CHAPTER 23.

Penangguhan dan Pemutusan Kontrak

Kelompok 5

Pendahuluan
Seperti disebutkan dalam Bab 21, upaya hukum terhadap kerusakan dapat diberikan atas setiap pelanggaran kontrak, baik yang besar atau yang sepele. Hal ini berhubungan dengan Bab penawaran dengan solusi informasi lainnya yang mungkin tersedia untuk pelanggaran kontrak secara serius, atau dalam situasi lain di mana kejadian secara mendasar mengubah lingkungan kontrak. Kontrak kerja secara sah dapat menjadi berhenti, baik sementara atau permanen. Hal ini memerlukan pertimbangan solusi penghentian kerja sementara, pemutusan kontrak untuk pelanggaran dan pemutusan hubungan kerja kontraktor. Ada juga kemungkinan bahwa kontrak dapat diakhiri dibawah

CHAPTER 23.

23.1 PENANGGUHAN PEKERJAAN 23.2 PENGHENTIAN UNTUK PELANGGARAN DI HUKUM ADAT 23.3 PEMUTUSAN KONTRAK DENGAN JCT 23.4 PEMUTUSAN KONTRAK DENGAN FRUSTASI

PENAGGUHAN PEKERJAAN

At common law (unlike French law), one contracting party (A) has no right to suspend performance of contractual obligations on a temporary basis, on the ground that the other party (B) is in breach of contract. As far as construction contracts are concerned, the common law position has been reversed by statute. The Act provides that any time during which work is suspended in this way is to be disregarded in working out the length of time taken to complete the contract work, and any other work which is directly or indirectly affected (for example under a sub-contract).

PENGHENTIAN UNTUK PELANGGARAN DI HUKUM ADAT 23.2.1 Pemutusan untuk pelanggaran dan pemutusan hubungan kerja
dibedakan

23.2.2 Sifat dan efek penolakan

23.2.3 Pelanggaran pemutusan kontrak membenarkan Employers breach:

Penolakan untuk memberikan kepemilikan situs ;

Jumlah non - pembayaran yang harus dilunasi ; Pemotongan sertifikat ; Hambatan dari kontraktor . Pengabaian atau penangguhan pekerjaan ; Pekerjaan cacat ; Penundaan ; Campuran .

Pelanggaran Kontraktor

PENGHENTIAN UNTUK PELANGGARAN DI HUKUM ADAT Termination of a contract for breach refers to the situation here the

misconduct of one of the parties is so serious that the law gives the other party the option to bring the contract to an end.

This Section explores the issue of termination for breach, contrasting it with termination of the contractors employment, and examines the circumstances in which termination commonly happens in construction contracts.

23.2.1 Pemutusan untuk pelanggaran dan pemutusan hubungan kerja dibedakan It is important at the outset to understand the distinction between the two

concepts of termination for breach and termination of the contractors employment. The common law right to terminate or repudiate a contract can arise in either of two situations. First, one party may make clear that it has no intention of performing its side of the bargain. Secondly, that party may be guilty of such a serious breach of contract that it will be treated as having no intention of performing.

23.2.2 Sifat dan efek penolakan

As mentioned above, repudiatory conduct by a contracting party does not of itself bring that contract to an end. This will come about only when the innocent party chooses to exercise its right to terminate the contract and notifies the guilty party to that effect.

23.2.3 Pelanggaran pemutusan kontrak membenarkan

It sometimes happens that one contracting party (A) is in breach of contract and

the other party (B) treats this as a repudiatory breach, but it is later held that As
breach was not sufficiently serious to justify this. Pelanggaran Majikan:

Penolakan untuk memberikan kepemilikan situs ; Jumlah non - pembayaran yang harus dilunasi ; Pemotongan sertifikat ; Hambatan dari kontraktor . Pengabaian atau penangguhan pekerjaan ; Pekerjaan cacat ; Penundaan ; Campuran .

Pelanggaran Kontraktor

Pelanggaran Majikan/Pemilik :

Penolakan untuk memberikan kepemilikan situs ;

While minor interference by the employer with the contractors possession of the site is not a repudiatory breach,13 an outright refusal to give possession in the first place will be so.

