STRUCTURE

AND WRITTEN
EXPRESSION
Sesi kedua di dalam TOEFL merupakan Structure and Written Expression
yang terdiri dari 40 soal.

1. Structure (soal 1-15) terdiri 15 kalimat yang memiliki bagian rumpang.

Di antara empat pilihan jawaban, pilih pilihan jawaban yang tata
bahasanya (grammar) paling tepat dan benar untuk melengkapi
kalimat.

2. Written Expression (soal 16-40) terdiri 25 kalimat yang tiap kalimatnya

terdapat empat pilihan jawaban berupa kata atau kelompok kata yang
digarisbawahi. Di antara empat pilihan jawaban, pilih pilihan jawaban
yang salah atau tidak sesuai dengan kalimat.
SENTENCES WITH ONE CLAUSE / KALIMAT
DENGAN SATU KLAUSA
 SUBJECTS AND VERBS
Sebuah kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris harus memiliki Subjek/subject dan kata
kerja/verb. Hal yang paling pertama dilakukan saat mendapati kalimat pada sesi
Structure ialah mencari Subjek dan kata kerja.

CONTOH SOAL _____ was ringing continuously for hours.

(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells
PENJELASAN
Kalimat di atas hanya memiliki kata kerja yaitu was ringing, namun tidak memiliki
Subjek. Subjek kalimat yang dicari ialah tunggal/singular, karena ada to be was.
Jadi jawaban yang paling tepat adalah C. The phone
VERB
 OBJECT OF PREPOSITONS
Sebuah object of preposition ialah kata benda/noun atau kata ganti
benda/pronoun yang posisinya setelah preposition contohnya about, in, at,
of, to, for, by, behind dan on.
The trip to the island lasted for three hours.
to + object of for + object of
Subject preposition Verb preposition

CONTOH SOAL To Mike_____ was a big surprise.

(A) really (B) the party
(C) funny (D) when
PENJELASAN
Kalimat di atas memiliki kata kerja/verb yaitu was. To Mike bukanlah Subjek,
namun to + object of preposition oleh karena harus dicari Subjek untuk
melengkapi kalimat di atas. Jawaban yang paling tepat ialah B. the party.
 LATIHAN SUBJECT AND VERB DAN OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONS

1. The plane_____ landing at the airport in five minutes.

(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be

2. With his friend _____ found the movie theater.

(A) has
(B) he
(C) later
(D) when
 LATIHAN SUBJECT AND VERB DAN OBJECT OF PREPOSITIONS

1. The plane_____ landing at the airport in five minutes.

(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be

2. With his friend _____ found the movie theater.

(A) has
(B) he
(C) later
(D) when
 PRESENT PARTICIPLES
Present participles ialah bentuk –ing dari kata kerja/ Ving.
FUNGSI CIRI CONTOH KALIMAT
Verb diikuti to be The tall girl is sitting next to me now.
Adjective tidak diikuti to be The tall girl sitting next to me now is my friend.
to be = (is/am/are, was/were)
CONTOH The film _____ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.
SOAL (A) now (B) is
(C) it (D) was
PENJELASAN
Dalam kalimat di atas sudah ada the film sebagai Subjek dan is sebagai kata
kerja. Oleh karena itu, tidak perlu lagi kata kerja seperti (B) is dan (D) was,
dan tidak perlu Subjek seperti (C) it. Jadi, jawaban yang tepat ialah A. now.
 PAST PARTICIPLES
Past participles ialah bentuk –ed dari kata kerja.
FUNGSI CIRI CONTOH KALIMAT
Simple Past/V2 setelah subject She painted this picture yesterday.
Past participles setelah to be This picture is painted by her.
of a verb/V3 (is/am/are, was/were) (passive)
setelah have (have, She has painted this picture before.
has, having, had) (perfect)
Adjective sebelum preposition This picture painted by her is beautiful.
setelah to be I am obsessed with this picture.
(is/am/are, was/were) (feeling)
 PAST PARTICIPLES

CONTOH The bread_____ baked this morning is delicious.

