Vaksin dan sera

Vaksin: Substansi yg bersifat antigen:

-mikro-organisme:
-bakteri
- virus
- adjuvan

Sera: Substansi yang bersifat sebagai antibodi:

-protein:
-Imunoglobulin (serum imun)
- monoklonal antibodi
 Vaksin
-Vaksin dalah substansi biologik yg dapat meningkatkan sistem
imun untk penyakit tertentu

-Vaksin mengandung sejumlah kecil agen yg menyerupai

mikroorganisme tertentu

- Agen akan menstimulir sistem imun tubuh untk mengenal

agen asing tersebut , membunuhnya , dan mengingatnya,

- Sehingga bila ada agen yg sama tersebut masuk kedalam

tubuh dengan mudah akan dibunuhnya
 Fungsi vaksin
• Sebagai profilaktik
• Mencegah serangan infeksi mikroba
patogen
• Sebagai therapeutik
• Untuk pengobatan penyakit kanker
 Syarat vaksin yang baik
1. Mampu meningkatkan respon imun terhadap penyakit
tertentu (TB-CMI; bakteriIg)

2. Mempunyai daya proteksi yg lama

– Idealnya masa hidupnya lama
3. Aman
– Tdk menimbulkan penyakit
4. Stabil
– Tdk berubah dlm penyimpanan seblm diberikan
5. Relative murah
 Mekanisme

A. Vaccines contain antigens (weakened or dead viruses, bacteria, and fungi that cause disease and infection)
B. B cells to produce antibodies, with assistance from T-cells
D. macrophages engulf them, process the information contained in the antigens,
C. and send it to the T-cells so that an immune system response can be mobilized
 Jenis vaksin yg telah diproduksi
• Hepatitis B virus
• Hepatitis A virus
• Influenza
• Measles
• Mumps
• Polio
• Rubella
• Rabies Develop vaccines against infectious diseases
• Yellow Fever such as tuberculosis, malaria, AIDS and rotavirus.

• Varicella Zoster
 Jenis vaksin

Vaksin hidup/live vaccine

Live attenuated organisms
Heterologous vaccines
Live recombinant vaccines
Vaksin

Vaksin mati/killed vaccine

Subcellular fractions
Recombinant proteins
 Vaksin hidup
• Attenuated organisms
– Organisme dilemahkan (kurang virulen) dengan
cara invitro mis.dg. perlakuan pemanasan
(mutans), dengan bahan kimia
– Org. Selektif mutans dlm tubuh bereplikasi lambat
dan tidak virulen, tdk menimbulkan gejala klinis
– Menimbulkan respons imun
 Vaksin hidup
• Heterologous vaccines
– Organisme yang mirip dengan target vaksin tetapi kurang
virulen, yg dpt berbagi antigen dengan organisme virulen
– Strain vaksin tersebut bereplikasi dalam tubuh penerima
dan menstumir terbentuknya respon Ab, bereaksi silang
dengan organisme virulen (target)
– Misalnya: virus cowpox dan vaccinia- mirip virus variola

Agen penyakit smallpox

 Vaksin rekombinan
-Menggunakan rekayasa genetika:

-Gen yg telah terkode sebg imunogenik protein dari

suatu organisme disisipkan kedalam genome
organisme lain (mis virus vaccinia)

-Organime tersebut mengekspresikan gen yg baru

gen baru tersebut dinamakan rekombinan

- Bila diinjeksikan pada individu akan bereplikasi

dan mengekspresikan sejumlah protein asing yg
cukup utk menginduse respon imun spesifik dr
protein tersebut
Vaksin rekombinan
 Vaksin mati/killed vaccine

Organisme patogen di inaktivkan

dengan cara:

- Pemanasan
- bahan kimia:
beta-propiolactone or formaldehyde

These vaccines are not infectious and are therefore relatively safe.
 Subcellular fractions:
- Protektive imun biasanya terjadi langsung dari
satu atau dua jenis protein dari organisme patogen

-Memungkinkan utk menggunakan protein murni

dari org yg dimurnikan utk digunakan sebagai vaksin

prosedur:
MO dibiakkan dan kemudian di inaktivkan
Protein yg diinginkan dimurnikan dan dikonsetratkan
dr suspensi kultur.
 Prosedur (vaksin virus polio)

Step 2 Step 3
Step 1 Use
Use the tissue culture Use the purifier to
isolate the polio formaldehyde to
to grow new viruses. kill the viruses.
viruses.

