SISTEM

PERNAPASAN
MANUSIA

PENDAHULUAN
Pernapasan: proses pertukaran gas
dari MH dengan gas di lingkungan
Respirasi selular: perombakan bahan
makanan menggunakan oksigen
energi dan gas sisa
pembakaran/karbondioksida
Sistem respirasi : organ yg
memungkinkan terjadinya proses
pertukaran gas

ALAT PERNAPASAN
HIDUNG

Terdapat saraf penciuman/pembau

Terdiri dari dua lubang (kanan dan kiri),
dibatasi sekat hidung
Rongga hidung:

berhubungan dengan rongga mulut

Fungsi: menghangatkan, melembapkan dan
menyaring udara
Terdapat rambut halus dan selaput
lendirmenyaring udara yang masuk,
mengeluarkan partikel-partikel

Paranasal sinuses

ALAT PERNAPASAN
FARING

Faring:
di bagian
belakang
rongga hidung
lanjutan dari
saluran hidung
yang
meneruskan
udara ke laring

ALAT PERNAPASAN LARING

(PANGKAL TENGGOROKAN)
Laring:
Terdiri dari lempengan tulang rawan
Bagian dalam dindingnya digerakan oleh
ototmenutup glotis: lubang/celah
menghubungkan faring-trakea
Terdapat selaput suara, bergetar jika ada
dilalui udara, berbicara
Memiliki katup=epiglotis: selalu terbuka,
menutup jika ada makanan masuk ke
kerongkongan

Glotis dan Epiglotis

TRAKEA BRONKUS Conducting zone PULMO

bac
k

Paru-paru - pleura

bac
k

Paru-paru diafragma

bac
k

Respiratory Zone of Lower

Respiratory Tract

Features Of Alveoli

Alveoli cell types

Type I cells site of gas exchangeand
Type II cells - secrete surfactant
Macrophages

Surrounded by basal laminae and elastic fibers

Interconnect by way of alveolar pores
Internal surfaces - site for free movement of alveolar
macrophages

Figure 21.10b

Conduction vs. Respiratory

zones
Most of the tubing in the lungs makes up
conduction zone
Consists of nasal cavity to terminal
bronchioles
The respiratory zone is where gas is
exchanged
Consists of espiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
Lung contains approximately 300 to 400 million
alveoli

What happens when you

breathe in?

1. The rib muscles

relax.
2. The diaphragm
contracts.
3. Air leaves the
alveoli.
4. Air moves
between the
chest wall and the
lung.

MEKANISME PERNAPASAN
Terjadi saat sadar dan tidak sadar
Inspirasi dan ekspirasi
Berdasarkan cara melakukan
inspirasi dan ekspirasi dan tempat
terjadinya:
1. Pernapasan dada
2. Pernapasan perut

Respiratory events
Pulmonaryventilation=exchangeofgases
betweenlungsandatmosphere
Externalrespiration=exchangeofgases
betweenalveoliandpulmonarycapillaries
Internalrespiration=exchangeofgases
betweensystemiccapillariesandtissuecells

PERNAPASAN DADA
Inspirasi: muskulus interkostalis
kontraksitulang rusuk terangkatrongga
dada membesar, paru-paru
mengembangtekanan udara rongga paruparu di luar udara dari luar masuk ke
paru-paru
Ekspirasi: muskulus interkostalis
relaksasitulang rusuk turunrongga dada
menyempit, paru-paru mengeciltekanan
udara rongga paru-paru di luarudara
keluar dari paru-paru

PERNAPASAN PERUT
Inspirasi: otot diafragma
kontraksidiafragma datarrongga dada
dan paru-paru mengembangtekanan
udara rongga paru-paru udara dari luar
masuk ke paru-paru
Ekspirasi: otot diafragma
relaksasidiafragma melengkungrongga
dada dan paru-paru mengeciltekanan
udara rongga paru-paru udara keluar
dari paru-paru

PERNAPASAN PERUT

PERNAPASAN PERUT

Boyles Law
The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume
of the container increases, and vice versa.
When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases
even slightly during inhalation, the intrapulmonary
pressure decreases slightly, and air flows into the
lungs through the conducting airways. Air flows
into the lungs from a region of higher pressure (the
atmosphere)into a region of lower pressure (the
intrapulmonary region).
When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
during exhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure
increases and forces air out of the lungs into the
atmosphere.

Ventilation Control by
Respiratory Centers of the
Brain

The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs are

innervated by the autonomic nervous
system.
The autonomic nerve fibers that innervate
the heart also send branches to the
respiratory structures.
The involuntary, rhythmic activities that
deliver and remove respiratory gases are
regulated in the brainstem within the
reticular formation through both the
medulla oblongata and pons.

