 Pupils’ eye

Plural Akhiran s: Pria (dewasa): Father, uncle

 People’s head
Aposthrope (plural noun): Pria (remaja): boy, son

 Peter’s head
Hewan: buck, stallion, bull

POSSESSIVE
FORM OF NOUN
Aposthrope (singular noun):

Profesi: prince, actor, wizard

MASCULINE NOUN
 Baby
 Lotion
 Parents Merujuk pada orang atau

NOUN
benda yang sifatnya
masculine atau feminine:

NEUTER
Noun yang tanpa label
tunggal:
 a tent
 thieves  a lady
 parties  an exercise
 an idea
SINGULAR NOUN

 buses
 uncles
jamak (lebih dari satu):
Noun yang terdiri atas dua
NOUN

benda yang sifatnya

kata atau lebih namun hanya
PLURAL NOUN

Merujuk pada orang atau

mewakili satu konsep:
 Orange juice
 Fried rice
COMPOUND

Gedung/Monumen: Sphinx

Kebangsaan: Spaniards Manusia: singer, policeman

Hari: Sunday, Mother’s Day Hewan: horse, giraffe, frog

Tempat: factory, town, zoo

PROPER NOUN

Nama Orang: Aladdin, Irma

COMMON NOUN

Benda: hammer, spade, axe

Bagian: a piece of paper zoo

Bentuk: a bar of soap Wanita (dws): mother, aunt

Benda: a suit of rooms Wanita (rmj): girl, daughter

Hewan: a brood of chickens Hewan: doe, mare, cow

CONCRETE  Concrete : stone, cup, ball, iron

Profesi: princess, actress

FEMININE NOUN

COLLECTIVE NOUN

Orang: a gang of thieves

ABSTRACT &  Abstract : mind, soul, truth, love
 Common Noun adalah Kata Benda yang
Singular & Plural Noun adalah Kata Benda tunggal umum dipakai.
(singular) & jamak (plural). Perhatikan kaidahnya! People Animal Thing Place
Singular Noun Plural Noun dentist elephant ladder stadium
a house / an idea houses / ideas brother whale truth temple
bus/brush/glass buses/brushes/glasses
witch/box witches/boxes Proper Noun adalah Kata Benda yang
story stories merujuk ke hal atau sesuatu secara spesifik.
key/day/valley/boy keys/days/valleys/boys Name day/month Building Nationalty
half/leaf/thief halves/leaves/thieves Ahmad labor day big beng french
chief/roof/cliff/puff chiefs/roofs/cliffs/puffs Mr. Park september great wall buginese
scarf scarfs or scarves Abstract & Concrete Noun
dwarf dwafs or dwarves Kata Benda yang tidak dapat
knife/wife/life knives/wives/lives Abstract
dikenali melalui indera = mercy
video/zoo/hippo videos/zoos/hippos Kata Benda yang dapat dikenali
tomato/potato/hero tomatoes/potatoes/heroes Concrete
melalui indera = ladder
man/woman/child/ men/women/children
person/mouse/tooth/foot people/mice/teeth/feet Collective Noun adalah Kata Benda yang
sheep/deer/fish/aircraft sheep/deer/fish/aircraft mewakili kelompok orang, hewan, dan benda.
(always plural) trousers/jeans/scissors Bisa berupa singular maupun plural.
(usually plural) shoes/sandals/boots/socks Orang a company of actors/the government
Hewan a pack of wolves/ a swarm of bees
Benda a bunch of bananas/a deck of cards
Masculine & Feminine Noun adalah Kata Benda yang
Jumlah a loaf of bread/a ball of string
menunjukkan gender atau jenis kelamin. Bentuk a bar of soap/a bar of chocolate
Masculine Noun Feminine Noun Bagian a sheet of paper/a piece of advice
boy/man/father/son girl/woman/mother/daughter Ingat, selalu pakai bentuk plural Collective
wizard/emperor/prince witch/empress/princess Noun pada people dan police.
teacher/parent/baby/child teacher/parent/baby/child Those people live (bukan lives) in Asia.
buck/ram/roaster/fox/lion doe/ewe/hen/vixen/lioness Selain Collective, juga ada Compound Noun
Selain itu ada bentuk Neuter Noun, yang tidak memihak gender yang terdiri dari dua kata atau lebih namun
parent – baby – locker – ball – lotion – computer – brain hanya merujuk pada satu konsep: white board
 Beberapa Bentuk Akhiran
Yang Membentuk Noun
as a subject
"The Sebagai PELAKU
trophy –er Verb + er = Noun
belongs to
Ben" Mr. Ahmad is a teacher
as a direct as a subject
object complement Sebagai sesuatu yang dilakukan
"Ben wins "The prize is –ance Verb+ ance = Noun
the trophy"
Fungsi dari the trophy" His performance is the best
NOUN Keadaan Menjadi Sesuatu
as an object as possessive –ness Adjective+ ness = Noun
of preposition pronoun
We always share happiness
"Ben builds a "The
shelf for the trophy's cup Menyangkut hal yang abstrak
trophy" is big" –ity Adjective+ ity = Noun
He offers a possibility
 I & me: mine | It: its

He/him: his & She/her: hers

You: yours

PRONOUN
They/them: theirs

POSSESSIVE

PRONOUN
We/us: ours

 She likes to argue them. Idea of Quantity:

 Dad always helps me.  Everybody is welcome…
Object Pronoun:  Few choose to live at …

 My name is Ali. I am a boy Pronoun “They”:

PRONOUN

PRONOUN
PERSONAL
 They produce a lot of coal
INDEFINITE

 Lisa likes cat. She has 4 cats.

Subject Pronoun:  Why don‟t they repair …

Object : him,her,it,& them

3rd Person: he, she, it & they This (singular): This is a toy

Object : you These (plural): These are …

2nd Person: you
PERSON

That (singular): That is a toy

1st, 2nd, 3rd
PRONOUN

Object : me and us
1st Person: I and we
Those (plural): Those are …
DEMONSTRATIVE

They & them: themselves

Who: Who use all my paper?

We & Us: ourselves
Whose: Whose pen is this?
He (himself) & She (herself)
What: What is your anme?
PRONOUN

You: yourself & It: itself

REFLEXIVE

Which: Which do you prefer?

