Anatomi Tumbuhan Final
Anatomi Tumbuhan Final
SEL TUMBUHAN
SEL TUMBUHAN
ORGANISASI SEL TUMBUHAN
Sitopalasma: plasmalema, tonoplas,
organel (RE, diktiosom, mitokondria,
Komponen ribosom, mikrotubul)
protoplasma
Nukleus: selaput nukleus, nukleolus,
kariolimf, kromosom, kromatin
Protoplas
Vakuola
Komponen
non protoplasma
SEL Zat ergastik: kristal, pati,aleuron,
Lamela tengah tetes minyak, cairan vakuola, dll.
Dinding Sekunder
Plant Cell…
PROTOPLASMA
Air
Air & senyawa organik
Karbohidrat
Lemak/lipid
Protein
Pigmen
Lateks
Alkaloid
Vitamin
Hormon
Antibiotik Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Plant Cell…
RETIKULUM ENDOPLASMA
Berhubungan dengan nukleus.
Organel
DIKTIOSOM
MITOKONDRIA
PLASTIDA
Merupakan organel yang khas pada tumbuhan.
Berfungsi sebagai tempat fotosintesis, cadangan makanan.
Organel
VAKUOLA
Cairan vakuola:
• Gula: glukosa, sukrosa, maltosa, dsb.
• Garam: garam Ca, Mg, K.
• Ca-oksalat kristal bermacam-macam bentuk.
• Protein
• Alkaloid: caffein, ephedrin, nicotine.
• Asam penyamak (tanin)
• Pigmen:
- karotenoid (tidak larut dalam air): kuning, oranye, merah
- antosianin (larut dalam air): merah jambu, oranye muda, merah ungu, biru.
- flavon (larut dalam air): kuning muda oranye
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Plant Cell…
Bentuk Kristal Ca-oksalat.
DINDING SEL
Kecuali sel gamet, semua sel tumbuhan mempunyai dinding sel.
Mikrofilamen
Berdiameter 5-7 nm
Berperan dalam tejadinya aliran sitoplasma
Mikrotubula
Bentuknya memanjang dengan diameter 23-27 nm
Biasa terdapat di tepi-tepi sitoplasma dekat dinding sel.
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Plant Cell…
ZAT ERGASTIK
nigra.
Kristal drus: agregat kristal prisma dengan ujung runcing serta
keseluruhannyaberbentuk bundar. Ex. Datuara, Ficus indica.
Kristal rafida: kristal panjang dan ramping yang kedua
ujungnya runcing. Ex. Agave.
Krtistal stiloid: berbentuk prisma yang panjang yang kedua
ujungnya meruncing seperti bilah. Ex. Agavaceae, Liliaceae.
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Plant Cell…
Bentuk Kristal Ca-oksalat.
JARINGAN TUMBUHAN
JARINGAN TUMBUHAN
Sel-sel tumbuhan terspesialisasi untuk menjalankan
fungsi khusus sebagaimana sel-sel pada organisme
multiseluler.
PERTUMBUHAN
MORFOGENESIS
DIFERENSIASI
Proses spesialisasi sel untuk membentuk jaringan
tumbuhan yang fungsional.
JARINGAN TUMBUHAN
1. Jaringan Meristematik
Jaringan yang sedang tumbuh.
Sel-selnya mampu membelah (secara mitotic).
Sel-selnya memiliki struktur yang sama, berdinding tipis dan
elastis (terbuat dari selulosa).
2. Jaringan Permanen
Sel-selnya lebih dewasa.
Membentuk bagian tumbuhan yang lebih stabil atau permanen.
“Cellular differentiation”
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Plant Tissue
Jaringan Meristematik
JARINGAN MERISTEMATIK
Jaringan meristematik (meristos = mampu membelah).