Jumlah non - pembayaran yang harus dilunasi ;

As a general principle of law, failure to pay on time what is due under a contract will not normally be treated as a sufficient breach to justify the other party in terminating that contract

Pemotongan sertifikat ;

If the contract administrator refuses to certify at the appropriate time, or negligently under-certifies, this may well constitute a breach of contract on the employers part.

Hambatan dari kontraktor :

A breach by the employer of the duties of non-hindrance and positive cooperation may be so serious as to indicate an intention not to be bound.

Pelanggaran Kontraktor

Pengabaian atau penangguhan pekerjaan ;

A breach by the employer of the duties of non-hindrance and positive cooperation may be so serious as to indicate an intention not to be bound.

Pekerjaan cacat ;

As a general principle, defects in the work do not entitle the employer to terminate the contract and refuse payment altogether.

Penundaan ;

At common law, there are only three situations in which delay by a contractor will justify the employer in terminating the contract.

Campuran :

Whether or not a contractors breach of contract is sufficiently serious to justify the employer in terminating is always a question of fact and degree.

PEMUTUSAN KONTRAK DENGAN JCT

23.3.1 Pemutusan oleh majikan di bawah JCT SBC 05 klausul 8,4-8,8 Alasan penghentian

Prosedur
Konsekuensi dari pemutusan hubungan kerja 23.3.2 Pemutusan oleh kontraktor di bawah JCT SBC 05 klausul 8.9 dan 8.10

Alasan penghentian
Prosedur Konsekuensi dari penghentian 23.3.3 Penghentian atas dasar netral di bawah JCT SBC 05 Pasal 8.11 Option Asuransi C - Ayat C.4.4 Jadwal 3 23.3.4 Pemutusan bawah sub-kontrak Alasan penghentian Prosedur dan konsekuensi

23.3.1 Pemutusan oleh majikan di bawah JCT SBC 05 klausul 8,4-8,8 Alasan penghentian
Clause 8.4.1 entitles the employer to terminate the contractors employment for certain defaults, namely: 1. Suspension of work without reasonable cause. 2. Failure to proceed regularly and diligently. 3. Failure to comply with a contract administrators instruction to remove

defective work, so that the works are materially affected.

4. Unauthorized sub-contracting or assignment. 5. Failure to comply with contractual obligations regarding CDM Regulations.

23.3.1 Pemutusan oleh majikan di bawah JCT SBC 05 klausul 8,4-8,8 Prosedur
Where the contractor is guilty of any of the defaults specified in clause 8.4.1, the contract administrator is to issue a written notice specifying the default. If the 28 Thomas default is then continued for 14 days, the employer may within 10 days of the continuance terminate the contractors employment by issuing a notice to this effect. Furthermore, if termination does not take place on this occasion, any subsequent repetition of a specified default gives the employer the right to terminate immediately; there is no need (and indeed no power) to issue a second default notice.30 It may be noted that this two-notice procedure is not required in cases of termination on insolvency or corruption.

23.3.1 Pemutusan oleh majikan di bawah JCT SBC 05 klausul 8,4-8,8 Konsekuensi dari pemutusan hubungan kerja
1. The employer may employ others to complete the works, and may for this purpose make use of the contractors temporary buildings, plant, tools, equipment and materials. 2. All of the contractors equipment, etc. must be removed from the site, but only when the contract administrator has given the instruction so to do. 3. The contractor is required to provide the employer with two copies of all contractors design documents (if there is a contractors designed portion). 4. The employer may insist on taking an assignment from the contractor of all sub-contracts and all contracts for the supply of materials. 5. The contractor is not entitled to any further payment (including, it appears, payments that the employer should already have made34) until the works are completed by another contractor or until six months after the employer decides not to complete them (clauses 8.7.4 and 8.8 respectively). The contractor is then entitled to the difference, if any, between what would have been earned by completing the contract and what the breach has cost the employer (the expenses incurred in completion plus any direct loss and /or damage). If, as is likely, the