PRONOUN
INTERROGATIVE

I & me: myself

Whom: Whom you’re talking to?
 Subject & Object Pronoun adalah Kata Ganti
Interrogative Pronoun digunakan pada kalimat tanya.
who Who is Mom talking to? (orang yang menjadi pelaku) Orang yang digunakan untuk mewakili Subjek
whose Whose are these shoes? (menanyakan kepemilikan) atau Objek.
what What does Tom wants? (benda yang menjadi pelaku) Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun
which Which of these desks is yours? (yang mana) She likes cat I love her so much
whom Whom did the President criticize? (objek) I am a student Dad is helping me
Ingat, jangan memakai whom untuk menyatakan subjek: We like football They treat us well
 Whom came to the party last night? (Pakai Who) You are excellent People love you
Gunaka whom sebagai objek dari preposisi: He is smiling at me I smile at him too
 To whom is Mom talking? They like to share We help them much
It hurts me I will never use it
Reflexive Pronoun menyatakan diri sendiri:
Person Singular Plural 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person (Kata Ganti Orang)
st
1 (subject) myself ourselves Person Subject Object
st
1 (object) myself ourselves st
1 (singular) I me
nd
2 (subject) yourself yourselves st
1 (plural) we us
nd
2 (object) yourself yourselves nd
2 (singular) you you
rd
3 (subject) himself,herself,itself themselves nd
2 (plural) you you
rd
3 (object) himself,herself,itself themselves rd
3 (singular) he, she, & it him, her, & it
rd
3 (plural) they them
Demonstrative Singular Plural
Pronoun Possessive Pronoun menyatakan hubungan
(menunjukkan
This is my bag These are my bags atau kepemilikan:
orang, tempat,
atau benda Person Singular Plural
tertentu) That is my ball Those are my balls st
1 (subject) mine ours
st
Indefinite all,each,most,other,another,either,neither 1 (object) mine ours
nd
Pronoun several,any,everybody,nobody,some,any- 2 (subject) yours yours
nd
(merujuk kepada body,everyone,none,somebody,anyone, 2 (object) yours yours
orang, tempat, rd
3 (subject) he, she, & it theirs
atau benda
few,no one,someone,both,many,one,such
rd
& They (ketika tidak jelas merujuk ke siapa. 3 (object) him, her, & it theirs
secara umum)
 Apa itu Pronoun?

Pronoun berguna menghindari

subject pengulangan Noun dalam kalimat
pronoun
Noun: Ali goes to school and
1
"It belongs Noun: Ali works as a teacher
to Ben" Pronoun:Ali goes to school and
Pronoun:He works as a teacher
direct possessive Gender Pronoun: He (masculine)
object pronoun 2 Gender Pronoun: She (feminine)
Peran dari Gender Pronoun: It (neuter)
pronoun " Its cup is
"Ben loves
PRONOUN big" Fungsi dari Pronoun dalam sebuah
kalimat adalah menentukan yang mana
it" 3 diantara Subject Pronoun, Object
Pronoun, atau Possessive Pronoun yang
object digunakan.
pronoun with
Subject Pronoun adalah apa yang
preposition dinyatakan dalam kalimat tersebut
"Ben builds a A Direct Object Pronoun menerima
4
shelf for it" perlakuan langsung dari Action Verb
Object Pronoun juga digunakan
bersama dengan Preposition
 –ful: a powerful machine
Size: tiny feet, long hair
DESCRIPTIVE
ADJECTIVES

–ous: a poisonous snake

Color: a gray suit, a red box
–y: stormy weather
Quality: a beautiful girl
–less: harmless animals
Made of: a plastic folder
ADJECTIVE ENDINGS

ADJECTIVE

–al: a magical power

Origin: a british singer
–ic: a fantastic show
–sh: a foolish behaviour
Comparative Form:
THE COMPARISON OF

–ible: a terrible mistake – Akhiran –er: darker

– More: more famous
ADJECTIVES

–able: suitable colors – Irregular: good  better

–ive: talkative children
Superlative Form:
–ly: a lovely dress – Akhiran –est: darkest
– Most: most famous
–ing: an outstanding action
– Irregular: good  best
–ed: a painted wall
Size – Quality – Color –
THE ORDER of
 a plastic chair ADJECTIVES
Origin – Substance:
SOMETHING

 a small green plastic box

Bandingkan!
MADE OF

 a woolen jumper
 a wooden door
menambahkan –en: Quality  Size & Size  Color:
dibuat adjective dengan  a beautiful long hair
Beberapa benda hanya bisa  a beautiful long red hair

SOMETHING IS LIKE
Noun  Adjective Phrase:

DESCRIBING WHAT
A silky skin (as soft as silk)
 A girl with long hair

ADJECTIVE
akhiran –y: silk + (y):