Meristematic
Tissue
Intercalary Lateral
Meristem Meristem
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Plant Tissue
JARINGAN MERISTEMATIK
THE TISSUE LOCATION FUNCTION
Apical Meristem Present at the growing tip of stem Increase in length of stem
and root and root
Lateral Meristem Found on the lateral sides of roots Increase in girth of stem
(also called and stem and root
cambium)
Intercalary Present at the base of leaves or Growth of leaves and
Meristem internodes branches
MERISTEM APEKS
Lokasinya: daerah pertumbuhan pada ujung batang dan akar.
Jaringan Meristematik
MERISTEM APEKS
Pucuk dan Akar
Jaringan Meristematik
MERISTEM INTERKALAR
Terdapat pada
Jaringan Meristematik
Menambah panjang
batang.
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
おわりました。。。
Permanent Tissue
JARINGAN PERMANEN
Permanent
Tissue
Surface
Complex Xylem
Epidermis Permanent
Tissue Phloem
Tissue
Periderm
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Plant Tissue
JARINGAN PERMANEN SEDERHANA
Terdiri atas kumpulan sel dengan tipe, asal dan fungsi
yang sama
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
4. Endodermis
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Simple Permanent Tissue
Parenkim
Description:
Sel hidup setelah dewasa.
Berdinding tipis (generally primary wall only).
Ukuran dan bentuknya bermacam-macam.
Umumnya punya rongga interseluler .
Mampu membelah (retain their meristematic capability)
Menginisiasi proses penyembuhan luka.
Menginisiasi pembentukan akar adventif.
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Simple Permanent Tissue
Parenkim
Dihasilkan oleh meristem dasar
Locations:
Cortex
Pith
Leaf mesophyll
Fruit "flesh"
Vertical strands in primary vascular tissue
Horizontal rays in secondary vascular tissue
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Simple Permanent Tissue
Parenkim
Functions
Fotosintesis: klorenkim because cells contain chloroplasts)
Mengapung: aerenchyma as in floating leaves that have hugeair
spaces
Tempat cadangan makanan (may contain a number of
substances)
Sel transfer. Transfer cells have wall ingrowths (invaginations) that increase
surface area. Transfer cells help move solutes across short distances. They are
often found in veins, leaf traces, and reproductive structures. Secretion cells
that line ducts and glands (nectar,Dr.oils, gums,
Rusdi Hasan, M.Si. hormones) are transfer cells.
Simple Permanent Tissue
Parenkim
Tipe-tipe jaringan parenkim
Kolenkim
Locations
Tulang daun pada dikotil
Batang muda dan tangkai daun
Description
Selnya panjang
Penebalan inding sel primer tidak merata
Hidup pada sel dewasa
Function
Memberikan sokongan Dr.yang fleksibel
Rusdi Hasan, M.Si. pada organ tumbuhan
Simple Permanent Tissue
Types:
Kolenkim
1. Kolenkim lamelar: hanya dinding tangensial yang menebal
sedangkan dinding radialnya tidak. Ex: In hypodermis of
Helianthus.
Kolenkim
Tipe-tipe jaringan kolenkim
Sklerenkim
Description
Dinding sel sangat tebal (dari lignin).
Lumen sempit.
Umumnya mati ketika dewasa (Function dead)
Locations
Anywhere in plant
Types:
1. Sklereid
2. Serabut Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Sklerenkim
Sklereid
Pendek dengan berbagai bentuk.
Tipe Sklereid
1. Bracky-sclereid atau sel batu (bentuk isodiametrik). Found in
bark, pith, cortex, hard endocarp and fleshy portions of some fruits.
They are eg. pulp of Pyrus,
2. Serabut (Fiber)
Sel mati.
Panjang dan langsing dengan lumen sempit
dan ujung runcing.
Dinding sekunder merata tebalnya.
Memiliki noktah sederhana.
Merupakan jaringan penyokong.
Ditemukan juga pada selaput biji (disebut
serabut permukaan), misalnya kapas.
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Sklerenkim
Serabut (Fiber)
Xylem
Phloem
Xylem
Bagian tumbuhan yang dikenal sebagai kayu.
Mengangkut air dar mineral dari akar sampai daun.
