data, evaporation that occurs after 31 days of no rainfall is as follows.

Figure 28. Vadose / W output vol. water content within 31 days

H6-10

Using Vadose / W with climate data without precipitation, it can be seen that the volumetric
water content in the embankment is 0.48 - 0.62 which has reached the value of  at optimum W,
which is 0.54, but at the bottom of the embankment, the value  is still too high at 0.62. Evaporation
began to occur on the 31st day seen in the value of  has been reduced due to evaporation.
With Vadose / W with climate data without precipitation, it can be seen the volumetric water
content in the embankment in 31 days. The accumulation began to evaporate well on the 20th day
without precipitation showing a value of  0.52 on the surface smaller than optimum at optimum
W which is 0.54.

Table 7. Analysis Results Vol. Water Content analysis Vadose / w

Volumetric water content (ϴ )
Vadose/w with climate data 3 days 10 days 20 days 31 days
without presipitation 0.62 0.58 0.52 0.48

CONCLUSION

At the location of the Bogor Toll Project - Ciawi - Sukabumi (BOCIMI) Section 2 is included in
the Non-Seasonal zone, where the wet and dry seasons cannot be distinguished, there is no
significant change in rainfall between the rainy season and the dry season, rainfall occurs
throughout the year .
At the location of the Bogor - Ciawi - Sukabumi (BOCIMI) toll road Section 2 has a high natural
water content as shown in laboratory results.
By handling using sand – gravel material with soil arranged in layers with a thickness of 20 cm
each to amount of the embankment material and 30 cm of sand – gravel material can reduce
volumetric water content to aount of 30% - 55% as in the geostudio analysis above, so compaction
then can be done.

REFERENCE

Climate data sourced from https://weather.com/weather/monthly/ combined with evaporation

data sourced from the Java and Bali Evaporation Study Based on Observation Data 1975 - 2013,
Trinah Wati, Postgraduate of Bogor Agricultural Institute.
Laboratory data of Planner PT Arkonin Engineering MP and PT Geotechnical Engineering Consultant
(GEC) on the Bogor Project - Ciawi - Sukabumi section 2 in 2018.
Rain Data of the Meteorology Climatology Geophysics Agency (BMKG) Period 2016 - 2018 Location
of Gedeh Cottage.
Rain Data of the Geophysical Climatology Agency (BMKG) for 2016 - 2018 Period Cicurug Location.

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