PHRASES
Dengan penambahan  Ahmad is tall and slim
a golden sunrise Adjective Phrase  Noun:
akhiran –en: gold+(en):  A well dressed lady
Dengan penambahan  User friendly equipment
 Jika Adjective yang menjelaskan suatu benda itu lebih Berikut adalah beberapa jenis dari Descriptive Adjective:
dari satu maka kaidah urutan antara Adjective itu adalah: Menyatakan Contoh
Urutan Contoh ukuran a high mountain, a huge ship
a small green plastic box warna an orange ball, black shoes
ukuran  kualitas  warna (size) (color) (substance) kualitas a familiar voice, a sunny day
 bahan (asal)  substansi a stylish red Italian car asal/bahan a stone wall, a wooden chair
(quality)(color)(origin) kebangsaan a Mexican singer, a British boy
Terkadang kualitas a wonderful tiny car
berada sebelum ukuran (quality) (size)
a wonderful tiny red car Beberapa Kata Benda (Noun) dapat dipakai sebagai
namun ukuran selalu
berada sebelum warna (quality) (size) (color) Kata Sifat (Adjective). Namun tidak semuanya, ada
beberapa yang harus ditambahkan akhiran –en :
Noun Adjective Contoh
Akhiran dari Kata Sifat (Adjective) gold gold a gold watch
–ful a cheerful baby –ish a selfish act Coba bandingkan dengan contoh berikut:
–ous an adventurous boy –ible a horrible smell wood wooden a wooden spoon
–y a muddy path –able comfortable clothes
–less a careless driver –ive expensive car Menggambarkan suatu benda yang mirip benda
–al medical instrument –ly friendly teachers tertentu dengan penambahan akhiran –en atau –y:
–ic an energetic dog –ing a shocking news Noun Adjective Contoh
–ed satisfied costumer, wasted time, invited guests gold golden a golden sunrise
Maksudnya matahari terbit terlihat seperti emas
silk silky/silken a silky skin
Perbandingan dari Kata Sifat (Adjective) Maksudnya kulitnya halus bagaikan sutra
Comparative Form –er The boy is poorer than me
more The boy more famous than me
Kebanyakan Adjective Phrase berada setelah
Irregular The boy is worse than me
Noun (Kata Benda) yang dijelaskannya:
Superlative Form –est The boy is the poorest one
most The boy is the most famous one  The lady in the bookshop is a friend of mine
Irregular The boy is the worst one Namun beberapa Adjective Phrase berada sebelumnya:
Kaidah: slim  slimmer/slimmest & easy  easier/easiest  They are fun-loving teenagers
 Descriptive & Limiting Adjectives
fungsi menjelaskan keadaan dari Noun dari bentuk, ukuran, warna, asal, maupun kualitasnya.
Adjective yang posisinya berada sebelum Noun yang dijelaskan disebut Proper Adjective
 Proper Adjective adalah Adjective yang dibentuk dari Proper Noun
 Contoh Proper Adjective:
Descriptive Blue (proper adjective) ball (noun)
Adjective posisi Adjective yang posisinya berada setelah Noun yang dijelaskan disebut Predicate Adjective. Noun dan
Predicate Adjective diantarai Linking Verb to be
 Predicate Adjective itu menjelaskan Subject dari kalimat
 Contoh Predicate Adjective:
Ball (noun/subject) is (linking verb) blue (predicate adjective)
mengidentifikasi (mengenali) Noun tertentu, dikatakan Limiting Adjective karena ia membatasi keadaan
fungsi
dari Noun tertentu yang disebut
posisi determiner itu posisinya berada sebelum Noun yang diidentifikasi
berfungsi untuk menetapkan Noun apakah secara umum atau secara khusus
Articles  Indefinite (umum) : a boy, an apple
 Definite (khusus) : the family
menyatakan kepemilikan ataupun hubungan. Ia berdasarkan Possessive Pronoun
Possessive  Reza is (linking verb) our (possessive pronoun yang bertindak possessive adjective) friend
 Her (feminine possessive adjective) brother (masculine noun) Andi
Determiners menunjuk seseorang/ benda baik tunggal maupun jamak
(Limiting Adjectives)  This pen and these books are mine
jenis Demonstrative (singular demonstrative adjective) (plural demonstrative adjective)
 That cake and those drinks are ours
(singular demonstrative adjective) (plural demonstrative adjective)
membentuk kalimat tanya, merujuk ke satu macam Noun yang dimaksudkan
Interrogative
 Whose (interrogative adjective) dress is this? And which (interrogative adjective) dress is yours?
menyatakan orang atau benda yang tidak spesifik
Indefinite
 Some (indefinite articles) girls have many (indefinite articles) problems
menyatakan kuantitas dengan menyebutkan angka pada orang atau benda
Numerical
 One (numerical adjective) portion of food for two (numerical adjective) people
Beberapa contoh akhiran –less  (Noun + less) John is fearless soldier
yang dapat membentuk –ful  (Noun + ful) It’s a wonderful party
Adjectives –able  (Verb + able) The googles are breakable
 This: who live in this hut?
These: I love these stories
That: How much that ring?
Those: I need those fruits
fewer, many, several & both
Benda Jamak: Few, a few,
of, more, most, other, & a plenty of.
All, half, some, enough, a lot of, lots
Benda Jamak & Tanpa Angka:
a little, much, & less
Benda tanpa angka: Little,
every, & each
Benda Tunggal: another,
Benda: either & neither
Antara Dua Orang atau
any, no, no other, & the other
Tunggal, Jamak, & Tanpa Angka:
Its: Its power is amazing
My: I give you my money
actor, wizard
Your: Is prince,
Profesi: this your house?
His: His bike is a new one
Her: I love her smile
Our: We must save our world
Their: I hate their attitude
INTERROGATIVE &
DEMONSTRATIVE
Angka juga merupakan
DETERMINERS
Determiner:
 My family has two dogs
NUMBERS
 We bought five balls
Kalimat Tanya:
 What time is it?
 Which boy is your friend?
 Whose pen is this?
Indefinite Articles (a & an)
THE ARTICLES
 John is reading a book
QUANTIFYING DETERMINERS
 I have seen an elephant
Definite Articles (the):
DETERMINER
 Turn the TV off now!
 Dad is sitting in the garden
DOUBLE DETERMINER
Determiner All + of:
 We ate all of the food
 She likes all of my friends
Determiner All tanpa of:
 We ate all the food
 She likes all my friends
POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS
Quantifying + Quantifying:
DOUBLE DETERMINERS
 Some like fruit but many
more like vegetables
Quantifying + Numbers:
 There are five fewer
children in my class
Quantifying + Quantifying
Lainnya:
I don’t like any of these box
 Quantifying Determiners
The Articles itu ada 2 macam: Indefinite
Hanya pada few, a few, fewer, many, several and both
Benda Jamak  Few people have been to the moon (pada benda yang masih belum jelas yang
Benda Jamak & All, half, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, mana yang dimaksud) & Definite (pada benda
Tanpa Angka more, most, other, & a plenty of. yang sudah diketahui atau yang dimaksudkan)
 I don‟t have enough material to make a dress Indefinite a Would you like a peach?
Benda Tanpa Little, a little, much, & less Articles an I always eat an apple
Keterangan  I‟ve got less ice cream than you Definite
Angka  We have little time to play the Dad is sitting in the garden
Articles
Hanya Pada another, every,each Ingat, meskipun noun dimulai dengan sebuah
Benda Tunggal  I need another pencil vowel namun ketika diucapkan terdengar
Antara dua either & neither
seperti consonant maka gunakan article a:
orang/benda  Neither sister has long hair
 Is there a university in your town?
Benda Tunggal, any, no, no other, & the other
Jamak, & Tanpa  We‟ve done no work today Namun adapula noun yang dimulai dengan
Keterangan Angka  I like the other music better consonant tapi ketika diucapkan terdengar
seperti vowel, maka gunakan article an:
Determiners Lainnya  We‟ve been waiting here for an hour!
Pertanyaan what, which, & whose Ketika menyatakan sesuatu secara umum,
 Which one do you like? gunakan saja bentuk jamak tanpa article:
Kepemilikan my, your, his, her, its, our & their  People enjoy watching television
 Alan crashes his bike into a wall Noun yang tidak menunjukkan kuantitas
Angka  My grandfather lived for a hundred years normalnya tidak dipasangkan dengan article
a atau an kecuali the yang mungkin dipakai:
Menggabungkan Determiners  I sometimes have fruit for breakfast
Quantifying +  There‟s a little less space in this cupboard  Would you pass me the salt, please?
Quantifying  There are five fewer children in my class Kita juga kadang menggunakan Kata Benda
Quantifying + my, your, his, her, its, our & their Tunggal tanpa article seperti pada school,
Lainnya  Alan crashes his bike into a wall home, work, & church.
All dan of  She like all of my friends  Dad has already left home for work
All tanpa of  She like all my friends
 Eagles flies high in the sky
 Ari flies the plane well The rain began to fall
Objek & maupun tidak:
Verb yang bisa punya Simon asked me to help him

 Ali always drives carefully The shelf is too high to reach

punya Objek:
Verb yang TAK MESTI Take a book to read

TRANSITIVE &
 John eats a banana
I don‟t know what to say

THE INVINITIVE
Objek:

INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Verb yang MESTI punya
You must try harder

 The band are amazing Perintah (Di depan kalimat):

 The band is amazing  Open your book page 64

Please + Perintah:
 Mom & Dad love us  Please show me the way
FORMS

Do not/Please + don‟t:
AGREEMENT
 Do not cheat your friend
THE IMPERATIVE

SUBJECT & VERB

 Please don’t hurt me!

