HUJAN

SI-2231 Rekayasa Hidrologi

Kelompok Keahlian Teknik Sumber Daya Air

Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Pendahuluan
• Hujan adalah presipitasi dalam bentuk butiran air dengan
ukuran lebih dari 0.5– 6 mm
• Klasifikasi hujan
• Hujan rintik-rintik  intensitas s.d. 2.5 mm/jam
• Hujan sedang  intensitas 2.5 – 7.5 mm/jam
• Hujan lebat  intensitas di atas 7.5 mm/jam
• Faktor yang mempengaruhi:
• Faktor meteorologi global (temperatur, kelembaban, angin dll).
• Letak geografi (lintang dan bujur ) daerah ybs.
• Bentuk permukaan bumi daerah (topografi, morfologi dan tata guna
lahan).
Abstraksi Hujan
• Interception  0.5 mm/kejadian hujan, maks. 1.5 mm
• Evaporation
• Transpiration
• Depression Storage  0.5 – 8 mm/kejadian hujan
• Detention Storage  2.5 – 10 mm
• Infiltration
Tipe Hujan
• Hujan Frontal
• Hujan Konvektif
• Hujan Orografik
• Hujan Siklonik
Hujan Frontal
• Disebabkan oleh pertemuan dua massa udara yang
berbeda temperaturnya.

Cold front (produces cumulus cloud) Cold front (produces stratus cloud)
Hujan Konvektif
• Disebabkan oleh adanya arus konvektif dan biasanya
terjadi pada siang hari.

Hot earth
surface
Hujan Orografik
• Terjadi akibat terangkatnya massa udara yang berhembus
(uplift) oleh rintangan berupa gunung atau pegunungan.
Hujan Siklonik
• Hujan siklonik (hujan badai - hujan topan), dibedakan
atas:
• Badai tropis ekstra: terjadi pada sekitar garis lintang pertengahan.
• Badai tropis: terjadi di sekitar khatulistiwa
Pengukuran Hujan
• Rainfall and other forms of precipitation are measured in
terms of depth, the values being expressed in millimeters.
• One millimeter of precipitation represents the quantity of
water needed to cover the land with a 1mm layer of water,
taking into account that nothing is lost through drainage,
evaporation or absorption.
• Instrument used to collect and measure the precipitation
is called raingauge.
Non Recording Gauge
Precipitation gauge
1 - pole
2 - collector
3 - support- galvanized metal sheet
4 – funnel
5 - steel ring
Recording Gauge / Graphic Rain Gauge
• The instrument records the graphical variation of the
fallen precipitation, the total fallen quantity in a certain
time interval and the intensity of the rainfall (mm/hour).
• It allows continuous measurement of the rainfall.

The graphic rain gauge

1-receiver
2-floater
3-siphon
4-recording needle
5-drum with diagram
6-clock mechanism
Tele-rain Gauge with Tilting Baskets
• The tele-rain gauge is used to transmit measurements of
precipitation through electric or radio signals.
• The sensor device consists of a system with two tilting
baskets, which fill alternatively with water from the
collecting funnel, establishing the electric contact.
• The number of tilting is proportional to the quantity of
precipitation
Tele-rain Gauge with Tilting Baskets

