Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA, Vol.

14 (2) Desember (2022)

ISSN: 2085-6601 (Print), ISSN: 2502-4590 (Online)
DOI: : http://doi.org/10.31289/analitika.v14i2.7363

ANALITIKA
Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA
Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/analitika

Intensitas Penggunaan Tik Tok dan Depresi

dengan Perbandingan Sosial Sebagai Variabel Mediator

Intensity of Tik Tok Use and Depression

with Social comparison as a Mediator Variable

Yenny1, *Sri Wahyuning Astuti2, Dearly3 & Risydah Fadilah4

1,4 Facultyof Psychology, University of Mercu Buana Jakarta, Indonesia
3Faculty of Communication and Business, University of Telkom Bandung, Indonesia
4Faculty of Psychology, University of Medan Area, Indonesia

Submitted: 6 Juni 2022; Reviewed: 15 November 2022; Accepted: 28 December 2022

*Corresponding author: E-mail: sriwahyuning@telkomuniversity.ac.id

Abstrak
Pengguna Tik Tok hingga akhir 2021 berhasil menyentuh 2 milyar di seluruh penjuru dunia. Menjadi
negara terbanyak kedua yang menggunakan Tik Tok, sejumlah permasalahan dilaporkan terjadi. Mulai
dari frekuensi penggunaan yang sangat tinggi, hingga isu terkait Kesehatan mental penggunanya.
Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara penggunaan Tik Tok dengan Depresi dan
perbandingan sosial yang dirasakan penggunanya. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini
adalah kuantitatif korelasional. Responden dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 108 yang dikumpulkan
melalui Google form. Alat ukur yang digunakan untuk melihat Intensitas penggunaan media sosial
menggunakan skala intensitas penggunaan Tik Tok yang terdiri penghayatan, perhatian, durasi dan
frekuensi. Sedangkan untuk mengukur Depresi menggunakan Scala Beck dan tingkat perbandingan sosial
menggunakan menggunakan skala IOWA. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang
signifikan antara penggunaan Tik Tok dengan Depresi dengan Perbandingan sosial sebagai mediatornya.
Kata kunci: Tik Tok; Depresi; Perbandingan sosial.

Abstract
Tik Tok users until the end of 2021 managed to touch 2 billion worldwide. Being the second most populous
country to use Tik Tok, a number of problems were reported. Starting from the very high frequency of use,
to issues related to the mental health of its users. The study aims to find out the relationship between Tik
Tok use and Depression and the social comparisons felt by its users. The type of research used in this study
is correlational quantitative. There were 108 respondents in this study collected through Google forms.
The measuring instrument used to see the intensity of social media use uses the intensity scale of using Tik
Tok which consists of passion, attention, duration and frequency. Meanwhile, to measure Depression using
Scala Beck and the level of social comparison using the IOWA scale. The results of the data analysis show
that there is a significant relationship between the use of Tik Tok and Depression with social comparisons
as a mediator.
Keywords: Tik Tok; Depression; Social comparison.

How to Cite: Yenny, Astuti, S.W., Dearly, & Fadilah, R. (2022). Intensity of Tik Tok Use and Depression
with Social Comparison as a Mediator Variable. Analitika: Jurnal Magister Psikologi UMA, 14 (2): 191–199.

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Intensity of Tik Tok Use and Depression with Social Comparison as a Mediator Variable