 Mom walks to work

were = you, we, they Verbal Noun:

was = I, he, she, it  He loves dancing
Past: Compound Noun:
GERUND

are = you, we, they  She buys a shopping bag

TO BE

is = he, she, it
am = I Do: I, you, we, & they
Present:  I always do my job
 Mom & Dan do love me
Does: he, she, & it
 He does interesting work
 There are cats in the box
 Julie does her jobs
Kata Benda Jamak:
TO DO

Did: I, you, we, they, he, she, & it

 There is a cat in the box
THERE

 Reza & Adit did some

Kata Benda Tunggal:
VERBS

magic to us yesterday
 hit  hit  hit
Tak mengalami perubahan Present:
have = I, you, we, they
has = he, she, it
 keep  kept  kept
Verb1  Verb2 & Verb3 sama:
Past:
TO HAVE

 break  broke  broken

had = I, you, we, they
IRREGULAR

Verb1  Verb2  Verb3 berbeda:

= he, she, & it
 Invinitive adalah bentuk dasar dari verb dan biasanya Memasangkan Subject dan Verb dalam kalimat:
ditandai dengan adanya to: Kata Ganti
Urutan Dalam Kalimat Contoh Contoh
Orang
Verb  Invinitive I like to ride my bicycle Pertama I decide then I and Irma (we) agree
Object  Invinitive The teacher told us to study Kedua You trust them more than me
Adjective  Invinitive The problem is difficult to solve Ketiga He throws and she catches
Noun/Some Nouns atau  I need something to drink Kaidah mix mixes
pronouns  Invinitive  Find a space on the floor to sit Penamba- draw draws buzz buzzes
how, what, which and  My brother learns how to cook han s, es, brush brushes go goes
where  Invinitive  I can‟t decide what to choose atau ies reach reaches carry carries
Auxiliary verbs (will,  We think we will win the race kiss kisses pray Prays
can, should, may &  You must try harder Kelompok  The audience is enjoying the music
must)  Invinitive (khusus bagian ini, tanpa to)  The audience are enjoying the music

Imperative adalah bentuk dasar dari verb yang dipakai

ketika memberikan perintah atau menyuruh: Beberapa Verb memerlukan Object sebagai
Bentuk Contoh akibat dari verb tersebut (Transitive Verb). Namun
Sederhana Read the first sentence out loud! beberapa verb juga tidak membutuhkan atau
Tambahan Please  Please read the first sentence! memerlukannya (Intransitive Verb):
Tambahan Do not  (Please) Do not make any change! Kata Kerja Contoh
Transitive My sister cooks all our meals
Gerund (Verbal Noun) adalah verb yang dijadikan noun Intransitive In game, Reza won and I lost
dengan penambahan akhiran –ing pada verb tersebut: Bisa Transitive  The boys play football
 We enjoyed visiting our grandparents maupun Intransitive  The boys play in the yard
Gerund juga bisa berbentuk Compound Noun (Kata Benda
yang lebih dari satu kata): a washing machine Beberapa Contoh Irregular Verbs
Verb1 Verb2 Verb3
Personal Pronouns Present Past 1 fall fell fallen
I am was 2 sleep slept slept
do have
We, You, & They are were did had 3 read read read
He, She, & It is does has was
 Verb Bentuk Dasar atau Infinitive (to + verb = to eat)
Family
simple past Verb adalah kata yang menyatakan apa yang Subjek
kerjakan, juga pengalaman, dan kepemilikan

"I write " I wrote Jenis- Action Verb (melibatkan aktifitas fisik yang
memerlukan objek langsung) = I kick a ball
Jenis
a letter" a letter" Verb Non-Action Verb (menyatakan aktifitas non-fisik
seperti perasaan dan pikiran) = I think I should go
Bentuk Dasar Linking Verb (menyatakan "menjadi sesuatu" yang
VERB menghubungkan subjek dalam kalimat dengan
sebuah kata yang menjelaskan subjek tersebut) =
continuous perfect Ahmad is a student
Umumnya Linking Verb adalah to be. namun ada
"I am "I have juga yang lain seperti to appear, to become, to
feel, to grow, to look, & to taste.
writing a written a Helping Verb (digunakan untuk membentuk kalimat
pernyataan, pertanyaan, & perintah/anjuran). Helping
letter" letter" Verb terdiri dari to be (am, is, are, was, were), to do (do,
does, did), to have (have, has, had) dan juga modals

Bentuk- Simple (bentuk sederhana) adalah bentuk verb

to do to be Bentuk paling dasar = love, eat, swim, write.
"Does she love "They are playing Dasar Past (bentuk masa lampau) atau yang sering
Verb dikenali dengan verb2 = Regular = walked, kicked,
you?" cards" announced dan Irregular = wrote (write), fought
HELPING (fight), read (read)

to have
VERBS modals
Continuous (verb + ing) adalah bentuk verb yang
mengikuti to be (am, is are, was, were)= I am
singing
"He has worked "You must do it
hard so far" right now!" Perfect (atau verb3) adalah bentuk verb yang
mengikuti to have = I have shown (show)
 We might go to the party later.
 If you‟re not careful, you  I must mail this letter today.
MUST  Go to bed now. Oh, must I?
may hurt yourself. MAY &
 May I borrow your pen? MIGHT
Verb + after:
 John may leave now, but
Sally may not.  He looks after his baby
VERB Verb + into:
 Shall I help you with that PHRASES  Dad bumped into an old friend
heavy bag? SHALL & Verb + over:
 You should try that new SHOULD  Is your Mom is getting
French restaurant. over her illness?