The tele-rain-gauge

1 - collecting funnel 2 - tilting baskets

3 - electric signal
4 - evacuation
Radar Measurement of Rainfall
• The meteorological radar is the powerful instrument for
measuring the area extent, location and movement of
rainstorm.
• The amount of rainfall overlarge area can be determined
through the radar with a good degree of accuracy
• The radar emits a regular succession of pulse of
electromagnetic radiation in a narrow beam so that when
the raindrops intercept a radar beam, its intensity can
easily be known.
Rain Gauge Network
• Since the catching area of the raingauge is very small as
compared to the areal extent of the storm, to get
representative picture of a storm over a catchment the
number of raingauges should be as large as possible, i.e.
the catchment area per gauge should be small.
• There are several factors to be considered to restrict the
number of gauge:
• Like economic considerations to a large extent
• Topographic & accessibility to some extent.
Rain Gauge Network
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
recommendation:
• In flat regions of temperate, Mediterranean and tropical
zones
• Ideal  1 station for 600 – 900 km2
• Acceptable 1 station for 900 – 3000 km2
• In mountainous regions of temperate , Mediterranean and
tropical zones
• Ideal  1 station for 100 – 250 km2
• Acceptable  1 station for 250 – 1000 km2
• In arid and polar zone
• 1 station for 1500 – 10,000 km2
• 10 % of the raingauges should be self recording to
know the intensity of the rainfall
Variasi Hujan
• Rainfall varies greatly both in time and space
• With respect to time – temporal variation
• With space – Spatial variation
• The temporal variation may be defined as hourly, daily,
monthly, seasonal variations and annual variation (long-
term variation of precipitation)
• Influenced by atmospheric circulation and local factors
• Higher near coastlines
• Seasonal variation – annual oscillations in some places
• Variables in mountainous areas
• Increases in plains areas
Variasi Hujan
• Variasi Temporal:
• Rainfall hyetograph – plot of rainfall depth or intensity as a function
of time
• Cumulative rainfall hyetograph or rainfall mass curve – plot of
summation of rainfall increments as a function of time
• Rainfall intensity – depth of rainfall per unit time
• Variasi Spasial:
• Isohyet – contour of constant rainfall
• Isohyetal maps are prepared by interpolating rainfall data at gaged
points.
Variasi Temporal
Rainfall Depth and Intensity
Running Totals
Time (min) Rainfall (in) Cumulative 30 min 1h 2h
Rainfall (in)
0 0
5 0.02 0.02
10 0.34 0.36
15 0.1 0.46
20 0.04 0.5
25 0.19 0.69
30 0.48 1.17 1.17
35 0.5 1.67 1.65
40 0.5 2.17 1.81
45 0.51 2.68 2.22
50 0.16 2.84 2.34
55 0.31 3.15 2.46
60 0.66 3.81 2.64 3.81
65 0.36 4.17 2.5 4.15
70 0.39 4.56 2.39 4.2
75 0.36 4.92 2.24 4.46
80 0.54 5.46 2.62 4.96
85 0.76 6.22 3.07 5.53
90 0.51 6.73 2.92 5.56
95 0.44 7.17 3 5.5
100 0.25 7.42 2.86 5.25
105 0.25 7.67 2.75 4.99
110 0.22 7.89 2.43 5.05
115 0.15 8.04 1.82 4.89
120 0.09 8.13 1.4 4.32 8.13
125 0.09 8.22 1.05 4.05 8.2
130 0.12 8.34 0.92 3.78 7.98
135 0.03 8.37 0.7 3.45 7.91
140 0.01 8.38 0.49 2.92 7.88
145 0.02 8.4 0.36 2.18 7.71
150 0.01 8.41 0.28 1.68 7.24
Max. Depth 0.76 3.07 5.56 8.2
Max. Intensity 9.12364946 6.14 5.56 4.1
Incremental Rainfall
0.8

0.7
Incremental Rainfall (in per 5 min)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150

Time (min)

Rainfall Hyetograph
Cumulative Rainfall
10

7
Cumulative Rainfall (in.)

5
3.07 in
4 8.2 in

3 30 min
5.56 in
2

1 1 hr

2 hr
0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Time (min.)

Rainfall Mass Curve

Variasi Spasial
Pengolahan Data Hujan
• Melengkapi data yang hilang
• Rata-rata aritmatika
• Rasio normal
• Kebalikan kuadrat jarak
• Menguji konsistensi data
• Kurva massa ganda
• Menguji homogenitas data hujan
• Menghitung hujan wilayah
• Rata-rata aljabar
• Poligon Thiesen
• Isohyet
Melengkapi data yang hilang

Metoda Rata-rata Aritmatika

Formula:

HD = 1/3 (HA + HB + HC)

dimana:
HA, HB, HC = data hujan yang teramati pada masing-masing stasiun (A,
B, C)
HD = data hujan pada stasiun D yang diperkirakan.