INTRODUCTION
Social media and the life of modern society become an inseparable part as a
consequence of the development of Information technology. Social media users in
Indonesia have reached 61.8% of the total population of Indonesia or have touched 170
million people. Of these, YouTube, Facebook and Instagram are still the social media that
have the largest number of users, with a value of 93.8% of the total population for
Youtube, Whatsapp as much as 87.7% of the total population, followed by Instagram and
Facebook as much as 86.6% and 85.5% of the total population respectively (Kemp, 2021).
However, the trend above is currently changing along with the pandemic that has hit the
whole world. Tik Tok became the most downloaded social media during the pandemic.
The number of users of this application made by the bamboo curtain country has reached
1 billion users. Data for July 2022, in Indonesia Tik Tok users reached 92.2 million. This
number has increased compared to April 2020 which only touched 37 million. America is
the country that downloads this application the most, followed by Indonesia (Anggraeni,
2018).
The total number of smartphone owners who download this application in
Indonesia reached 8.5 percent in July 2022. With this figure, it puts Indonesia as the
fourth largest country to use Tik Tok with 30.7 users. While in third place is Brazil with a
difference of 4.7 million users or 34.7 million and second in the United States with 45.6
(Roy Franedya, 2020). The short video sharing feature, which is the hallmark of Tik Tok,
is the main goal for smartphone users to be able to share short videos. Creativity is led to
present short, entertaining, creative videos while still having a storyline. The source that
has become the initial capital in the form of music makes users have to create creativity
in such a way to produce interesting videos. Some of the things that become FYP (For
Your Page) or trends are generally dance, comedy, and dubbing.
In recent years this application has become phenomenal. Videos circulating on Tik
Tok have also penetrated into other social media such as Instagram, Facebook and
YouTube. The number of viewers for this show reached 40 million. Users who have
integrated with this application certainly feel that they have room to express, but not
others. A number of negative behaviors have reportedly emerged related to the use of
this application. Demi to enter FYP a baby in China suffered serious injuries because her
father practiced the Tik tok movement that made the baby fall. Not only that, there was a
case of domestic violence against the husband against the wife because, the husband was
upset to see his wife just busy playing Tik Tok. The above event is only one of the many
events that have arisen caused by the unwise use of Tik Tok (Kampai, 2020). Although in
the name of creativity, more content creators or video creators carry out excessive or
excessive behavior. In addition to ignoring the norm, they don't even care about the safety
of others. Not only that, often what is displayed is hyperreality, incompatible with existing
reality, exaggerated. A number of criticisms of the use of this application have never been
quiet. A child in Filipina almost lost his life after practicing Tik Tok videos. Of course, this
caused great anger from parents. The child, who just turned 4 years old, practiced the
video of entangled his neck in hopes of meeting a ghost like the video witnessed. Luckily
his life could still be saved because his parents swiftly provided help.

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Research related to Tik Tok has produced many findings including narcissistic
personalities. Findings from Aprilian et. al (2020) shows that the use of Tik Tok among
junior high school students in Bengkulu gives rise to narcissistic behavior. This finding
reinforces the research of Sitorus (2018) which states that there are behavioral changes
that arise along with the increase in the use of Tik Tok. Similar research related to Tik
Tok by Pratama (2020) also resulted in findings that the communication expression of
UIN Sunan Ampel students increased along with the use of Tik Tok. Their communication
can be more detached by using verbal and non-verbal intermediaries in the form of videos
they upload. Not only that the shyness also fades because their behavioral orientation is
only viral and becomes famous (Pratama, 2020). In the midst of many criticisms of the
use of Tik Tok that call its user Alay, psychologists from Airlangga University stated that
the brushing of this application depends on each individual. Alay embedded for
connoisseurs and users of tik tok instead of social conventions or standard social
conclusions. This nickname comes from those who disagree and do not represent many
people (Unair News, 2020).
The findings of a study conducted by Astuti (2020) stated that Tik Tok users do
have a high satisfaction with the use of the application. Tik Tok does not only belong to
young people, there is no longer an age limit from using this application. Anyone who
uses Smarphone can be sure to have this application, to just enjoy the videos that appear
or become active users by creating videos to upload (Astuti & Subandiah, 2021). Although
it has a huge number of users, unfortunately there is still very little research on the use
of Tik Tok and its effects on mental health. Health Policy at the London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine Marco Zenone said in-depth research related to Tik Tok, especially
related to mental health, has not been done much, even though its users have touched
billions of people. Research on the effects of using Tik Tok is very important considering
that, just like other social media platforms, Tik Tok also has an effect on mental health.
A number of experts say, Tik Tok users can be exposed to TikTok syndrom. Some
of the behaviors that arise for people who are "addicted" Tik Tok include opening this
application all day long, to just search for videos or watch shows on FYP. The high
intensity of opening Tik Tok is what makes a person's mental health disturbed. Even at a
more severe level, not only addiction but also narcissism (Mulawarman & Nurfitri, 2017).
A number of reports concluded that the high use of social media had a bad impact. The
University of Pennsylvania reports the results of a study related to FOMO (Fear of Missing
Out). It was revealed that by reducing social media use can lower depression and
loneliness. The research revealed that 143 students who were respondents reported that
they had a better mood and high self-satisfaction when reducing social media use. This
research also found that excessive use of social media brings up feelings of anxiety,
depression, loneliness and fear of being abandoned (Dempsey et al., 2019). The feeling of
meaninglessness as one of the characteristics of people with depression generally arises
from prolonged use of social media. Depression is felt not only for users in Indonesia but
also globally (Comer, 2013). The results showed that 3.7% of the Indonesian population
experienced depression. This number reaches 9 million of the total population of
Indonesia (Suryanis, 2017). It is not easy to categorize a person as having depression,