AUXILIARY VERBS
 Can you ride a bike?  Will I carry the bag for you?
 I ran as fast as I could  Which cake would you
WILL & like to eat?
 You can‟t go without a ticket
 Mom said I could have ice CAN & WOULD  Will you please stop
cream after my dinner COULD making that noise?
 Would you pass me that
 You can take my pen, if you like book?
 I could lend you my football she
it
he
 We ought to lock the is were
are
door when we leave home was they
OUGHT TO you we you we
 You look tired. You ought she
to go to bed early tonight. I I do
am they does
it he
 Auxiliary (helping verbs) itu digunakan sebelum Invinitive
untuk menambahkan makna yang berbeda. Salah satu
bentuk dari Auxiliary verbs adalah Verb Phrases. Yaitu
frasa yang terbentuk dari sebuah verb dan sebuah
preposition seperti after, into, dan over.
Verb Phrases Makna
looks after takes care of = menjaga
Who looks after the baby when your parents are at work?
takes after looks like = mirip
Mike has blond hair and blue eyes. He takes after his mother
bump into meet by chance = tak sengaja bertemu
Dad bumped into an old friend at the station
get into start to be interested in = mulai tertarik pada
My sister is getting into pop music
get over recover from = sembuh dari
Is your mom getting over her illness?
look over inspect = menyelidiki
Some health inspectors came to look over the factory
get away with escape for = lolos dari
I hoped that the thieves wouldn‟t get away with their crime
run out use all of … = habis/ kehabisan
I‟m going to the store because we‟ve run out of rice
Penggunaan Can dan Could:
Situasi Contoh
Menyatakan  She can draw a good picture
Kemampuan  Sarah could not come to the party
Diijinkan atau  Dad says I can‟t walk to school alone
dipersilahkan  Children could not go to the party
Menawarkan,  Can you tell me where is Ahmad?
menyarankan,  We can go to the library instead
& mintabantuan  Could you open the window?
Penggunaan Will, Shall dan May:
Situasi Contoh
WILL/WOULD
Meminta seseorang  Will you close the door, please?
melakukan sesuatu  Would you come to my home?
Menawarkan atau  Will I hold this end of the rope?
menyarankan  Would you like another drink?
SHALL/SHOULD
Meminta saran  Shall we go home now?
Menawarkan  Should I help you bring that bag?
Menyarankan  You should drink much water
MAY/MIGHT
Mempersilahkan  You may borrow my pen
atau dipersilahkan  May I join your party?
Kemungkinan  It might rain a lot today
Penggunaan Ought to dan Must:
Situasi Contoh
Mengingatkan  The teacher ought to make
kewajiban seseorang his classes more interesting
Keharusan  I must mail this letter today
Menyatakan keterangan seberapa
sering sesuatu itu dilakukan atau
jawaban dari how often?:
 Katy practices the piano regularly
 They always go to school by bus
 The newspaper is delivered daily
 I clean my bedroom every week
 I‟ve told you three times already
 Dad polishes his shoes twice a week
 I come home once every six months
Menyatakan keterangan durasi atau
jawaban dari pertanyaan how long?:
 The library is temporarily closed
 The teacher left the classroom briefly
 The snow lasted for three days
 Mom was away a very long time
 We waited for ages for a bus
 We stayed up all night talking
Menyatakan keterangan tekanan
atas suatu keadaan. Adverb ini
memberikan keterangan terhadap
Adjective atau Adverb lainnya:
 Anna can run quickly or really fast
 My rice is too hot
 These old tools are totally useless
 She sings quite beautifully
 The film was just terrible
Memberikan keterangan tempat (place)
atau jawaban dari pertanyaan where?:
 It‟s very sunny but cold outside
ADVERB  That‟s our ball there
ADVERB of of PLACE  I couldn‟t find my book anywhere
FREQUENCY  They live in a house nearby
 Flowers like these grow in the park
 We‟re going to Bira on our school trip
Memberikan keterangan bagaimana
(how) seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
 The plane landed safely
ADVERB of  Ari behaves like a baby
MANNERS  Please speak in a clear voice!
 You can buy anything very cheaply
ADVERB of  They sell everything at a very low
DURATION prices
Memberikan keterangan waktu
ADVERBS (time) atau jawaban dari
pertanyaan when?:
 I am going to school tomorrow
 The train has already left
ADVERB  It rained heavily last night
 My brother goes to college in the autumn
ADVERB of of TIME
 We‟re going on a trip in a few days‟ time
EMPHASIS  We‟ll leave as soon as possible
 We‟ll be in France next year
 I haven‟t seen Mom this
morning. Is she working today?
 Penempatan Adverb Adverb adalah kata keterangan yang
Posisi Adverb Contoh menambahkan atau mengubah makna dari Verb
setelah Verb  I am talking fluently dan digolongkan menurut waktu, tempat, cara,
sebelum Verb  He always care his jobs durasi, dan frekuensi.
setelah object Adverb of Penggunaan
 She walked around the pool carefully
noun menyatakan kapan aksi itu
time dilakukan
Adjective yang berubah menjadi Adverb  My birthday is coming soon
Bentuk Adjective  Adverb menyatakan dimana aksi itu
akhiran –ly careless  carelessly location dilakukan
bad  badly  Andi is walking inside
skillful  skillfully menyatakan bagaimana aksi itu
quick  quickly manner dilakukan
tidak berubah seldom, again, soon, almost, fast, & now  We walk carefully
menyatakan kadar/tingkat aksi itu
degree dilakukan
Adverb Ganda kadang digunakan untuk menguatkan  I almost forget you
makna dari keterangan yang diberikan menyatakan seberapa sering aksi
Maria swims very well frequency itu dilakukan
Kata well menjelaskan verb swim sedangkan  I often read magazine
penjelasan
kata very menjelaskan kata well
John writes really terribly
Kata terribly menjelaskan verb write Juga terdapat Adverb yang mengidentifikasi
penjelasan
sedangkan kata really menjelaskan terribly waktu, tempat, dan cara dalam kalimat tanya.
Interrogative
Contoh
Adverb
Adverb yang menjelaskan Adjective
mengidentifikasi keterangan waktu
Ben is a very bad swimmer when
 When does the meeting begin?
Kata bad menjelaskan noun swimmer
penjelasan mengidentifikasi keterangan tempat
sedangkan kata very menjelaskan adjective bad where
 Where are the boys?
Ahmad is a really perfect person
mengidentifikasi keterangan cara
Kata perfect menjelaskan noun person sedangkan how
penjelasan  How does Rahmat write?
kata really menjelaskan adjective perfect
 Tabel Perbandingan
Adjective Adverb
The Positive Degree
Adjective menjelaskan kualitas Noun Adverb menjelaskan keadaan Verb
 a helpful tools  He walks quietly
The Comparative Degree (Membandingkan dua hal)
Menambahkan akhiran –er atau bentuk irregular verb Menambahkan akhiran –er atau bentuk irregular verb
pada Adjective dan Noun (menyatakan lebih) pada Adverb (menyatakan lebih)
 a bigger hamburger  a worse hamburger  He writes faster  He writes better
Tambahkan more sebelum Adjective dan Noun Tambahkan more sebelum Adverb
 a more helpful tools  He walks more quietly
The Superlative Degree (Membandingkan lebih dari dua hal)
Menambahkan akhiran –est atau bentuk irregular Menambahkan akhiran –est atau bentuk irregular
verb pada Adjective dan Noun (menyatakan paling) verb pada Adverb (menyatakan paling)
 the biggest hamburger  the worst hamburger  He writes fastest  He writes best
Tambahkan most sebelum Adjective dan Noun Tambahkan most sebelum Adverb
 the most helpful tools  He walks most quietly