SOAL (A) has (B) was
(C) it (D) just

PENJELASAN
Dalam kalimat di atas sudah ada the bread sebagai Subjek dan baked
sebagai kata kerja. Oleh karena itu tidak perlu lagi kata kerja seperti
(A) has dan (B) was, dan tidak perlu Subjek seperti (C) it. Jawaban
paling tepat ialah D. just.
 LATIHAN PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES

1. The earliest medicines _____ from plants of various sorts.

(A) obtaining
(B) they obtained
(C) were obtained
(D) they were obtained

2. Pluto’s moon, Charon, _____ , in a slightly elliptical path around the

planet.
(A) moving
(B) is moving
(C) it was moving
(D) in its movement
 LATIHAN PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES

1. The earliest medicines _____ from plants of various sorts.

(A) obtaining
(B) they obtained
(C) were obtained
(D) they were obtained

2. Pluto’s moon, Charon, _____ , in a slightly elliptical path around the

planet.
(A) moving
(B) is moving
(C) it was moving
(D) in its movement
SENTENCES WITH MULTIPLE CLAUSES /
KALIMAT DENGAN BEBERAPA KLAUSA
 COORDINATE CONNECTORS
Digunakan untuk menyatukan dua atau lebih klausa yang setara.
Coordinators antara lain ialah for, and, nor, but, or, yet dan so seringkali
disingkat sebagai FANBOYS.
FUNGSI CONTOH KALIMAT
for reason (alasan) We listened seriously, for he brought news of our families.
and addition (tambahan) She didn’t speak to anyone, and nobody spoke to her.
nor disjunction I don’t expect children to be rude, nor do I expect to be
(tambahan negatif) disobeyed.
but contrast (kontras) They rushed to the hospital, but they were too late.
or option (pilihan) I will go shopping, or I will go camping.
yet non cause-effect Kelly was a criminal, yet many people admired him.
(tidak berakibat)
so cause-effect I was feeling hungry, so I made myself a sandwich.
(sebab-akibat)
 COORDINATE CONNECTORS
Digunakan untuk menyatukan dua atau lebih klausa yang setara.
Coordinators antara lain ialah for, and, nor, but, or, yet dan so yang
seringkali disingkat
Subject sebagai
+ verb, FANBOYS
coordinate connector Subject + verb
I want a new shirt, but I don’t have money.
CONTOH I forgot my coat,_____ I got very cold.
SOAL (A) then (B) so
(C) later (D) as a result

PENJELASAN
Kalimat di atas membutuhkan coordinate connector yang tepat.
Coordinate connector yang menunjukkan result ialah B. so .
 ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS
Digunakan untuk menyatukan dua atau lebih klausa yang setara.
Antara lain ialah:

JENIS CONNECTORS
Condition/Kondisi if unless whether
in case providing provided
Contrast/Kontrast although though while
even though where
Cause/Sebab because since
Time/ Waktu after until since
as when
before while
 ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS

CONTOH _____ arrived at the library, he started the work immediately.

SOAL (A) The student (C) He
(B) When (D) After the student

perlu connector untuk The student arrived at the library

menggabungkan dua kalimat He started the work immediately.

PENJELASAN
Untuk melengkapi kalimat pertama diperlukan Subjek dan connector
yang tepat yaitu connector keterangan waktu. Jawaban yang benar
ialah D. After the student.
 5-6 EXERCISE

1. A spacecraft is freed from friction _____ launched into space.

(A) it
(B) it is
(C) after is
(D) after it is

2. Bears cannot see well _____ small eyes.

(A) bears have
(B) because having
(C) because they have
(D) because of bears
 SKILL 5-6 EXERCISE