23.3.2 Pemutusan oleh kontraktor di bawah JCT SBC 05 klausul 8.9 dan 8.10

Alasan penghentian 1. Failure by the employer to pay amounts properly due within the time limits. 2. Interference by the employer with the issue of any certificate. 3. Unauthorized assignment by the employer. 4. Failure by the employer to comply with contractual obligations regarding CDM Regulations. 5. Suspension of the whole or substantially the whole of the works for a continuous period stated in the Contract Particulars (where a default provision of two months is provided) by reason of one of the following specified events:

Contract administrators instructions dealing with discrepancies in contract documents, variations or postponement of work, unless these are caused by negligence or default of any statutory undertaker or of the contractor.
Any impediment, prevention or default by the employer, contract administrator, quantity surveyor or any other person employed by

23.3.2 Pemutusan oleh kontraktor di bawah JCT SBC 05 klausul 8.9 dan 8.10
Prosedur On all the above grounds, contractors may terminate their employment by a written notice delivered to either the employer or the contract administrator, or sent to them by registered post or recorded delivery. As with termination by the employer, the contractor must first (except in the case of the employers insolvency) give a warning shot. Konsekuensi dari penghentian 1. The value of all work completed at the date of termination. 2. The value of all work begun but not completed at that date. 3. Any direct loss and/or expense arising out of other matters for which the contractor has a claim. 4. The contractors costs of removal from the site. 5. The cost of materials ordered by the contractor for the works which then become the employers property. 6. Any direct loss and/or damage caused to the contractor by the termination.

23.3.3 Penghentian atas dasar netral di bawah JCT SBC 05

Pasal 8.11

1. Force majeure.

2. Contract administrators instructions dealing with discrepancies in contract documents, variations or postponement of work, each of them as result of the negligence or default by a statutory undertaker (a term which is defined in clause 1.1 of JCT SBC 05, for example a local authority). 3. Loss or damage to the works caused by a Specified Peril.
4. Civil commotion, the use or threat of terrorism or the thereby triggered activities of authorities. 5. The exercise of any statutory power by the UK Government which directly affects the execution of the works. Where the contract consists of work on an existing structure and insurance option C is stated in the Contract Particulars (against clause 6.7) to apply, an additional ground of termination exists which overlaps rather awkwardly with clause 8.11.

Option Asuransi C - Ayat C.4.4 Jadwal 3

23.3.4 Pemutusan bawah sub-kontrak

Alasan penghentian :

1. Suspension, without reasonable cause, either wholly or substantially, of the carrying out of the main contract works. 2. Failure to proceed, without reasonable cause, with the main contract works so that reasonable progress of the sub-contract is seriously affected. 3. Failure to make payment in accordance with the sub-contract. 4. Failure to comply with the CDM regulations.

Prosedur dan konsekuensi :

Sub-contractors are well protected since they can claim any direct loss and/or expense caused by the termination (JCT SBCSub 05: 7.11.3.5). Clause 7.11.5 of the sub-contract sets out that (parallel to clause 8.12.5 of JCT SBC 05) the amount properly due has to be paid to the sub-contractor within 28 days after the submission of the appropriate account, without deduction of any retention money.

PEMUTUSAN KONTRAK DENGAN FRUSTASI

If this happens through the fault of neither party, and the contract itself makes no sufficient provision for what has occurred, it is possible that the law may treat the contract as terminated. What is more, most standard form contracts make express provision for many of the eventualities that might lead a party to claim that a contract has been frustrated, and the doctrine cannot be used to override clear contract terms.

The earlier case of Metropolitan Water Board v Dick, Kerr & Co Ltd36 arose out of a fixed-price contract for the construction of a reservoir. The contract, which was entered into on the eve of World War I, provided that the work was to be completed within six years, but gave the engineer very wide powers to order extensions of time. After some 18 months, the government ordered the contractors to stop the work and to sell all their plant. This development, it was held, was sufficient to bring the contract to an end. It went far beyond the extension of time provisions in the contract, and made the project fundamentally different from what had been envisaged.