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Dizziness bukanlah suatu istilah yang khusus, tetapi
selalu dikacaukan pemakaiannya dengan istilah
istilah lain seperti vertigo, giddiness dan disequilibrium.
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Beberapa kategori dari dizziness
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Vertigo is a common complaint in the general
population
In population-based studies:
Vertigo occurs in 47% of people
Vertigo accounts for 2530% of dizziness
presentations
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Insidence
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Etiology of Vertigo
Tusa, RJ : Vertigo and Dizziness. In Aminoff, MJ, Daroff, RB (eds) : Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences.
Vol. IV, 2004, p. 651-655.
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Penyebab gangguan fungsi keseimbangan
Infeksi (virus, bakteri),
Trauma
Tumor mengenai sistema vestibuler,
Gangguan peredaran darah, visual dan proprioseptik
Obat -obatan tertentu,
Proses ketuaan,
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo(BPPV),
Acute Vestibular Neuronitis (AVN) dan Menieres disease 93% kausa vertigo
7% sisanya dapat disebabkan oleh obat-obatan ( alcohol, aminoglycosides,
anticonvulsan, antidepressan, antihipertensi, barbiturat, cocaine, diuretik,
nitrogliserin, salisilat, sedatif/hipnotik), Cerebro Vascular Disease, migraine,
labirintitis akut, multiple sclerosis, neoplasma intracranial.
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Vertigo can be of central or peripheral origin
Central
Involving structures in the
central nervous system
(e.g., cerebrum,
cerebellum, brainstem)
Peripheral
Involving structures
not part of the central
nervous system, most
frequently the inner
ear
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VERTIGO
PERIPHERAL vs CENTRAL
Likely aetiology
Symptom Peripheral Central
Vertigo episodes. Mild/ moderate Chronic and unremitting
Symptom onset Sudden Gradual
Imbalance Mild/ mod Severe
Nausea, vomiting Severe Varying
Auditory symptoms Common Rare
Neurological symptoms Rare Common
Changes in mental status/ Infrequent Sometimes
consciousness
Compensation/ resolution Rapid Slow
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Vertigo of Peripheral origin: causes
Condition Details
Benign paroxysmal Brief, position-provoked vertigo episodes caused
positional vertigo (BPPV) by abnormal presence of particles in semicircular
canal
Menieresdisease An excess of endolymph, causing distension of
endolymphatic system
Decreasing frequency
Condition Details
Migraine Vertigo may precede migraines or occur
concurrently
Decreasing frequency
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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Maintaining Balance is dependent on input from
Visual, Vestibular and Somatosensory systems
Inner ear
(vestibular system) Muscle and joint
sensory receptors
Central Nervous
system
BALANCE
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Physiology of EO
Vestibular system
Visus
Propriocepsis
Sensory information
COORDINATED
Oculomotor centre
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Balance dysfunction
BALANCE
dysfunction
Imbalance / dizziness 17
Pathogenesis of Vertigo
Vestibular system
Visus
Propriocepsis
Sensory information
Abnormal stimuli.
Excessive stimuli.
Discordant information
CENTRA
= Unknown pattern
Alarm warning
Oculomotor centre :
NYSTAGMUS Neuroveg centra
Muscles : DEVIATION
Become conscious
cortex VERTIGO
Affective component 18
Anatomy of Vestibular Organ
Hain, TC, Helminski, JO : Vestibular Reflexs. In Aminoff, MJ, Daroff, RB (eds) : Encyclopedia of the Neurological
Sciences. Vol. IV, 2004, p. 657-660.
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Hair Cells
Halmagyi, M : Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). In Aminoff, MJ, Daroff, RB (eds) : Encyclopedia of the
Neurological Sciences. Vol. IV, 2004, p. 671-673.
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The vestibular systemis the dominant
sensory input guiding balance
Utricle Otolith
Semicircular Saccule organs
canals
Vestibular nerve
Ampullae Cochlea
Sensory hair cells within the inner ear provide information on the
position and movement of the head 21
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Neurophysiology of Hair Cells
Baloh, RW : Vestibular System. In Aminoff, MJ, Daroff, RB (eds) : Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. Vol.
IV, 2004, p. 661-671.
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Mechanism of Transduction
Bear, MF, Connors, BW, Paradiso, MA : Neuroscience Exploring The Brain Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1996,
p. 272-288.
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Impuls Transmission
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Sign and Symptoms of EO Disfunction
Guedry, FE : Motion Sickness and its relation to some forms of spatial orientation : Mechanisms and theory.