1. A spacecraft is freed from friction _____ launched into space.

(A) it
(B) it is
(C) after is
(D) after it is

2. Bears cannot see well _____ small eyes.

(A) bears have
(B) because having
(C) because they have
(D) because of bears
 7 :NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
Noun clause merupakan klausa yang berfungsi sebagai noun/kata benda.
Noun clause bisa berfungsi sebagai subjek kalimat/objek kalimat/
objek dari preposition. Connectors yang digunakan dengan noun clauses:

what when where why how whatever whenever whether if that

 NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS
CONTOH The citizens worry about __________ is doing
SOAL (A) what the government
(B) the government
(C) what
(D) what the government it

PENJELASAN
Sebuah clause memerlukan setidaknya subjek dan kata kerja, karena
pada kalimat sudah ada kata kerja yaitu is maka diperlukan subjek dan
tentu saja connector untuk melengkapi kalimat.
Jawaban yang paling tepat ialah A. what the government
 8 :NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJECT
Connectors berikut terkadang berfungsi sebagai connectors dan juga sebagai
subjek dari noun clause tersebut:
 
who what which whoever whatever whichever
 8 :NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJECT
CONTOH SOAL
The company was prepared for _____ happened with the economy.
(A) it (B) the problem
(C) what (D) when

PENJELASAN
Sebuah clause memerlukan setidaknya subjek dan kata kerja karena
pada kalimat sudah ada kata kerja yaitu happened oleh karena itu kita
memerlukan subjek dan connector untuk melengkapi kalimat.
Jawaban yang paling tepat ialah C. what yang berperan sebagai
connector dan juga subjek
 SKILL 7 - 8 EXERCISE
1. Today, the true story of _____ at Bighorn remains a mystery.
(A) happened
(B) it happened
(C) what happened
(D) what happening

2. We still do not know _____ this country next year.

(A) will lead
(B) leading
(C) we will lead
(D) who will lead
 7 - 8 EXERCISE
1. Today, the true story of _____ at Bighorn remains a mystery.
(A) happened
(B) it happened
(C) what happened
(D) what happening

2. We still do not know _____ this country next year.

(A) will lead
(B) leading
(C) we will lead
(D) who will lead
 9 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
Adjective clause merupakan klausa yang berfungsi seperti adjective (kata
sifat) dan digunakan untuk menjelaskan tentang kata benda (noun).
Berikut adalah connectors yang digunakan dengan adjective clauses:
FUNGSI CONTOH
which (untuk I am reading the book which you recommended.
benda) connector + subject + verb

whom (untuk My best friend whom I loved will get married soon.
orang) connector + subject + verb

that (untuk The horror story that you told last night is scary!
benda/orang) connector + subject + verb + adverb of time
 9 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
CONTOH The job _____ started yesterday was rather difficult.
SOAL (A) when
(B) was
(C) after
(D) that he
PENJELASAN
Sebuah clause memerlukan setidaknya subjek dan kata kerja karena
pada kalimat sudah ada kata kerja yaitu started oleh karena itu kita
memerlukan subjek dan tentu saja connector untuk melengkapi kalimat.
Jawaban paling tepat ialah D. that he
 10:ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJEK
Adjective clause connectors dapat berfungsi sebagai connectors dan
juga sebagai subjek dari adjective clause tersebut. Seperti contoh
berikut:
FUNGSI CONTOH
who (untuk
She needs a secretary who types fast.
orang) connector and subject + verb

which (untuk
The notebook which is on the table is my book.
benda) connector and subject + verb + adverb of place

that (untuk
He threw the glass that broke yesterday.
benda/orang) connector and subject + verb + adverb of time
 10:ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS/SUBJEK
CONTOH _____ just dropped off a package for you is my sister.
SOAL (A) The woman
(B) The woman who
(C) Because the woman
(D) With the woman

PENJELASAN
Sebuah clause memerlukan setidaknya subjek dan kata kerja karena pada
kalimat sudah ada kata kerja yaitu dropped oleh karena itu kita memerlukan
subjek dan connector untuk melengkapi kalimat.
Jawaban yang paling tepat ialah B. The woman who
The woman berperan sebagai noun yang perlu dijelaskan dan who berperan
sebagai connector dan juga subjek dari adjective clause.
 9-10 EXERCISE

