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 Kompetensi Dasar
3.7 Menerapkan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan teks interaksi
transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta
informasi terkait hubungan sebab akibat, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya.
(Perhatikan unsur kebahasaan because of ..., due to ..., thanks to ...)
4.7 Menyusun teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan
memberi dan meminta informasi terkait hubungan sebab akibat, dengan
memperhatikan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan yang benar dan
sesuai konteks.

Summary
When an event causes another event, both events have a cause and effect (causal)
relationship.
 Cause
o The Reason or motive, for an action
o Why something happens
o Happens first
Example: it rained

 Effect
o Result or conclusion of an action
o What happened
o Happens due to a cause
Example: I got wet

• To find a cause, ask, why did this happen?

(untuk mencari sebab, tanyakan mengapa ini bisa terjadi?)

• To find an effect, ask, what happened?

(untuk mencari akibat, tanyakan apa yang sudah terjadi?)

Example: it rained, so I got wet (tadi hujan, jadi saya kebasahan).

 Signal Words of Cause

 Because (karena)  The reason for (alasan untuk)
  On account of + noun (karena)  Led to (menyebabkan)
 Bring about (menyebabkan)  Due to (karena)
 Give rise to (menyebabkan)  For this reason (karena alasan ini)
 Created by (disebabkan oleh)  Unless (kecuali jika)
 Contributed to (menyebabkan)

 Signal Words of Effect

 As a result (sebagai hasilnya)  Outcome (akibat)

 Then (kemudian)  So (jadi)
 Hence (oleh karen itu)  Consequently (konsekuensinya)
 For this reason (karena alasan ini)  Finally (akhirnya)
 Therefore (oleh karena itu)  In order to (agar/supaya

 Examples
1. Sumatran tigers are almost extinct because people killed too many of them.
(Harimau Sumatra hampir punah karena orang-orang membunuh banyak darinya)
Cause – people killed too many of them
Effect – Sumatran tigers are almost extinct

2. Haze is cause by massive forest burning.

(Asap disebabkan oleh pembakaran hutan yang besar)
Cause – massive forest burning
Effect – Haze

3. Since they are in love, they forgive each other’s mistakes.

(sejak mereka jatuh cinta, mereka saling memaafkan kesalahan masing-masing)
Cause: they are in love
Effect: they forgive each other’s mistake

4. Early man learnt to grow food, and as a result, their lives became easier.
(Leluhur belajar bagaimana mencari makanan, dan hasilnya, hidup mereka
menjadi lebih mudah)
 Cause: early man learnt to grow food
Effect: their lives became easier

Practice

Activity 1
Read the following sentences. Decide if the words in bold are the cause or the effect on the
line. Then, underline the “signal” word or phrase!
Example: Since he returned the book late, he had to pay the overdue fine. (effect)

1 early man used weapons because they needed to find food.

2 The glaciers began to melt; therefore, the land bridge between Asia and North
America became flooded.
3 Because they wanted to learn about different civilizations that existed,
achaeologist studied artifacts.
4 Early man slowly started to grow food; and as a result, their lives became easier.
5 My sister was very tired because she stayed up past midnight.

Activity 2
Read the sentences and find cause and effect!
Example:
The milk spilled all over the floor, so Jane got a mop and cleaned it up.
Cause: milk spilled, effect: jane mopped

1 Sari has planned a trip to her uncle’s house because she loves her cousins.
Cause: _____________________________________________________
Effect: _____________________________________________________
2 The green house gases trap the heat in the air, so the earth becomes warmer.
Cause: _____________________________________________________
Effect: _____________________________________________________
3 Because the Sumatran tigers were almost extinct, the Indonesian government declared
them as endangered species.
Cause: _____________________________________________________
Effect: _____________________________________________________
 4 Animals are becoming extinct because humans are moving into their habitats.
Cause: _____________________________________________________
Effect: _____________________________________________________
5 There was no car passing by, so he had to walk to the nearest village.
Cause: __________________________________________________
Effect: __________________________________________________

Activity 3
Instruction!
Select the best response to each questions and mark the letter (A), (B), (C), (D), (E).
1. Winda : What do you think of the C. The venue did not ready yet
barbecue restaurant at the D. No one bought the tickets
corner of Main Street? E. The artist is sick
Marcell : I don’t think it’s special but 3. My mother did not cook dinner.
it’s always crowded. It ________, my family ordered food from a
seems to be very popular. nearby restaurant.
Winda : I think so too. Since it’s the
what does the appropriate conjunction to
only one in the city, people
complete the sentence?
don’t have any other choice.
Marcell : I agree with you. A. Therefore
B. Consequently
What makes the barbecue restaurant C. As a result
always crowded? D. Because
A. It serves good barbecues E. For this reason
B. It is run by barbecue lovers
C. It is at the corner of Main Street 4. They hadn’t paid attention to what the
D. Everyone in the city loves barbecue teachers explained. _______, they got bad
E. The city has only one barbecue marks in the examination.
restaurant
What does the appropriate connector to
2. Kevin : Look! I got two tickets for complete the sentence?
the music concert.
A. So
Elena : Don’t you know that the
music concert is cancelled? B. As a result
Kevin : Why? I didn’t know. C. As long as
Elena : Because of security reasons. D. Since
E. For
Why is the music concert cancelled?
5. Siska forgot to tie her shoelaces.
A. The committee was concerned
What does the suitable effect to match
/about security
the cause above?
B. The tickets have not been
distributed yet A. I had an accident on my way home
 B. Siska is starving E. She had to do additional homework
C. She tripped
D. She will take a trip to Malang with
her family
6. The areas surrounding the forests will be prone to erosion and land-slide.
What does the suitable cause to match the effect above?
A. Tropical fruits cannot be grown in subtropical countries
B. The floor was all wet
C. Elena forgot to do her homework
D. Many trees in the forests were logged illegally
E. Thi is a holiday week for Rina

7. We should avoid oily food ......... be healthy.

A. Finally
B. In order to
C. Consequently
D. For
E. Always

8. You can borrow my car ..... you agree to be very careful with it.
A. Because
B. Wherever
C. Whenever
D. As long as
E. Consequently

9. We stopped playing tennis ….. the rain.

A. Because of
B. Because
C. Since
D. As
E. That is why

10. The increase in the number of cans on the road has resulted …. more and more traffic
jams.
A. In
B. To
C. At
D. For
E. And