DEFINISI
OPERASIONAL
VARIABEL
PENELITIAN
DEFINISI VARIABEL
Karakteristik yang diamati, yang
mempunyai variasi nilai dan
merupakan operasionalisasi dari
suatu konsep agar dapat diteliti
secara empiris atau ditentukan
tingkatannya.
MACAM-MACAM VARIABEL
1. Variabel bebas (variabel independent)
2. Variabel tergantung (variabel
dependent)
3. Variabel moderator
4. Variabel kontrol
5. Variabel perancu
VARIABEL BEBAS
- Sensitif
Indikator tersebut harus sensitif terhadap
perubahan situasi dan kondisi
Stabil
A. Ukuran nominal
B. Ukuran ordinal
C. Ukuran interval
D. Ukuran rasio
TERIMA KASIH
CONFOUNDING
What is a confounding variable?
A variable which distorts an association
wholly or partially due to its association
with both the outcome (disease) and the
exposure under study independently.
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CONFOUNDING
the variable must be associated with the disease
(i.e., the confounder itself may be a risk
(factor).
the variable is associated with the exposure
independently of the disease
the results of the association under study must
be confounded (i.e., the result achieved is
false)
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CONFOUNDING
IT IS NOT NECESSARY THAT THE
CONFOUNDING VARIABLE BE CAUSALLY OR
SIGNIFICANTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE
DISEASE OR EXPOSURE
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CONFOUNDING
Coffee Cancer
Observed Association Presumed causation
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CONFOUNDING
Obesity Hypertension
Age
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CONFOUNDING
[BIOMEDICAL BESTIARY: MICHAEL, BOYCE & WILCOX, LITTLE BROWN. 1984]
Unobserved
Smoking,
True
association Alcohol, association
other
Factors
CONFOUNDING
HYPOTHESIS: Is the incidence of coronary
heart disease greater among men who
drink coffee than among men who do not
drink coffee
DISEASE: Coronary heart disease
EXPOSURE: History of coffee drinking
POTENTIAL CONFOUNDER: Smoking
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CONFOUNDING
To assess whether or not smoking
confounds the association between
coronary heart disease and coffee
drinking three questions must be
answered.
What are these three questions?
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CONFOUNDING
1) Is smoking associated with coffee
drinking? exposure
2) Is smoking associated with coronary
heart disease? disease
3) Are the stratified odds ratios for the
association between the exposure and the
disease different than the crude odds
ratio?
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CONFOUNDING
Covariable
Confounder
Smoking
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Exposure Outcome
Hypercholesterolaemia Myocardial infarction
Third factor
Atheroma
Hypertension
CONFOUNDING
Detecting and removing spurious associations
related variables can be done at
the design stage, and/or
the analysis stage
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CONTROL OF CONFOUNDING
Design stage:
restriction
matching
Analysis stage:
stratification
multivariate techniques
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