Digunakan juga sebagai tempat cadangan makanan,
terutama pada akar tumbuhan tertentu.
Tersusun atas elemen-elemen xilem, yaitu:
1. Trakea (Vessels)
2. Trakeid (Tracheids)
3. Serabut xilem (Xylem Fibers/sclerenchyma)
4. Parenkim xilem (Xylem Parenchyma)
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Xylem
Komponen Xilem
Komponen Xilem
Sel memanjang dengan dinding sekunder yang saling bertautan pada ujungnya
sehingga membentuk saturan.
They are annular (ring like), spiral (spring like), scalariform (ladder
like), reticulate (net like) and pitted (uniformly thick except at pits).
Sel hidup.
Sel tapis
Sel tapis terdapat pada Gymnosperms and non-seed vascular
plants.
Cel hidup.
Sel mati.
Sieve-tube members:
longitudinal view
Vessel Tracheids 100 m
Companion cell
Pits
Sieve-tube
member
Sieve
Tracheids and vessels plate
Vessel Nucleus
element
Vessel elements with 30 m
partially perforated 15 m
end walls Tracheids
Companion
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Cytoplasm cell
おわりました。。。
Sachs (1875):
1. Vascular tissue system.
2. Epidermal tissue system.
3. Ground tissue system.
Jaringan pengangkut:
• Xylem
Conducts H2O and some minerals from roots upward
• Phloem
Conducts solutes from where located to where needed
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Vascular tissue system
Tipe-tipe Berkas Pembuluh
Ikatan pembuluh terdiri atas floem dan xylem yang selalu
terorganisir dalam suatu kelompok yang disebut berkas
atau ikatan pembuluh (vascular bundle).
1. Exarch
Protoxilem mengarah ke periferal metaxilem mengarah ke pusat.
Terdapat pada akar.
2. Endarh
Protoxilem mengarah ke pusat metaxilem mengarah ke periferal.
Terdapat pada batang.
Exarch Endarh
Batang dikotil
The cortex
Akar (monokotil, dikotil)
Endodermis
Akar (monokotil, dikotil)
Endodermis
Pericycle
Akar (monokotil, dikotil)
Empulur
Akar (monokotil, dikotil)
Batang (monokotil)
Sistem jaringan dasar merupakan
Ground
masa jaringan parenkim dimana tissue
empulur. 1 mm
Daun
Jaringan dasar pada daun
tersusun atas jaringan
klorenkim.
100 µm
Lower
epidermis
3 . Epidermal modifications
Rambut atau trikoma: many types for many purposes.
• Root hair: absorption of water and minerals.
• Hairs on xeromorphic plants reflect sunlight, lowering temperature and reducing water loss
• Some hairs on salt marsh plants secrete salt
• Some hairs can absorb water and minerals on above ground parts of plants
• Hairs may defend the plant against predators with barbs, traps, etc.
3 . Epidermal modifications
Kelenjar atau Struktur Sekresi (Glands)
Nectar (flowers) from nectaries.
Oils (peanuts, oranges, citrus) from accumulation of glands and
elaioplasts.
Resins (conifers) from resin canals.
Lacticifers (Latex - milkweed, rubber plants, opium poppy).
Hydathodes (openings for secretion of water).
Digestive glands of carnivorous plants (enzymes).
Salt glands that shed salt (especial in plants adapted to
environments laden with salt).
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Epidermal Tissue System
3 . Epidermal modifications
Meristems
• Apical: tips of roots and buds; primary
growth
• Lateral: cylinders of dividing cells along
length of roots and stems; secondary
growth (wood) Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Plant Growth
Pertumbuhan Primer
– Menyebabkan penambahan panjang tumbuhan
– Hasil aktifitas meristem primer (apical meristem)
Pertumbuhan Sekunder
– Menyebabkan penambahan diameter tumbuhan
– Hasil aktifitas kambium pembuluh dan kambium
gabus (lateral meristem)
– Hanya pada jenis tumbuhan tertentu (woody plants
such as dicot and gymnosperms)
– Menghasilkan: kayu dan gabus
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Location of Meristematic Tissues Plant Growth
Axillary buds
Leaf scar
Node
This year’s growth Stem
(one year old)
Internode
One-year-old side
branch formed
from axillary bud
near shoot apex
Leaf scar
Last year’s growth Scars left by terminal
(two years old) bud scales of previous
winters
Leaf scar
Growth of two
years ago (three
years old)
Akar
0.6 bya
2.5 bya
ORIGIN
ORIGIN
Origin
FUNCTION:
Melekatkan tumbuhan pada tanah.