Adjective Adverb
Adjective hanya menjelaskan Adverb menjelaskan Verb,
Noun dan bukan Verb sesama Adverb, dan Adjective.
Adverb tidak menjelaskan Noun
 Ali is my dear friend  Ali almost talks quiet fluently
catatan = my dan dear adalah adjective sedangkan catatan = talk adalah verb, quiet adalah adjective
friend adalah Noun sedangkan almost dan fluently adalah Adverb
Menyatakan keterangan kapan Bagaimana membedakan antara Preposition dan Adverb?
sesuatu itu terjadi: Jika sebuah KATA diikuti sebuah Noun atau Pronoun
 School starts at nine o‟clock
PRE- maka itu adalah Preposition karena Noun maupun
Pronoun itu adalah objek dari Preposition. Bandingkan!
 We‟re going to the zoo on Saturday POSITIONS  She put her hand inside my bag
 Ivisited my parents during the summer (preposition) (noun)
 You must finish the work by Friday  It was raining, so they decided to stay inside
(adverb)
 I‟ll do my homework before dinner PREPOSITION
 No, you can‟t watch a video. It‟s Of TIME
past your bedtime already Beberapa preposition digunakan dengan cara
yang berbeda:
Preposisi Contoh
Menyatakan keterangan dimana SPECIAL USE of of  I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk
sesuatu itu terjadi:
PREPOSITION for  Is there room for me on this seat?
 Sally was sitting under a tree with  Who is the man with the beard?
 Some geese flew over their house except  I like all kinds of food except pasta
 There was a tree beside the river instead of  You should eat fruit instead of candy
 A big truck parked in front of their car PREPOSITION like  Andrew smiles like his mother
 The cat jumped on top of the table of PLACE as  Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher
than  Dad is taller than all of us

Menyatakan keterangan arah

kemana sesuatu itu pergi: Beberapa preposition berpasangan dengan
COMBINATION Adjectives, Verbs, atau Noun (Prepositional Phrase)
 The boys chased after each other
of PREPOSITION Preposisi Contoh
 The football rolled down the hill  She‟s not very interested in sports
 We were travelling towards Miami Adjective
 What‟s wrong with the computer?
 A girl went past them on a bike  Does this book belong to you?
PREPOSITION verbs
 This road leads away from the stadium  Tell me about the show you saw
of DIRECTION
 They watched the train pull out noun
 Here‟s an example of good behavior
of the station  Is there a reason for this delay?
 Perbandingan antara Objek Langsung (Direct Object) &
Objek dari Preposisi (Object of Preposition):
Object Contoh & Penjelasan
Direct  Rahmat writes a note
Aktifitas dari verb „write‟ langsung
mengenai objek ‟ ä note‟
Preposition  Rahmat sits under the umbrella
Aktifitas dari verb „sit‟ tidak langsung
mengenai objek „the umbrella‟ tapi object
‟the umbrellla‟ menjadi objek dari
preposition „under‟
Perhatikan Penggunaan Preposisi Berikut:
Penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai Prepositional
Phrase:
Preposition + Contoh & Penjelasan
Noun  Ali swims with Rahmat
(preposition) + (Object Noun)
Pronoun  Ali swims with him
(preposition) + (Object Pronoun)
Pastikan format Pronoun sebagai
Objek sudah benar! (he  him)
Ingat, Prepostional Phrase mesti punya
sebuah preposisi dan sebuah objek!!!
Antara Adverb & Preposition
Adverb Ia menjelaskan Verb dan tidak
mempunyai Objek
 Ali finished his work perfectly
Preposition Ia menjelaskan Noun dan mesti
punya Objek
 Ali walks into the market
Beberapa Kata dalam bahasa Inggris bisa
merupakan Preposition sekaligus sebagai Adverb.
Contoh Penjelasan
around Jika dia mempunyai objek maka
kata itu sebagai Preposition
 Ali walks around the town
(preposition) + (Object Noun)
around Jika dia tidak mempunyai objek
maka kata itu sebagai Adverb
 Ali walks around
(adverb)
Ingat, Adverb tidak pernah punya Objek!!!
 Take the rubbish before you go
for a burger?
the movies or shall we go I usually sleep after dinner
 Would you like to go to
home I lost my mind since I know you
Anna, but she wasn‟t at You can‟t watch TV until tomorrow
 Meera phoned her friend
busy in the kitchen I‟ll call you when I get home
garden and Dad is We‟re playing games while boring

JOIN SENTENCES
 Mom is working in the
People stand back as the train goes

CONJUNCTIONS THAT
We went inside as soon as it
both Kim and David
CONJUNCTION of TIME started to rain
 Sam ran faster than
it as well  The movie was neither
cake, but she decorated funny nor interesting
 Sally not only baked the  You can do your homework
either now or after dinner
FOR and
polished it
 We could walk, or else
FOR or

the car, but he also

OTHER WORDS
 Dad not only washed take a taxi.
OTHER WORDS

than the train, it‟s cheaper

 While the bus is slower  Where the road is narrow,
was cold big trucks can‟t get through
 Wherever there are mountains,
PLACE

weather was sunny, it

 Even though the you will also find streams
old, he‟s very fit
 I sat down because I was
USED FOR but

 Although Grandpa is
OTHER WORDS

feeling tired
magazine  I took an apple since it was
book or a thick the only fruit in the bowl
 You could call it a thin  Mom switched off the TV as
REASON

it was past my bedtime.

still very reliable
 The car is very old but
and visiting museums  Take an umbrella in case it
 We like going shopping rains.
LINKING PHRASES

 Would you like pasta or rice  The children are wearing hats
Menyatakan pilihan so they won‟t get sunburned
 He works quickly but neatly  We left early so that we
Hal yang berbeda wouldn‟t be late
CONJUNCTIONS
PURPOSE

 The weather is cold and windy  She goes jogging every

morning in order to keep fit
and, but, & or

Hal yang bersamaan:

