Faktor-faktor:
- Migrasi burung
- Serangga
- Angin
Adiantum pedatum : red; A. myriosorum : green; A. aleuticum : blue; and A. viridimontanum : yellow. (image by
LU Jinmei)
Tropical Disjuncts
Tropical Disjuncts
• Many other plants have been dispersed between Africa and South America
during the Tertiary, and they are doubtless still being dispersed at present
• On the other hand, present patterns of distribution suggest strongly that
Cactaceae and Bromeliaceae evolved in South America subsequently, one
genus of each having reached Africa, perhaps quite recently, by long-
distance dispersal.
• Prior to the middle Tertiary, migration between subtropical areas in
southeast Asia, India, and Africa has been simple and direct. Only with the
late Tertiary development of the deserts of Arabia and the Near East has
this communication been interrupted, and it is therefore not surprising to
find many links between the floras of the Indo-Malaysian region and Africa.
Southern Hemisphere Temperate Disjunctions
• The gradual disruption of this once continuous forest by the
movements of the continents was provided a predominant
theme in southern hemisphere distributions. Some
distributions, however, may be related to the earlier
connection of Africa and India with Antarctica, broken during
the middle Cretaceous
Fuchsia (Onagraceae)
• Pegunungan
Malaysia, New
Guinea, Australia,
dan Selandia Baru
semuanya
terangkat di
zaman Pliosen dan
setelahnya
Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap penyebaran
• Pengangkatan pegunungan di daerah tropis Afrika, Malaysia,
dan Amerika yang menyebabkan pergerakan antara daerah
beriklim belahan bumi utara dan selatan
• Wilayah Amerika Utara dan Selatan terletak pada jalur
migrasi burung yang teratur.
• Hampir tidak ada pertukaran yang sama antara daerah semi
kering dari Dunia Lama dan Dunia Baru kecuali yang
diakibatkan oleh aktivitas manusia. Ada banyak migrasi
burung antara Eurasia dan Afrika Selatan, namun hampir
tidak ada yang melintasi garis Wallace ke Australasia
• Jalur migrasi yang divisualisasikan oleh van Steenis
(1934-1936) melalui Malaysia tidak lebih dari beberapa
juta tahun