Absorpsi air dan nutrisi atau senyawa terlarut dari tanah
(nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium, boron, etc.) yang
diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan normal, development,
photosynthesis, and reproduction.
Pada beberapa jenis tumbuhan, akar beradaptasi untuk
fungsi khusus.
Tudung akar
Zona pembelahan sel
Zona pemanjangan
Zone diferensiasi atau
pematangan
then elongate……..,
…………and finally
mature & differentiate
Apical meristem
menghasilkan 3
Primary growth
meristem primer:
1. Protoderm
2. Meristem dasar
3. Prokambium
Protoderm menjadi
Primary growth
epidermis
Meristem dasar
menjadi korteks
Prokambium menjadi
stele
hari.
Quiescent Center
Menghasilka:
the protoderm (which forms the
epidermis)
the ground meristem (which
forms the ground tissue)
the procambium (forms the
primary phloem and xylem).
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
The Roots…
Zone of Elongation
Sel-sel pada zona ini memanjang
Primary growth
Epidermis
Cortex
Procambium
Root Hairs
Cortex
Vascular Stele
Endodermis
Pericycle
Phloem
Xylem
stele
Sel-selnya
mempertahankan sifat
meristematik dan dapat
menghasilkan akar
lateral
Cortex
Vascular
cylinder
1 2
Epidermis
Lateral root
AKAR DIKOTIL
DAN
MONOKOTIL
Endodermis
cell
Pericycle cell
Phloem cell
Xylem vessel
elements
Intercellular
space
Greenbrier
Epidermis
Cortex
Stele
Cortex
Vascular
cylinder
Primary growth
Endodermis
Pericycle
Core of
parenchyma
cells
Xylem
100 m Phloem
100 m
(a) Transverse section of a typical root. In the
roots of typical gymnosperms and eudicots, as (b) Transverse section of a root with parenchyma
well as some monocots, the stele is a vascular in the center. The stele of many monocot roots
cylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylem is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchyma
with phloem between the lobes. surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.
Endodermis Key
Dermal
Pericycle
Ground
Vascular
Xylem
Phloem
Ulmus sp. (Ulmaceae), transverse sections of roots with (left) recent secondary
growth and (bottom) more extensive secondary thickening. pe . periderm, ph .
phloem, vc . vascular cambium, xy . xylem.
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
The Roots…
Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots
Tuberous
BATANG
BATANG
Pertumbuhan Primer
Gymnosremae
Epidermis
Cortex
Vascular Bundle
– Xylem
– Vascular Cambium
– Phloem
– Fibers
Pith
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
The Stem:
Tissue Organization of Primary
Stems Growth
Phloem Xylem
In gymnosperms Sclerenchyma
(fiber cells)
Ground tissue
connecting
pith to cortex
and most
eudicots:
Jaringan pembuluh
terdiri atas berkas Pith
tersusun dalam
Epidermis Cortex Dermal
Vascular Ground
bundle
Vascular
lingkaran.
1 mm
pith
Batang Monokotil
Epidermis
Ground Tissue
Parallel Veination
Scattered Vascular Bundles
– Xylem
– Phloem
– Fibers Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
The Stem:
Primary
Ground
tissue
Berkas pembuluh
tidak tersusun
dalam lingkaran, Epidermis
tetapi tersebar
dalam jaringan Vascular
bundles
dasar. 1 mm
Dicot Monocot
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
PERTUMBUHAN SEKUNDER
BATANG
Secondary Growth
(roots and shoots)
Pertumbuha
n diameter
batang
Kambium pembuluh
menghasilkan xilem
sekunder ke arah dalam
dan floem sekunder ke
arah luar.