1. The first writing _____evidence of is on Mesopotamian clay tables.

(A) we
(B) that we
(C) has
(D) that we have

2. _____ that hunted other animals tended to have very narrow and
sharp claws.
(A) For dinosaurs
(B) Dinosaurs are known
(C) Dinosaurs
(D) Like dinosaurs
 9-10 EXERCISE

1. The first writing _____evidence of is on Mesopotamian clay tables.

(A) we
(B) that we
(C) has
(D) that we have

2. _____ that hunted other animals tended to have very narrow and
sharp claws.
(A) For dinosaurs
(B) Dinosaurs are known
(C) Dinosaurs
(D) Like dinosaurs
 SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT

• Didalam Bahasa Inggris, kata kerja/verb harus sesuai dengan Subjek.

• Apabila Subjek kalimat tunggal (singular), maka kata kerja/verb
harus tunggal.
• Apabila Subjek kalimat jamak (plural), maka kata kerja/verb harus
jamak.

VERB VERB
 VERB (KATA KERJA)
BASE FORM PRESENT PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
turn turn(s) turning turned turned
eat eat(s) eating ate eaten
go go(es) going went gone
do do(es) doing did done

PAST PARTICLES AFTER HAVE

Apapun bentuk have (have, has, having, had), apabila ada verb
setelahnya maka harus dalam bentuk past participle/Verb 3.
Bentuk verb setelah have CONTOH
have + Verb 3 1. I have eaten my breakfast.
had + Verb 3 2. We had done our works yesterday.
 VERB (KATA KERJA)
BASE FORM VERBS AFTER MODALS
Setelah modal (will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must), verb yang
mengikuti harus base form. Apabila ada be maka verb mengikuti peraturan berikutnya.
Bentuk verb setelah modal CONTOH
modal + verb 1. We can go together. 2. She will come with us.

PRESENT PARTICLES/PAST PARTICLES AFTER BE

Apapun bentuk be (is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being), verb yang mengikuti harus
dalam bentuk present participle atau past participle.
Bentuk verb setelah be CONTOH
1. be + present participle (continuous) 1. They are turning on their laptops.
2. be + past participle (passive) 2. The office door is locked every night.
modal + be + past/present participle 1. Our names will be written on the list. (passive)
2. Your heart must be beating so fast because you like
her. (continuous)
 LATIHAN VERB
Decide whether the sentences below CORRECT or INCORRECT!

1. We have become good friends in the last year.

2. Your name will be list in the new directory.
3. The new movie is receive good reviews.
 LATIHAN VERB
Decide whether the sentences below CORRECT or INCORRECT!

1. We have become good friends in the last year.

2. Your name will be list in the new directory.
3. The new movie is receive good reviews.

1. We have become good friends in the last year.

2. Your name will be list in the new directory. will be listed
3. The new movie is receive good reviews.  is receiving
 NOUN (KATA BENDA)
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
Gunakan kata benda tunggal (singular) dan jamak (plural) dengan tepat.
singular nouns each, every, - Each student has the new book.
single, one, a
plural nouns both, two..., many, - Several students have the new book.
several, various

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Gunakan kata benda dapat dihitung (countable) dan tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable)
dengan tepat. Berikut kata kunci yang menandakan apakah kata benda tersebut
termasuk dapat dihitung atau tidak.
countable many, number, - Raka invites few friends to his party.
nouns few, fewer
uncountable much, amount, - He doesn’t have much money left.
nouns little, less
 NOUN (KATA BENDA)
Untuk mengubah kata benda tunggal menjadi jamak biasanya cukup dengan
menambahkan –s namun ada beberapa kata benda tunggal yang menjadi kata jamak
tanpa perlu ditambahkan –s. Kata benda ini disebut irregular plurals.
. IRREGULAR PLURALS
Vowel change man / men foot / feet goose / geese
woman / women tooth / teeth mouse / mice
Add -EN child / children ox/oxen
Same as deer / deer sheep / sheep salmon / salmon
singular fish / fish trout / trout
-IS  -ES analysis / analyses hypothesis / hypotheses synthesis / syntheses
crisis / crises parenthesis / thesis / theses
diagnosis / diagnoses parentheses
Ends in -A bacterium / bacteria phenomenon / phenomena
curriculum / curricula criterion / criteria
datum / data
-US  -I alumnus / alumni stimulus / stimuli cactus / cacti
bacillus / bacilli syllabus / syllabi fungus / fungi
 NOUN (KATA BENDA)
Kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris bisa berupa kegiatan atau pekerjaan, benda mati dan
orang yang melakukan kegiatan tersebut.