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Intensity of Tik Tok Use and Depression with Social Comparison as a Mediator Variable

but based on the DSM-5, a person is considered to have a mood disorder if 5 out of 9
specific symptoms of depression are found. This symptom appears and persists for the
last 2 weeks, and the sufferer experiences changes in function from before or at least
experiences mood changes or loss of interest (Keles et al., 2020).
Every smartphone user generally has a tendency to constantly check their
smartphone. This behavior is based on the fear of missing out on the latest information
or not updating with constantly changing info. To avoid feeling alienated and being the
number one to get information, they will keep checking their phones, complete with the
activation of the update bell for each application they have. Social media used by
individuals with high intensity makes it very easy for a person to compare his condition
with what is witnessed in cyberspace. Social comparison is the behavior of comparing
ourselves with others by making subjective judgments. Generally, comparisons are made
upwards, i.e. comparing with better and perfect, and downward comparisons are
comparing with something worse. Comparing both up and down certainly has a negative
impact. Those whose lives are always filled with comparing themselves with others will
become frustrated individuals, because they are not grateful and disappointed with what
they have lived (Yenny and Astuti, 2021).
Social Comparisson or social comparison according to Mussweiler (2011) appears
automatically. This behavior will immediately appear when a person sees the life of
another person both in the real and virtual world. Not only comparing with those who
are within the scope of friendship, this comparison is also done by what they witness in
cyberspace through the social media they access (Keles et al., 2020). Many behaviors
arise when a person compares himself with others. A sense of regret for life is one of the
many feelings that arise. The individual also tends to blame himself, dissatisfied with the
condition of the self so as not to be able to take a positive view of his condition. The
compared self is generally related to body shape and economic circumstances, which
gives rise to envy and lack of self-confidence. All social media users are very likely to do
social comparisons. This is because when they see a show in cyberspace, they will connect
the information witnessed with their condition.
Previous research on depression and social comparison has been carried out
regarding the use of social media ranging from Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. But
similar research has never been done on Tik Tok users. Even though with one billion
users, Tik Tok is a social media that must get attention because of the number of videos
and content that number in the thousands. Based on the exposure to the facts above, the
continuous use of Tik Tok gives rise to social comparison behavior. Comparing oneself
continuously puts social media users in a depressed situation. If left unchecked, it will
interfere with the mental health of its users. Individuals who develop with feelings of
envy make increasingly withdrawn from the social environment. In more severe
conditions, enveloping envy makes a person engage in destructive behavior by bullying
or other crimes in cyberspace. A series of backgrounds described above made
researchers interested in seeing the influence of the intensity of Tik Tok use with Social
comparison and Depression of its use.

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RESEARCH METHOD
The definition in this study is correlational quantitative. The three variables tested
were the intensity of Tik Tok use, the comparison of social and depression. Respondents
in this study were taken by random sampling using Google Form. The measuring
instrument used is the intensity of social media use which consists of four aspects, namely
attention, passion, duration and frequency; meanwhile, to measure depression using
Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI II) and IOWA to measure social comparisons.
Participants in this study was 108 people with details of 82 women and 26 men. The
average respondent was 18 years old and 19 years old, or in early adulthood. From the
reliability test results on the three measuring instruments used, each of them was 0.924
for intensity using Tik Tok, Depression of 0.919 and social comparison of 0.633. The level
of social media use of the average respondent ranges from 3 to 10 hours a day, some
respondents even spend up to 10 hours using social media. The length of social media
access is this, because most respondents have more than 4 social media at once. The
regression test was used in this study as well as using the t test to see the comparison of
depression and social comparison of subjects based on the type of gender.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the study with the characteristics of respondents resulted in the
finding that, as many as 62 respondents or most of them opened Tik Tok more than 7
times a day, with an average usage time of 1 to 4 hours per day. The most done activity
when opening social media is to look at the homepage.