Berlaku untuk perbedaan antara data hujan pada stasiun terdekat

untuk jangka waktu tahunan rata-rata < 10 %.
Melengkapi data yang hilang

Metode Rasio Normal

Formula:

1  ND ND ND 
H D =  HA  HB  H C 
3  NA NB NC 
dimana:
NA, NB, NC = hujan tahunan rata-rata pada masing-masing stasiun A, B
dan C
ND = hujan tahunan rata-rata pada stasiun D
HA, HB, HC = hujan pada masing-masing stasiun D
HD = data hujan pada stasiun D yang diperkirakan.
Melengkapi data yang hilang

Metode Kebalikan Kuadrat Jarak

Formula:
1 1 1 1
H  H  H  H
R I 2 I R II 2 II R III 2 III R IV 2 IV
HX =
1 1 1 1
  
R I 2 R II 2 R III 2 R IV 2

dimana:
HI, HII, HIII, HIV = hujan pada masing-masing stasiun pada kuadran I, II,
III dan IV
RI, RII, RIII, RIV = jarak masing-masing stasiun terhadap stasiun yang
ditinjau
Hx = hujan yang diperkirakan pada sistem yang ditinjau.
Menguji konsistensi data

Kurva Massa Ganda

Hujan tahunan akumulasi pada stasiun x
Penyimpangan mulai pada tahun 1963
2.0 54
Rasio koreksi = Mc/Ma = c/a
1.8 55
56
1.6 57
Σ PX ( x 103 cm)

58
1.4 59
1.2 60 a
1.0 62
61
c
63
0.8 64
65
0.6 66
67
0.4 68
69
0.2 70

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8

Hujan tahunan akumulasi dari rata2 10 stasiun

Σ Pav ( x 103 cm)
Menguji konsistensi data

Kurva Massa Ganda

Perubahan rejim dikoreksi dengan menggunakan hubungan:

Mc
PcX  PX
Ma
dimana:
PcX = hujan hasil koreksi pada periode waktu t1 pada stasiun X
PX = hujan pencatatan awal pada periode waktu t1 pada stasiun X
Mc = kemiringan hasil koreksi dari kurva massa ganda
Ma = kemiringan awal dari kurva massa
Menghitung Hujan Wilayah

Metode Rata-rata Aljabar

• Simplest method for determining areal average

P1 = 10 mm
P1
P2 = 20 mm
P3 = 30 mm
P2
N
1
P
N
P
i 1
i

P3
10  20  30
P  20 mm
3

• Gages must be uniformly distributed

• Gage measurements should not vary greatly about the mean
Menghitung Hujan Wilayah

Metode Poligon Thiesen

• Any point in the watershed receives the same
amount of rainfall as that at the nearest gage P1
• Rainfall recorded at a gage can be applied to
any point at a distance halfway to the next A1
station in any direction P2
• Steps in Thiessen polygon method
1. Draw lines joining adjacent gages A2
2. Draw perpendicular bisectors to the lines
P3
created in step 1
3. Extend the lines created in step 2 in both A3
directions to form representative areas for
gages
4. Compute representative area for each gage
5. Compute the areal average using the following
P1 = 10 mm, A1 = 12 Km2
formula
P2 = 20 mm, A2 = 15 Km2
1 N
P   Ai Pi P
12 10  15  20  20  30
 20.7 mm P3 = 30 mm, A3 = 20 km2
A i 1 47
Menghitung Hujan Wilayah

Metode Isohyet
• Steps
• Construct isohyets (rainfall 10
contours)
20
• Compute area between each P1
pair of adjacent isohyets (Ai) A1=5 , p1 = 5

• Compute average precipitation A2=18 , p2 = 15

for each pair of adjacent P2
isohyets (pi)
A3=12 , p3 = 25
• Compute areal average using
the following formula
P3
30 A4=12 , p3 = 35
1M N
PP   Ai pA P
i i i
iA
1 i 1

5  5  18 15  12  25  12  35
P  21.6 mm
47