The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Menampilkan dan Menjelajahi Data
Bahan Ajar
Kuliah Metode Penelitian
Teknik Kimia UM Purwokerto
2
TUJUAN
Membuat dan menjelaskan dot plot.
Membuat dan menjelaskan tampilan daun-dan-
batang (stem-and-leaf display).
Menghitung dan memahami kuartil (quartiles), desil
(deciles), dan persentil (percentiles).
Membuat dan Menjelaskan box plots.
Menghitung dan memahami koefisien asimetris
(coefficient of skewness).
Menggambar dan menjelaskan diagram pencar
(scatter diagram).
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Dot Plots
Dot plot mengelompokkan data sesedikit mungkin
dan kita tidak kehilangan identitas dari pengamatan
individu.
Untuk membuat dot plot, kita cukup menampilkan
satu titik pada setiap pengamatan di sepanjang garis
numer horizontal number line yang mengindikasikan
nilai data yang mungkin.
Jika ada pengamatan yang sama atau
pengamatannya terlalu dekat untuk ditampilkan
secara individual,dot (titik)-nya ditumpuk di atas
yang lain.

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Dot Plots - Examples
Reported below are the number of vehicles sold in the last 24
months at Smith Ford Mercury Jeep, Inc., in Kane,
Pennsylvania, and Brophy Honda Volkswagen in Greenville,
Ohio. Construct dot plots and report summary statistics for the
two small-town Auto USA lots.
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Dot Plot Minitab Example
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Stem-and-Leaf

Salah satu teknik yang digunakan untuk menampilkan
informasi kuantitatif dalam bentuk padat (condensed) .

Teknik statistik untuk menampilkan sekumpulan data. Setiap
jumlah numerik dibagi ke dalam dua bagian. Digit awal
menjadi stem dan digit akhir menjadi leaf.steam ditempatkan
sepanjang sumbu vertikal, dan nilai leaf ditumpuk satu sama
lain disepanjang sumbu horisontal.

Kelebihan stem-and-leaf daripada frequency distribution adalah
kita tidak kehilangan identitas dari setiap pengamatan.

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Stem-and-Leaf Example
Suppose the seven observations in
the 90 up to 100 class are: 96, 94,
93, 94, 95, 96, and 97.

The stem value is the leading digit or
digits, in this case 9. The leaves
are the trailing digits. The stem is
placed to the left of a vertical line
and the leaf values to the right.
The values in the 90 up to 100
class would appear as

Then, we sort the values within each
stem from smallest to largest.
Thus, the second row of the stem-
and-leaf display would appear as
follows:

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Stem-and-leaf: Another Example
Listed in Table 41 is the number of 30-second radio advertising
spots purchased by each of the 45 members of the Greater
Buffalo Automobile Dealers Association last year. Organize the
data into a stem-and-leaf display. Around what values do the
number of advertising spots tend to cluster? What is the fewest
number of spots purchased by a dealer? The largest number
purchased?

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Stem-and-leaf: Another Example
10
Stem-and-leaf: Another Example
(Minitab)
11
Standard deviation adalah ukuran dispersi yang paling
sering digunakan.
Cara lain untuk menjelaskan variasi atau dispersi dari
sekumpulan data adalah dengan menentukan lokasi
nilai yang memisahkan sekumpulan pengamatan
menjadi bagian yang sama besar.
Ukuran-ukuran ini adalah quartiles, deciles, dan
percentiles.


Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles
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Kuartil membagi sekumpulam pengamatan menjadi
4 bagian yang sama.
Desil membagi sekumpulam pengamatan menjadi
10 bagian yang sama.
Persentil membagi sekumpulam pengamatan
menjadi 100 bagian yang sama.




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To formalize the computational procedure, let L
p
refer to the
location of a desired percentile. So if we wanted to find the 33rd
percentile we would use L
33
and if we wanted the median, the
50th percentile, then L
50
.




The number of observations is n, so if we want to locate the
median, its position is at (n + 1)/2, or we could write this as
(n + 1)(P/100), where P is the desired percentile.
Percentile Computation
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Percentiles - Example
Listed below are the commissions earned last month
by a sample of 15 brokers at Salomon Smith
Barneys Oakland, California, office. Salomon Smith
Barney is an investment company with offices
located throughout the United States.