 Conjunction adalah kata yang digunakan untuk Berikut adalah beberapa jenis conjunction:
menghubungkan kata, frasa, dan klausa yang tipenya sama. Conjunction Contoh
Conjunction yang umum digunakan adalah and, but, dan or  Bring your phone before you leave
 I‟ll finish my job after I have dinner
Waktu  Since you‟re away, she missed you
Penggunaan AND, BUT, dan OR:
(Conjunction of time yang lainnya:
Situasi Contoh until , when, while, as, & as soon as )
Menghubungkan kata  I ate because I was feeling hungry
 The house is warm and comfortable  I sold my bike since it was broken
yang bersamaan (and), Alasan
 Karate is tiring but fun  As you‟re my friend, I‟ll trust you
berlawanan (but), atau
 Do we turn right or left?  Go home in case it is a dinner time
pilihan (or)
or biasanya dipakai  She does not like apple juice or  I memorize it so I will not forget it
bersama not atau orange juice Tujuan  We left early so that we won‟t be late
kata negatif lainnya  They‟ve never been to Europe or Asia  I rest in order to keep fresh
 Most toys are dirty and a bit broken
Menghubungkan dua
 The car is old but still very reliable
frasa atau lebih
 Is it quicker to go by train or by car? Bentuk yang semisal dengan and, but, & or:
Urutan kata. Ingat,  In the morning I get up, take a Conjunction yang semakna dengan and
berikan comma pada shower, eat breakfast and brush my  Dad not only missed you, but he also felt worry
tiap kata & sisipkan teeth  Ira not only baked the cake, but she decorated it as well
and/or sebelum kata  I haven‟t eaten breakfast, lunch or  They visited Sydney, as well as Berlin and Tokyo
yang terakhir dinner  Sam walked slower than both Ali and Ira
Sam is playing football. Eric is reading a book Conjunction yang semakna dengan but
Menghubungkan dua  Sam is playing football and Eric is
 Although Grandpa is old, he‟s very fit
kalimat atau lebih reading a book  Even though the weather was sunny, it was cold
menjadi satu kalimat.
Mira phoned her friend Anna. She  While the bus is slower than the train, it‟s cheaper
And menyatakan
wasn‟t at home  Though this tool is very old, it is still useful
tambahan, but
 Mira phoned her friend Anna, but she Conjunction yang semakna dengan or
menyatakan
wasn‟t at home  The movie was neither funny nor interesting
perbandingan sedang
or menyatakan akibat Hurry up! You‟ll be late for school  You can do your jobs either now or after dinner
 Hurry up or you‟ll be late for school!  We could walk, or else ride a bicycle
Simple Sentence:
 I can hear the birds
Compound Sentence:
 Is that a bird or is it a plane? A transitive Verb:
FORMS of
 Dad is reading a book
Conditional Sentence: SENTENCES
 We’ll play indoors if it rains OBJECTS in With Two Objects:
SENTENCE  She sent me a letter
Positive & Negative Sentence:
 Michael is my brother Sentence with no Object:
 Michael is not my brother  The sun is shining