Table 1: Characteristics of Social Media Use

Descriptive Frequency Percent
Frequency of Opening Social 1-2 times 3 2.8
Media
3-4 times 9 8.3
5-6 times 24 22.2
6-7 times 10 9.3
more than 7 times 62 57.4
Total 108 100.0
Opening Time Less than 10 minutes 8 7.4
15-30 minutes 47 43.5
45-60 minutes 22 20.4
More than 1 hour 23 21.3
3 hours 1 0.9
More than 3 hours 5 4.6
More than 5 hours 1 0.9
More than 10 hours 1 0.9
Total 108 100.0
Use of Social Media in a Day 1 hours 4 3.7
More than 1 hours 20 18.5
3 hours 10 9.3
More then 3 hours 31 28.7
More than 5 hours 29 26.9
More than 10 hours 14 13.0
Total 108 100.0

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Intensity of Tik Tok Use and Depression with Social Comparison as a Mediator Variable

Descriptive Frequency Percent

Social Media Activities View the homepage 63 58.3
Upload status and 3 2.8
Upload photos
like or comment 3 2.8
Play game 6 5.6
Add friendships 1 0.9
Stalking 4 3.7
News Updates 12 11.1
writing 4 3.7
Sharing status 2 1.9
Others 9 8.3
11.00 1 0.9
Total 108 100.0

This study resulted in findings that the average intensity of Tik Tok use from
respondents in the moderate category (M = 86.56 SD = 19.93) was 76 people, low 16
people and high 16 people.

Table 2: Categorization of Social Media Use Intensity

Score Category Frequency Percentage
X < 66,58 Low 16 14.8
67 ≤ x < 106,54 Medium 76 70.4
107 ≤ X High 16 14.8
Total 108 100.0

Meanwhile, depression averaged in the low category (M = 19.19, SD = 12.46).

Nevertheless 22 people are in the weight category. Meanwhile, for social comparison, the
average respondent was in the low category (M = 39.18, SD = 6.84).
Table 3: Categorization of Respondents' Depression
Score Category Frequency Percentage
X < 19 Low 63 58.3
20≤ x< 28 Medium 23 21.3
29 ≤ X High 22 20.4
Total 108 100.0

Measurements to determine the direct effect of mediator variables, namely social

comparisons to the appearance of depression, resulted in the finding that there are direct
and indirect effects. The mediator variable in this case social comparison gives a direct
effect of .1084 and an indirect effect of .0568.
Table 4. Analysis Path
Coevisian P

Line a P.Social Tik Tok .136 .0000

Line c’ Tik Tok Depression .1084 .0849

Line b P.Social Depression .4219 .0227

Line c Tik tok Depression .1652 .849

Table 4 shows a positive relationship between the intensity of Tik Tok use and
depression mediated by social comparisons. The high use of social media is followed by

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depressive symptoms which are also increasing. This depression arises first starting with
the behavior of comparing oneself with others. Social media today is considered the most
flexible and reasonable solution to the need to always connect with others. This is
because the use of social media has transcended both superiors of time and space. The
increasingly global use of social media makes the average individual spend 3 hours a day
with 4 accounts he has. The many features offered ranging from pure entertainment to
educative make them have many choices of ethical purposes using social media. The need
to get information, being the most major reason for social media users. Filling in the gaps
and spending time throughout the day by accessing social media is a choice of activities
that are commonly carried out for some people (Yenny., Astuti, 2021).
The need to always be informed, makes media users continue to surf in
cyberspace. Four social media that are considered capable of providing information
instantly include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Tik Tok. The four social media outlets
are also considered a new force to rally sympathy and empathy in cyberspace. Not only
that, the reason for self-actualization also makes social media users pay attention to the
accounts they have. They don't hesitate to even choose to work as "content creators" for
reasons of channeling talent as well as trying to achieve financial coffers. Various ways
are done so that the content they produce can be included in For Your Page (Astuti &
Subandiah, 2021).
Currently, Tik Tok is the most popular social media by social media users. In
addition to entertaining, the features offered by this application made by the country of
bamboo curtains are quite complete. Users also make this application a means of self-
actualization. Youtube is the social media that provides the healthiest information.
Meanwhile, the social media that is considered to be able to interfere with the mental
health of its users is Instagram. This classification can of course change considering that
currently Tik Tok is the most highlighted medium related to its use and the effects on
mental health caused (Batoebara, 2020). The health agency even warned that the
intensity of continuous use of Tik Tok can interfere with mental health. Not only that, a
number of psychologists also pay special attention to the use of Tik Tok which touches all
walks of life. In children, the use of Tik Tok that is not accompanied by parents is feared
to cause serious problems. The desire to be FYP (For Your Page) in Tik Tok makes people
create what content pun that is actually harmful. Not only that, the longtime of accessing
Tik Tok is feared to cause psychic complaints that lead to depression (Prasetyo & Hasyim,
2022).
This research explains the significance between the intensity of Tik Tok use and
depression. Generally, respondents who experience depression occur because they
access Tik Tok too much. The high intensity of accessing Tik Tok made them make a
comparison of what was witnessed. The existence of feelings or feelings of wanting to be
as they are spectacles, the desire to have what is witnessed on Tik Tok finally makes them
feel depressed (Prasetyo & Hasyim, 2022). Social comparison according to Mussweiler
(2011) is a behavior that automatically appears when we see the lives of others both
directly and through social media. Generally, comparisons are made when they see video
views on social media or see content on social media displayed by those who are known