Kambium gabus
menghasilkan sel-sel gabus
yang menggantikan
epidermis.
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Secondary growth in stems
Sejalan dengan
pertambahan
diameter batang,
jaringan diluar
kambium gabus akan
terdesak dan lepas.
Sejalan dengan
pertambahan diameter
batang, kambium gabus
dibentuk kembali pada
lapisan lebih dalam
jaringan korteks dan
selanjutnya dari floem
sekunder ketika korteks
sudah tdak ada.
Sel-sel
kambium
(a)
lebih aktif
Types of cell division. An initial can divide
transversely to form two cambial initials (C)
or radially to form an initial and either a
xilem C
daripada
floem (b) Accumulation of secondary growth. Although shown here
as alternately adding xylem and phloem, a cambial initial usually
produces much more xylem.
Sapwood: Conducts
water and minerals
Differentiation – specialization
Tendrils Cladodes
Anatomi Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Stomatal pore
Daun
Epidermal
cell
Sclerenchyma
Cuticle fibers 50 µm
(b) Surface view of a spiderwort
Stoma
(Tradescantia) leaf (LM)
Upper
epidermis
Palisade
Bundle- mesophyll
sheath
cell Spongy
mesophyll
Lower
Guard epidermis
cells Cuticle
Xylem Vein Vein Air spaces Guard cells
Phloem Guard Figure 35.17a–c
cells (c) Transverse section of a lilac 100 µm
(a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si. (Syringa) leaf (LM)
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
PERTUMBUHAN PRIMER PADA DAUN
The Dr.
“veins” inM.Si.
Rusdi Hasan, leaves
Primary growth in leaves
Aloe vera
4 Classifications:
3 Major Parts: 2 Categories: ØComplete
ØGynoecium ØMonoecious
ØIncomplete
ØAndroecium Ødioecious
ØPerfect
ØPerianth
ØImperfect
dan axilary)
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Bagian-bagian Bunga:
1. Perianth
Outer floral parts
Composed of the calyx & corolla
2. Calyx
Ring of sepals making up the outermost part
Leaflike
Usually green, but can be any color
Protection for the Dr.other floral
Rusdi Hasan, M.Si. parts
3. Corolla
Inner set of leaflike parts inside the calyx
Composed of petals
Usually white or bright colored to attract insects to the nectar
Protect the inner organs of the flower
4. Receptacle/Torus
Apex of the pedicel where the organs of the flower are developed
5. Floral Bracts
Modified leaves that simulate petals
Make inconspicuous flowers more obvious
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Essential Organs
Reproductive structures responsible for the survival of the species
1. Stamens
Male reproductive organs
May be attached to the receptacle or the corolla
Filament – thin stalk attaching the anther to the flower
Anther – lobed, oblong, baglike on top of the filament; produces
pollen that develops the male germ cells; usually yellow, 1-4 cavities
where pollen is released
Pollen – tiny specks; may form a layer of powder; usually one-
celled; spherical, ovoid, or disklike; ridges, spines, and germ spores
on outside, very different from specie to specie; used in ID
Stamens may be opposite or alternate w/ the petals
4. Stigma
Tip of the style/pistil specialized to receive pollen grains
and model
Signal transduction (2.6%)
Unknown
(36.6%) Protein biosynthesis (2.7%)
Electron transport
systems (3%)
Protein
modification (3.7%)
understanding of
Other biological
processes (18.6%)
Figure 35.21 Transport (8.5%)
plants
Arabidopsis
IsRusdi
Dr. the first plant to
Hasan, M.Si.