$2,038 $1,758 $1,721 $1,637
$2,097 $2,047 $2,205 $1,787
$2,287 $1,940 $2,311 $2,054
$2,406 $1,471 $1,460

Locate the median, the first quartile, and the third
quartile for the commissions earned.

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Percentiles Example (cont.)
Step 1: Organize the data from lowest to
largest value

$1,460 $1,471 $1,637 $1,721
$1,758 $1,787 $1,940 $2,038
$2,047 $2,054 $2,097 $2,205
$2,287 $2,311 $2,406
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Percentiles Example (cont.)
Step 2: Compute the first and third quartiles.
Locate L
25
and L
75
using:
205 , 2 $
721 , 1 $
ly respective array, in the n observatio
12th and 4th the are quartiles third and first the Therefore,
12
100
75
) 1 15 ( 4
100
25
) 1 15 (
75
25
75 25

L
L
L L
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Percentiles Example (Minitab)
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Percentiles Example (Excel)
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Boxplot
Boxplot adalah gambaran secara grafis,
berdasarkan kuartil, yang membantu kita
menggambarkan sekumpulan data.
Untuk membuat boxplot, dibutuhkan: nilai minimal,
kuartil pertama, median, kuartil ketiga, dan nilai
maksimal.
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Boxplot - Example
21
Boxplot Example
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Boxplot Using Minitab
Refer to the Whitner
Autoplex data in
Table 24.
Develop a box
plot of the data.
What can we
conclude about
the distribution of
the vehicle
selling prices?
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Tanda bintang menunjukkan sebuah data ekstrem
(outlier).
Outlier adalah nilai yang tidak konsisten dengan
keseluruhan data.
Data ekstrem > Q3 + 1,5 (Q3 Q1)
Data ekstrem < Q1 1,5 (Q3 Q1)


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Skewness (Asimetria)

Karakteristik lain dari sekumpulan data adalah
bentuknya (shape).
Ada 4 bentuk umum:
Simetris (symmetric),
Asimetris positif (positively skewed),
Asimetris negatif (negatively skewed),
bimodal.

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Commonly Observed Shapes
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Skewness - Formulas for Computing
The coefficient of skewness can range from -3 up to 3.
A value near -3, such as -2.57, indicates considerable negative skewness.
A value such as 1.63 indicates moderate positive skewness.
A value of 0, which will occur when the mean and median are equal,
indicates the distribution is symmetrical and that there is no skewness
present.

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Skewness An Example
Following are the earnings per share for a sample of
15 software companies for the year 2005. The
earnings per share are arranged from smallest to
largest.




Compute the mean, median, and standard deviation.
Find the coefficient of skewness using Pearsons
estimate. What is your conclusion regarding the
shape of the distribution?

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Skewness An Example Using
Pearsons Coefficient

017 . 1
22 . 5 $
) 18 . 3 $ 95 . 4 ($ 3 ) ( 3
22 . 5 $
1 15
) ) 95 . 4 $ 40 . 16 ($ ... ) 95 . 4 $ 09 . 0 ($
1
95 . 4 $
15
26 . 74 $
2 2
2

s
Median X
sk
n
X X
s
n
X
X
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Skewness A Minitab Example
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Menjelaskan Hubungan antara Dua
Variabel
Salah satu teknik grafis yang digunkan untuk
menunjukkan hubungan antara dua variabel adalah
diagram pencar (scatter diagram).
Untuk menggambar scatter diagram kita
menbutuhkan dua variabel. Kita membuat skala
untuk satu variabel sepanjang sumbu horisontal (X-
axis) dan variabel lainnya sepanjang sumbu vertikal
(Y-axis).

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Describing Relationship between Two
Variables Scatter Diagram Examples
32
In the Introduction to Chapter 2 we presented data from
AutoUSA. In this case the information concerned the
prices of 80 vehicles sold last month at the Whitner
Autoplex lot in Raytown, Missouri. The data shown
include the selling price of the vehicle as well as the
age of the purchaser.
Is there a relationship between the selling price of a
vehicle and the age of the purchaser? Would it be
reasonable to conclude that the more expensive
vehicles are purchased by older buyers?

Describing Relationship between Two
Variables Scatter Diagram Excel Example
33
Describing Relationship between Two
Variables Scatter Diagram Excel Example