SENTENCES

Yes/No Question: A Declarative Sentence

 May I sit there? Yes  Tom likes football
Question-Word Questions: An Interrogative Sentence
 Whom did he ask? KINDS of  Why is the sky blue?
QUESTIONS
Wh– Questions: SENTENCE An Exclamatory Sentence
 Which is the fastest car?  What a kind thing to do!
Question Tags: An Imperative Sentence
 Ali is older than you, isn’t he?  Go to your room!
 Beberapa bentuk kalimat: Macam-macam kalimat:
Sentence Contoh Kalimat Contoh
Kalimat yang mempunyai paling tidak a Untuk membuat sebuah
Simple clause (a subject + a verb): Declarative pernyataan:
 Tom is wearing his new shoes today  The school bell was ringing.
Kalimat yang mempunyai two clause (dua Untuk menanyakan sebuah
klausa) yang disatukan oleh conjunction: Interrogative pertanyaan:
 She opened the bag and took out a book  Who is talking to the teacher?
Compound Untuk menyatakan sebuah
 Do you want tea or would you prefer coffee?
 John is smart but he‟s not very good enough pernyataan yang kuat seperti
Exclamatory
 Tom dropped his sandwich so I gave him mine perasaan senang & marah:
Kalimat yang menyatakan kemungkinan.  How beautiful she is!
Ditandai dengan adanya IF-CLAUSE Untuk memberikan perintah:
Imperative
 Don‟t tell me lies!
Conditional  If we don‟t work hard, we will never learn
(simple present tense) (will/shall + infinitive)
 You shall get sick if you don‟t eat good food
(will/shall + infinitive) (simple present tense)
Posisi Object dalam kalimat:
Positive &  She has finished her homework
Kondisi Contoh
Negative  She has not finished her homework
Maksudnya adalah verb yang
Transitive
membutuhkan object:
verbs
 You have broken my new bike
Beberapa bentuk kalimat pertanyaan: Dalam sebuah kalimat, mungkin
Pertanyaan Contoh saja terdapat direct & indirect object:
Kalimat tanya yang biasanya menggunakan Two  Ali asked the teacher a question
Yes/ No
auxiliary verbs seperti to be, have, do, can: Objects (direct) (indirect)
Questions
 Can you ride a bike? Yes, I can or No, I can‟t  Ali told them the good news
Pertanyaan yang dimaksudkan menggali (direct) (indirect)
Question-Word Maksudnya adalah verb yang
informasi (to be, auxiliary verb, do, have, will)
Question Intransitive tidak membutuhkan object:
 How does a plane stay in the sky?
Seperti What, What, Which, Whose & Whom verbs  We have already eaten
Wh – Question  Dad always drives carefully
 What caused the accident?
 Bentuk dari Questions Tags:
Kondisi Contoh
Digunakan untuk meminta persetujuan
dari orang yang menjadi lawan bicara kita.
Negative Bentuknya adalah kalimat utama positif &
Question Tag Question Tagnya negatif. Yang mana
jawaban yang diharapkan adalah Yes:
 The weather is fine, isn‟t it? Yes, it is
(main sentence) (question tag) (jawaban)
Question Tag yang menggunakan Auxiliary
(helping) verbs, seperti to be, have, can,
Auxiliary dll. Perhatikan subject yang ada dalam
Verbs kalimat digantikan dengan pronounnya:
 Tom has got a dog, hasn‟t he? Yes, he has
(main sentence) (question tag) (jawaban)
Jika induk kalimat terdapat I am maka
I am … bentuk Question tagnya adalah aren‟t I?
 I am your best friend, aren‟t I? Yes, you are
(main sentence) (question tag) (jawaban)
Jika induk kalimatnya berbentuk negatif,
maka Question Tagnya berbentuk positif.
Positive Yang mana jawaban yang diharapkan adalah No:
Question Tag  There is not much wind today, is there?
(main sentence) (question tag)
Jawabannya = No, there is not
Direct Object (dikenai langsung) Indirect Object (tidak langsung)
Sebuah kalimat mesti mempunyai Subject dan Verb untuk
menyatakan gagasan yang sempurna.
Noun as Subject Contoh
Object of Preposition  The gift is for (preposition) Nasir
Simple Subject  Rahmat (simple subject) swims (verb)
Compound Subject  Book and pen (compound) are important
Possessive
 Ali (subject) is (Linking Verb) the
Subject Complement
winner (subject complement)
Penggunaan Capital Letter (Huruf Besar):
Kondisi Contoh
Huruf pertama  The sky is too bright today
pada kata awal  We are watching movie now
kalimat  Where is my handphone?
Huruf awal pada  Sam said, “This is my brother”
Direct Speech  “That isn‟t fair!” Alice shouted
I (saya)  Amira and I always share
Nama orang &  I know Amira isn‟t a liar
nama tempat  I wish I could visit Australia
Inisial Nama  His name is J.K. Rowling
Nama Hari &  I begin working next Monday
Nama Bulan  I‟ll visit you again next July
Hari Libur Umum/  Today is a Thanksgiving Day
Hari Perayaan  We celebrate Mother‟s Day
 We like watching Star Wars
Judul Buku/
 I read Romeo and Juliet
Film/Sandiwara
 Shakespeare wrote Hamlet
 Alice is an American and Ali
Kebangsaan
Hafiz is an Egyptian
Bahasa  I can write French and speak English
 Good mornig, Ali…
Sapaan/Teguran
 Have a nice day, my friend…
Noun as Object Contoh
Direct Object  Ali loves (action verb) sport
Indirect Object  Ali tell him (direct) the truth (indirect)
 I joined Ali‟s adventure (possessive noun)
Noun  Ali‟s adventure is fun
(possessive noun) (linking verb) (subject complement)
 Beberapa perbedaan antara Direct & Indirect Speech: Pada Direct & Indirect Speech
Indirect Speech tidak digunakan Quotation Marks, tense dari verb Kalimat Contoh
itu diubah, dan pronoun & determiner juga diubah Kalimat langsung yang menggunakan
Kondisi Contoh Quotation Marks (“……”):
Direct
Jika sebuah pernyataan masih berlaku sekarang/  “Mom said, “Where are my keys?”
Speech
faktual maka verb tidak diubah:  Have you boys washed your
statement hands?” asked Dad.
 Dad said, “Paris is a beautiful city.” (Direct)
 Dad said Paris is a beautiful city (Indirect) Melaporkan apa yang orang lain
Gunakanlah verb seperti order & warn untuk katakan. Menggunakan verb say,
melaporkan perintah atau tell untuk himbauan: ask atau tell diikuti oleh that:
 Mr Iwan said, “Stop running in the corridor!” (Direct)  Maggie said that she felt ill
Indirect
 Mr Iwan ordered us to stop running in the corridor (Indirect)  Ali told me that he wanted you
Speech
 “Put your books away, children,” said Mr. Ahmad (Direct)  Ali asked me that I am sick or not
Perintah
 Mr. Park told the children to put their books away (Indirect) Terkadang conjunction that
 Ali said to Ima, “Please don‟t tell Ani my secret!” (Direct) diabaikan:
 Ali begged Ima not to tell Ani his secret (Indirect)  Maggie said that she felt ill
 Miss Irma said to me,”Don‟t be late!” (Direct)
 Miss Irma warned me not to be late (Indirect)
Verb ask sering digunakan untuk melaporkan Perubahan ke bentuk Past Tense
kalimat berbentuk pertanyaan: Kalimat Contoh
 He said, “Where are they going?” (Direct)  Sumiko said, “It is time to leave.”
 He asked where they were going (Indirect)  “I can not find my book,” said Alice
Ketika bertanya (Direct Speech), Subject berada setelah  “John is hitting me,” said Peter
Direct
verb atau auxiliary verb. Namun, untuk melaporkan  Dad said, “I have not had my
pertanyaan (Indirect Speech), tempatkan Subject breakfast yet”
Question  “My car won‟t start,” said Mom
sebelum verb atau auxiliary verb:
 Can Reza ride his bike? (Direct)  Sumiko said that it was time to leave
 I asked if Reza could ride his bike (Indirect)  Alice said that she could not find
Untuk melaporkan Question-Word Question, gunakan her book
kata tanya yang sama pada Direct & Indirect Speech: Indirect  Peter said that John was hitting him
 Mom said, “Where are your shoes?” (Direct)  Dad said that he had not had his
 Mom asked where my shoes were (Indirect) breakfast yet
 Mom said that her car wouldn‟t start
Exclamation Point ( ! ):
“Tanda Seru” ditaruh di
akhir kalimat yang
menekankan perasaan kuat:
 What a shame!
 You’re completely wrong!
“Tanda Seru” ditaruh di
akhir kalimat perintah:
 Don’t touch that knife!
“Tanda Seru” sering
digunakan setelah Interjection
yaitu ungkapan (biasanya 1
atau 2 kata) mendadak seperti
takut, kegirangan, terkejut,
atau marah:
 Look Out!
 Happy Birthday!
Apostrophe ( „ ):
“Apostrof” plus „s„
menyatakan kepemilikan:
 This is Michael’s room
“Apostrof” digunakan pada
bentuk contraction (singkatan):
 You‟re (You are) a liar!
 He‟ll (He will) return soon
 She‟s (she is) a hero.
 She‟s (she has) been late
 We‟d (We had) better go
 I‟m (I am) reading a book
Period ( . ):
“Titik” ditaruh di akhir
kalimat pernyataan:
 It is not a sunny day.
Question Mark ( ? ):
“Tanda Tanya” ditaruh di
akhir kalimat tanya:
 Can you hear me, children?
PUNCTUATION
Colon ( : ):
“Titik Dua” berada di antara
karakter & ucapannya:
 Ani : Alif, do you see Ima?
 Alif : No, I don‟t. Where is she?
 Ima: Hey, I‟m here. Let‟s go!
Semi Colon ( ; ):
“Titik Koma” disisipkan pada
kalimat yang menyebutkan
urutan hal/ benda:
The headmaster mentioned three
things; safety, perfection, & art.
In one team, there must be;
1) Three boys, and
2) Two girls.
Comma ( , ):
“Koma” ditaruh di antara
hal/benda dalam urutan:
 I need paper, glue, & scissor
“Koma” ditaruh setelah Yes
& No:
 Is this your pen? Yes, it is
“Koma” ditaruh di belakang
nama orang yang disebut:
 Hello, Mr. Ahmad.
“Koma” ditaruh sebelum
please & thank you:
 Can you help me, please?
 I’ve enough to eat, thank you.
“Koma” ditaruh antara
bagian dari suatu daerah:
 I live at Jakarta, Indonesia
Quotation Marks ( “….” ):
“Tanda Petik” digunakan
pada kalimat langsung yang
diucapkan penuturnya:
 ”This bike is mine,” said Ani
 Mom said,”don‟t go out!”
Perhatikan penggunaan
“Tanda Petik” berikut:
 “Don‟t do that!” said Mom
 Ani said, “Amazing!”
 “Who is there?” asked Ali
 Erik asked, “Who are you?”