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Intensity of Tik Tok Use and Depression with Social Comparison as a Mediator Variable

or even strangers. This behavior of comparing oneself makes social media users regret
their lives, do not accept the state of themselves to blame themselves. As a result,
individuals are unable to see the positive potential that exists within themselves because
they are too busy comparing themselves with others. Generally, the material for
comparison is physical, socioeconomic and display forms (Mussweiler et al., 2011).
Rejection of the condition of the self if it occurs continuously necessarily provokes
the occurrence of depression in the individual. Many symptom yang appear when a
person is categorized as suffering from depression including feeling sad, lazy to do
ordinary activities like to suicidal ideation. The results of this study resulted in findings
that the level of depression in respondents was in the moderate category and some others
were high. Although in percentage terms, there are still many who have low levels of
depression, the findings related to the majority of respondents who are at a high level to
want to commit suicide deserve serious attention. Generally, those who are at a high level
of depression are those who spend a long time accessing social media, especially Tik Tok
(Keles et al., 2020).
The emergence of depression from the results of this study is also in line with the
findings of Chinese researchers in the International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health. Research conducted on 3.063 students produced findings, teenagers
addicted to Tik Tok experienced a deterioration of working memory. The students of this
group also had high scores for depression, anxiety, and stress conditions. Although it is
still a preliminary finding and requires further study, the results of this study show that
the intensity of using Tik Tok for too long has a negative impact (Viejo et al., 2018).
Depression and comparing behaviors from social media use is one of the consequences
that arise from the use of social media. The absence of a boundary between virtual and
real space makes it difficult for people to distinguish daily life. What is seen is always
perceived as something that really exists, even though the display in cyberspace does not
always reflect the actual conditions. Hyperreality that makes it seem as if it exists and is
real is what ultimately makes social media users trapped in a depressive state.
Comparing yourself to the point of depression is one of the many negative impacts
of using social media. Nevertheless, as an active audience, we should have the ability to
choose which social media to use including setting the duration of its use. There are many
ways that can be done to reduce the negative impact of using social media, starting from
doing social media cheating, namely throwing away and only using social media that is
really needed. In addition, it carries out time management of social media that is used to
avoid using social media for too long (Astuti & Subandiah, 2020).

CONCLUSION
Comparing yourself with others so that it gives rise to depression has a positive
relationship with the use of Tik Tok. The high intensity of using Tik Tok in respondents,
which reaches 3 hours a day, makes it easy for individuals to compare themselves with
others. The comparison was made because many things were witnessed from Tik Tok
shows that caused a feeling of wanting to be someone in a Tik Tok video. This behavior
of comparing oneself makes social media users regret their lives, do not accept the state

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of themselves to blame themselves. Rejection of the continuous state of the self-provokes

the occurrence of depression in the individual. Symptom which appears when a person
suffers from depression including feeling sad, lazy to do ordinary activities such as to
suicidal ideation. Depression, which is one of the indicators of mental health, should be
a concern because it occurs in respondents who fall into the productive age category.

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