VOLUME & KAPASITAS PARUPARU

Setiap orang berbeda

Tergantung pada ukuran paru-paru,
kekuatan bernapas, cara bernapas
Volume paru-paru orang dewasa: 5-6
liter, terdiri dari:
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume

tidal (VT)
cadangan inspirasi (VCI)
cadangan ekspirasi (VCE)
residu (VR)

Table 16.3 Terms Used to Describe Lung Volumes

and Capacities
Term

Definition

Lung Volumes

The four nonoverlapping components of the total lung

capacity

Tidal volume

The volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced

respiratory cycle

Inspiratory reserve volume

The maximum volume of gas that can be inspired during

forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume

The maximum volume of gas that can be expired during

forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

Residual volume

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum

expiration

Lung Capacities

Measurements that are the sum of two or more lung volumes

Total lung capacity

The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum

inspiration

Vital capacity

The maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a

maximum inspiration

Inspiratory capacity

The maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a

normal tidal expiration

Functional residual capacity

The amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal

tidal expiration

VOLUME & KAPASITAS

PARU-PARU

Volume tidal (VT): volume udara

hasil inspirasi/ekspirasi pada setiap
kali bernapas normal, 500cc/ml
pada rata-rata orang dewasa muda
Volume cadangan inspirasi (VCI):
volume udara ekstra yang dapat
diinspirasi setelah volume tidal,
mencapai 3000cc/ml

VOLUME & KAPASITAS

PARU-PARU

Volume cadangan ekspirasi

(VCE): volume udara yang masih
dapat diekspirasi kuat pada akhir
ekspirasi normal, mencapai
1100cc/ml
Volume residu (VR): volume udara
yang masih tetap berada dalam paruparu setelah ekspirasi kuat,
sebanyak 1200cc/ml

VOLUME & KAPASITAS

PARU-PARU

Kapasitas Inspirasi (KI)= VT+VCI

Kapasitas residu fungsional
(KRF)= VCE+VR
Kapasitas vital (KV)= VCI+VT+VCE
Kapasitas total paru-paru= KV+VR
Spirometri: metode yang digunakan
untuk mencatat volume udara yang
masuk dan keluar dari paru-paru

VOLUME & KAPASITAS

PARU-PARU

Anatomical Dead Space

Not all of the inspired air reached the
alveoli.
As fresh air is inhaled it is mixed with
anatomical dead space.
Conducting zone and alveoli where 02
concentration is lower than normal and
C02 concentration is higher than normal.
Alveolar ventilation: f x (TV- DS)
F = frequency (breaths/min.).
TV = tidal volume.
DS = dead space.

FREKUENSI PERNAPASAN
Cepat lambat melakukan pernapasan
dipengaruhi oleh:
1.Umur
2.Jenis kelamin
3.Suhu tubuh
4.Posisi tubuh

MEKANISME PERTUKARAN O2 &

CO2
Kebutuhan normal oksigen per hari :
300 cc, kecuali dalam keadaan
tertentu
Difusi sederhana: gerakan molekulmolekul secara bebas melalui
membran sel dari konsentrasi/tekanan
tinggi ke konsentrasi/tekanan rendah
Di alveolus dan di sel jaringan tubuh

Circulation and Gas

Exchange
Recall the
interconnection
between
circulation and the
respiratory system.
Gas exchange at
the lungs and in
the body cells
moves oxygen into
cells and carbon
dioxide out.

MEKANISME PERTUKARAN
O2 DAN CO2

In the alveolus
The respiratory
surface is made
up of the alveoli
and capillary
walls.
The walls of the
capillaries and
the alveoli may
share the same
membrane.

MEKANISME PERTUKARAN O2 &

CO2

Reaksi reversibel antara oksigen dan

hemoglobin.

MEKANISME PERTUKARAN
O2 DAN CO2

MEKANISME PERTUKARAN
O2 DAN CO2

Gas exchange
Air entering the
lungs contains more
oxygen and less
carbon dioxide than
the blood that flows
in the pulmonary
capillaries.
How do these
differences in
concentrations
assist gas
exchange?

Oxygen transport
Hemoglobin
binds to oxygen
that diffuses
into the blood
stream.
What are some
advantages to
using
hemoglobin to
transport
oxygen?

Carbon dioxide transport

Carbon dioxide
can dissolve in
plasma, and
about 70%
forms
bicarbonate
ions.
Some carbon
dioxide can bind
to hemoglobin
for transport.

At the cells
Cells use up oxygen quickly for
cellular respiration. What does this
do to the diffusion gradient? How
does this help cells take up oxygen?
Cells create carbon dioxide during
cellular respiration, so CO2 levels in
the cell are higher than in the blood
coming to them. How does this help
cells get rid of oxygen?

Diffusion of O2 from lungs to

blood is rapid because:
1. Active transport
moves oxygen.
2. Hemoglobin
takes up oxygen,
keeping plasma
concentration
low.
3. Blood plasma is
oxygen-rich.

 When people quit smoking, if the

lungs are not damaged they can
often clean themselves because the
cilia are no longer paralyzed. People
with cystic fibrosis have trouble with
lung infections because their lung
mucus is thick and sticky. What roles
do cilia and mucus play in lung
health?

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