Done
Step 4
The polio
Fill the syringe with the
vaccine is
killed
complete.
 Prosedur (vaksin tetanus toxin)

Step 1 Step 3
Use the growth Step 2 Add aluminum
medium to grow new Isolate the salts to the purified
copies of the toxins with the toxins.
Clostridium tetani purifier.
bacteria

Done
Step 4
The tetanus
Fill the
vaccine is
syringe with
complete.
the treated
toxins.
 Vaksin protein rekombinan (killed vaksin)
-Immunogenic proteins of virulent organisms may be
synthesized artificially by introducing the gene coding
for the protein into an expression vector, such as E-
coli or yeasts.

The protein of interest can be extracted from lysates

of the expression vector, then concentrated and
purified for use as a vaccine.

The only example of such a vaccine, in current use,

is the hepatitis B vaccine.
 Prosedure protein rekombinan (vaksin HiB)

Step 2
Step 1 Add the
Use the segment of Step 3
tweezers to pull DNA to the DNA Use the purifier to
out a segment of a yeast cell isolate the hepatitis
of DNA from the (which is in the B antigen produced
hepatitis B yeast culture by the yeast cells.
virus.

Done Step 4
The hepatitis B Fill the syringe with the
vaccine is complete. purified hepatitis B
antigen.
Attributes - Killed vaccines
1.Immune response
•poor; only antibody - no cell immediated immune response.
•response is short-lived and multiple doses are needed.
•may be enhanced by the incorporation of adjuvants into the vaccine
preparation
2. Safety
•Inactivated, therefore cannot replicate in the host and cause disease.
•Local reactions at the site of injection may occur.
3. Stability
•Efficacy of the vaccine does not rely on the viability of the organisms.
•These vaccines tend to be able to withstand more adverse storage
conditions.
4. Expense
•Expensive to prepare.
 Adjuvants
Certain substances, when administered simultaneously with a specific
antigen, will enhance the immune response to that antigen. Such
compounds are routinely included in inactivated or purified antigen
vaccines.

Adjuvants in common use:

1. Aluminium salts
-First safe and effective compound to be used in human
vaccines.
-It promotes a good antibody response, but poor cell mediated
immunity.
2. Liposomes and Immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS)
3. Complete Freunds adjuvant is an emulsion of Mycobacteria, oil and
water ; -Too toxic for man
-Induces a good cell mediated immune
response.
4. Incomplete Freund's adjuvant as above, but without Mycobacteria.
5. Muramyl di-peptide
Derived from Mycobacterial cell wall.
6. Cytokines
IL-2, IL-12 and Interferon-gamma.
 DNA Vaccines
DNA vaccines are at present experimental, but hold promise for
future therapy since they will evoke both humoral and cell-
mediated immunity, without the dangers associated with live
virus vaccines.

The gene for an antigenic determinant of a pathogenic organism

is inserted into a plasmid.

This genetically engineered plasmid comprises the DNA vaccine

which is then injected into the host.

Within the host cells, the foreign gene can be expressed

(transcribed and translated) from the plasmid DNA, and if
sufficient amounts of the foreign protein are produced, they will
elicit an immune response.
 Sera (antibody)

The advantages of antibody-based therapies

include versatility,
low toxicity, pathogen specificity,
enhancement of immune function, and
favorable pharmacokinetics;

The disadvantages
include high cost,
limited usefulness against mixed infections, and
the need for early and precise microbiologic diagnosis.

The potential of antibodies as anti-infective agents has not been

fully tapped. Antibody-based therapies constitute a potentially
useful option against newly emergent pathogens.
 Serum therapy, human MAbs, and antimicrobial chemotherapy

Antibody therapy Chemotherapy

Immune serum Human MAb
Specificity Narrow Narrow Broad
Source Animals Tissue culture Fermentation
Humans Bioreactor Chemical
Fermentation synthesis
Toxicity High Low Low
Cost High High Low
Administration Difficult Easy Easy
Pharmacokinetics Variable Consistent Consistent
Mechanism Antimicrobial Antimicrobial Antimicrobial
of action Immune Immune
enhancement enhancement
Toxin neutralization Toxin neutralization