Reproduction
Anther
with
pollen
In angiosperms
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther
to a stigma
If pollination is successful, a pollen grain produces
a structure called a pollen tube, which grows down
into the ovary and discharges sperm near the
embryo sac
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Pollen develops from microspores within the
sporangia of anthers
Pollen sac
(a) Development of a male gametophyte (microsporangium)
(pollen grain)
1 Each one of the
microsporangia Micro- MEIOSIS
contains diploid sporocyte
microsporocytes
(microspore
mother cells). Micro-
spores (4)
2 Each microsporo-
cyte divides by
Each of 4 MITOSIS
meiosis to produce
microspores
four haploid
microspores,
each of which Generative
develops into cell (will Male
a pollen grain. form 2 Gametophyte
sperm) (pollen grain)
3 A pollen grain becomes a
mature male gametophyte Nucleus
when its generative nucleus of tube cell KEY
divides and forms two sperm. 20 m to labels
This usually occurs after a
pollen grain lands on the stigma Ragweed Haploid (2n)
of a carpel and the pollen pollen Diploid (2n)
75 m
Figure 38.4a tube begins to grow. (See grain
Figure 38.2b.)
Mega- 1
Within the ovule’s
sporangium megasporangium
Ovule Mega- is a large diploid
sporocyte cell called the
MEIOSIS Integuments megasporocyte
(megaspore
Micropyle
mother cell).
2
The megasporocyte divides by
Surviving meiosis and gives rise to four
megaspore haploid cells, but in most
Female gametophyte species only one of these
(embryo sac) survives as the megaspore.
MITOSIS
Ovule Antipodel 3
Cells (3) Three mitotic divisions
Polar of the megaspore form
Nuclei (2) the embryo sac, a
multicellular female
Egg (1)
gametophyte. The
Integuments Synergids (2) ovule now consists of
the embryo sac along
with the surrounding
Key integuments (protective
to labels Embryo tissue).
sac
100 m
Haploid (2n)
Buah
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
From Ovary to Fruit
A fruit
Develops from the ovary
Protects the enclosed seeds
Aids in the dispersal of seeds by wind or
animals
Carpels
Flower
Stamen Ovary
Stigma
Stamen
Ovule
Pea flower Raspberry flower Pineapple inflorescence
Carpel
Each
(fruitlet) Stigma
segment
Seed develops
Ovary
from the
Stamen carpel of
one flower
Pea fruit
Raspberry fruit Pineapple fruit
(a) Simple fruit. A simple fruit (b) Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit (c) Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit
develops from a single carpel (or develops from many separate develops from many carpels
several fused carpels) of one flower carpels of one flower (examples: of many flowers (examples:
(examples: pea, lemon, peanut). raspberry, blackberry, strawberry). pineapple, fig).
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si. Figure 38.9a–c
THE SEED
BIJI
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
From Ovule to Seed
Endosperm development
Usually precedes embryo development
In most monocots and some eudicots
The endosperm stores nutrients that can be used by
the seedling after germination
In other eudicots
The food reserves of the endosperm are completely
exported to the cotyledons (embryonic seed leaves)
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Cotyledons
Figure 38.8a
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Other Eudicots
Seed coat
Endosperm
Cotyledons
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Hypocotyl
Radicle
Radicle
Pericarp fused
with seed coat
Scutellum
(cotyledon) Endosperm
Epicotyl
Coleoptile
Hypocotyl
Coleorhiza
Radicle
(c) Maize, a monocot. Like all monocots, maize has only one
cotyledon. Maize and other grasses have a large cotyledon called a
scutellum. The rudimentary shoot is sheathed in a structure called
the coleoptile, and the coleorhiza covers the young root.
Figure 38.8c
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Embryogenesis
Fertilization
Zygote (2N)
Cytokinesis
Proembryo
Globular Stage
Heart Stage
Torpedo Stage
Mature Embryo
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Dr. Rusdi Hasan, M.Si.
Embryogenesis
Fertilization
Sperm (1N) + Egg(1N) →
Zygote (2N)
Double Fertilization
(Angiosperms)
2 Polar Nuclei (2x1N) +
Sperm (1N) →
Endosperm (3N)
Hypogeal Emergence