Orang artist, teacher, - He is an artist.

participant - Miss L
- Husin my favorite participant in Master Chef.
Kegiatan art, teaching, - His art is spectacular.
dan lainnya participation - Your participation will be counted as part of the score.
19-20 NOUN (KATA BENDA)
EXERCISE Decide whether the sentences below CORRECT or INCORRECT!
1. You need to show a little kindness.
2. There was a large amount of apples in the bowl.
3. You must answer every question on the test.
4. He gave me many different reason, but I didn’t believe him.

1
19-20 NOUN (KATA BENDA)
EXERCISE Decide whether the sentences below CORRECT or INCORRECT!
1. You need to show a little kindness.
2. There was a large amount of apples in the bowl.
3. You must answer every question on the test.
4. He gave me many different reason, but I didn’t believe him.

1. You need to show a little kindness. 

2. There was a large amount of apples in the bowl.  number
3. You must answer every question on the test. 
4. He said many different reason, but I didn’t believe him.  reasons

1
 11 AGREEMENT AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
Kata kerja tetap menyesuaikan Subjek, meski adanya prepositional
phrase di antara kata kerja dan Subjek.

The servers in this restaurant always do their job efficiently.

(prepositional phrases)

EXERCISE Decide whether the sentences below CORRECT or INCORRECT!

1. The chairs in the dining room is quite comfortable.
2. The cost of the clothes was higher than I had expected

ANSWERS
1. The chairs in the dining room are quite comfortable. 
2. The cost of the clothes was higher than I had expected. 
 12 AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
Apabila ada all/some/most/half/part , kata kerja menyesuaikan Objek
setelah preposition of.
Half of the students in our school go to school early.
(Objek)

EXERCISE Decide whether the sentences below CORRECT or INCORRECT!

1. Some of the fruits inside the fridge are rotten.
2. Most of the people in the room is paying attention.

ANSWERS
1. Some of the fruits inside the fridge are rotten. 
2. Most of the people in the room are higher than I had expected. 
 13 AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS
Kata-kata berikut merupakan singular:
anybody everybody no one someone each
anyone everything nothing something every
anything nobody somebody each

Everyone in our school goes to school early.

EXERCISE Decide whether the sentences below CORRECT or INCORRECT!

1. Everyone in the world needs love and respect.
2. We know that anything are possible in this world.
ANSWERS
1. Everyone in the world needs love and respect. 
2. We know that anything are possible in this world.  is
 PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Untuk menggabungkan kata, frase, kalimat maka sebuah kata harus
digabungkan dengan kata, frase, kalimat yang jenisnya sama.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUCTIONS

(same structure) and / or / so (same structure)

swimming or running
I like swimming and running.
We watched a movie and went to Time Zone.
 15 PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUCTIONS

both and
either or
(same (same
neither nor
structure) structure)
not only but also
CONTOH
1. The lecture is both informative and enjoyable.
2. Either the history exam or the physics exam is on Tuesday.
3. The missing papers are neither on his desk nor inside his bag.
4. He will visit not only his cousin but also his grandparents.
 14-15 EXERCISE

Find the ERROR with the sentences below!

1. She is trained as both an accountant and in nursing.
2. The coffee is too hot, too bitter, and too strength.
3. He not only passed the test but also receiving the highest score in the class.
4. The meeting lasted only an hour but still seeming too long.