AGARD Lecture series. 175. 1991, p.2.1-2.30.
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DIAGNOSIS
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Diagnosis of Vertigo
1.History
Sensation, onset, duration, course, head/body position
Past history, medication.
2.Physical examination
General and neurologic examinations
Bed-side Neuro-otologic testing:
Postural tests: Romberg, Fukuda/Unterberger, past-
pointing test.
Eye movement tests: Dix-Hallpike, head thrust, head shaking
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A. PENDEKATAN KLINIS
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b) Onset :
mendadak, banyak terjadi pada vertigo perifer
bertahap pada vertigo sentral
c) Intensitas
Ringan / sedang, banyak dijumpai pada vertigo
sentral
Berat, ada gangguan fungsi otonom, banyak
dijumpai pada vertigo perifer
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B. Pemeriksaan Fisik
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Perbedaan nystagmus sentral dan perifer
No Nystagmus Vertigo Sentral Vertigo Perifer
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3. Provokasi test :
Untuk penyebab tertentu seperti :
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4. Pemeriksaan neurologi rutin Termasuk di sini :
Nn Kranialis , bila ada gangguan sangat
mungkin ada lesi di batang otak atau
serebellopontin area
Reflex kornea terganggu pada tanda awal tumor
serebellopontin
Vertigo dengan penurunan pendengaran lesi
pada Nn VIII seperti Acoustic Neurona
Parese N.VII sesisi dan vertigo dan migren
sering herpes zoster otikum
Motorik
Sensorik
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5. Pemeriksaan radiologi
CT-Scan kepala : perdarahan atau infark
serebellum .
MRI Kepala : perdarahan / infark
serebellum, acoustik neurinoma, multiple
sclerosis.
Angiografi : insuffisiensi sistem vertebro
basiler
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6. Pemeriksaan BERA / Audiometri : Membantu
menentukan letak lesi
7. Pemeriksaan lainnya :
Pemeriksaan glukosa darah untuk
Hiperglikemia
EKG
Ekstra sistole
Gangguan Irama
Bradikardi
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Differential Diagnosis
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Differential Diagnosis Penderita Vertigo
Etiologi Gejala Gejala yang Tanda Klinis
berhubungan
PERIFER
1 Benigna Serangan Vertigo yang Saat serangan, Posisi kepala
Paroxysmal singkat, pada posisi tertentu mual, muntah tertentu
Posisional dan mudah diulangi merangsang vertigo
Vertigo
2 Labyrinthitis
A. Serous Sedang / berat pada posisi Tuli ringan / Vertigo Horizontal,
tertentu . Didahului infeksi sedang, suhu tanda tidak berat
telinga, hidung, tenggorokan badan normal
B. Acut Vertigo dengan adanya infeksi Tuli berat cepat gejala berat dan
Superaktif superaktif di telinga terjadi mual serius pada media
muntah acut disertai panas
3 Penyakit Vertigo Rotatoar mendadak Mual, muntah Nystagmus spontan
Menieres berat, berakhir dalam tinitus,
beberapa jam dan terjadi gangguan
berulang - ulang pendengaran 42
Differential Diagnosis Penderita Vertigo
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Differential Diagnosis Penderita Vertigo
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TREATMENT
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PENATALAKSANAAN
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TREATMENT OF THE CAUSE OF VERTIGO
CAUSE TREATMENT
PERIPHERAL CAUSE
BPPV Canalith repositioning manoeuvre (Brandt- Daroff)
CENTRAL CAUSE
Vascular disease Control of vascular risk fact ors, e. g., antiplatelet agents
1. ANTIVERTIGO
Vestibular Suppressant
1. Ca antagonist : Flunarizin
2. Vasodilator : Betahistine
3. Tranquilizer : diazepam, haloperidol, sulpiride
4. Antihistamin: Difenhidramine, meclizine.
5. CNS stimulant: ephedrin, amphetamine
2. Neurovegetative
Antiemetic
1. Anticholinergic: atropine, scopolamine
2. Phenotiazine: Prochlorperazine, metoclopramide.
3. Psychoaffective
Clonazepam for anxiety and panic attack
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Antivertigo Drugs
Betahistine:
For peripheral and central vertigo
promotion and facilitation of central vestibular compensation
Ginkgo biloba:
For peripheral and central vertigo
Accelerates postural and locomotorbalance and occulomotor
function and recovery
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VESTIBULAR REHABILITATION EXERCISE
Visual-vestibular interaction
Conditioning activities
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SELAMAT BELAJAR
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