Answers
1. She is trained as both an accountant and a nurse.
2. The coffee is too hot, too bitter, and too strong.
3. He not only passed the test but also received the highest score in the class.
4. The meeting lasted only an hour but still seemed too long.
Pronoun adalah kata ganti noun (kata benda) dalam sebuah kalimat.
21: SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUN
Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun
(sebagai kata ganti Subjek kalimat) (sebagai kata ganti Objek kalimat)
I me
you you
we us
they them
she her
he him
it it

CONTOH
22: POSSESSIVES (SEBAGAI KATA GANTI KEPEMILIKAN)
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
harus ada noun setelahnya tidak perlu ada noun setelahnya
my mine
your yours
our ours
their theirs
her hers
his his
it Its
CONTOH
Beth gave us her television. Beth gave us hers.
She is my girlfriend. She is mine.
 23 PRONOUN REFERENCE

Hati-hati apabila ada dua kata benda dalam satu kalimat. Jangan sampai
salah menentukan pronoun.
CONTOH
The cookies are for Rani, so please take it to them. 

Pronoun yang digunakan di kalimat di atas kurang tepat, seharusnya

pronoun pertama ialah them karena merujuk ke kata benda cookies dan
pronoun kedua iakah her untuk merujuk ke kata benda Rani.

The cookies are for Rani, so please take them to her. 

 21-23 EXERCISE

Find which option is INCORRECT from the sentences below!

1. Animals like frogs have waterproof skin that prevents they  from
drying out quickly in air, sun, or wind.
2. John D. Rockefeller was the founder of the Standard Oil Company,
and he was the richest man in the world at the
time of her retirement.
Answers
1. Animals like frogs have waterproof skin that prevents they THEM
from drying out quickly in air, sun, or wind.
2. John D. Rockefeller was the founder of the Standard Oil Company,
and he was the richest man in the world at the time of her HIS
retirement.
 24 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Penggunaan adjectives dan adverbs.
JENIS KATA FUNGSI POSISI KALIMAT
ADJECTIVES / Adjectives Adjective posisinya  She is a
KATA SIFAT menjelaskan muncul sebelum kata beautiful girl
nouns atau benda yang  I am beautiful.
pronouns. dideskripsikan atau
setelah to be
ADVERBS / Adverb Adverb bisa di  He walks
KATA menjelaskan berbagai posisi, tetapi slowly.
KETERANGAN verbs, tidak bisa di antara  We arrived
adjectives, atau kata kerja dan kata yesterday
adverbs lain. benda.
 25 ADJECTIVES AFTER LINKING VERBS
Posisi adjectives dan adverbs apabila ada linking verbs.
appear feel seem smell
be become look prove taste
1. Posisi adjective setelah linking verbs. Peran adjective menjelaskan subject.
Contoh kalimat: Your mother looks angry.

2. Posisi adjective dan adverb setelah linking verbs. Peran adjective

menjelaskan subject, peran adverb menjelaskan adjective.
Contoh kalimat: The meal tastes surprisingly delicious.
 ADJECTIVES dan ADVERBS
Meskipun akhiran –ly identik dengan adverbs, ada beberapa adjectives
yang diakhiri –ly
costly friendly likely lonely
daily monthly quarterly lovely
early kindly lively hourly nightly
Penggunaan adjectives berakhiran –ed dan –ing dengan tepat.
JENIS ARTI PENGGUNAAN CONTOH
-ING aktif Subjek melakukan aksi …the happily
dari kata kerja playing
children…
-ED pasif Subjek menerima aksi dari …the played
kata kerja piano …
 24-25 EXERCISE

Find which option is INCORRECT from the sentences below!

1. Sounds quieter than 10 decibels are impossibly for the human ear to hear.
2. Often the best farmland is next to a river that floods periodical.
Answers
1. Sounds quieter than 10 decibels are impossibly IMPOSSIBLE for the human
ear to hear.
2. Often the best farmland is next to a river that floods periodical
PERIODICALLY
 SOURCE THANKS!
● TOEFL LONGMAN PREPARATION

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