Transfer Pricing

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 1

 Transfer Pricing

Harga transfer adalah harga yang dibebankan oleh

satu subunit (pusat laba) untuk produk atau jasa
dipasok ke subunit (pusat laba) lain pada
perusahaan yang sama

Produk intermediate merupakan produk yang

umumnya ditransfer antar subunit pada
suatu organisasi
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 2
 Transfer Pricing

Transfer pricing harus membantu

pencapaian strategi dan tujuan organisasi
Cocok dengan struktur organisasi
Mendorong/mempromosikan goal congruence
Membantu manajemen puncak
untuk kelangsungan perusahaan

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 3

 Transfer-Pricing Methods

Market-based transfer prices

Cost-based transfer prices

Negotiated transfer prices

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 4

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example

Lomas & Co. mempunyai dua divisi:

Transportation and Refining.
Transportation Refining
membeli minyak mentah di Alaska Memproses minyak mentah
menjadi bensin.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 5

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example
Harga pasar eksternal untuk
memasok minyak mentah per barel $13
Transportation Division:
Biaya variable per barel minyak mentah $ 2
Biaya tetap per barel minyak mentah 3
Total $ 5
Pipa dapat membawa/menyalurkan 35.000 barel per hari.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 6

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example
Harga pasar eksternal untuk minyak mentah
per barel: $23
Refining Division:
Biaya variable per barel bensin $ 8
Biaya tetap per barel bensin 4
Total $12

Divisi Refining ini membeli 20.000 barel per hari.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 7

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example

Harga pasar eksternal ke pihak luar

adalah $60 per barel bensin
Divisi Refining beroperasi pada kapasitas
30.000 barel per hari.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 8

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example

Berapa harga transfer berbasis pasar (market-based)

dari Transportation to Refining?

Jawab: $23 per barel

Berapa harga transfer berbasis kos (cost-based)

pada 112% dari biaya penuh (full costs)?

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 9

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example
Harga beli minyak mentah $13
Biaya variable per barel minyak mentah 2
Biaya tetap per barel minyak mentah 3
Total $18

Jawab: 1.12 × $18 = $20.16

Berapa harga transfer berbasis negosiasi (negotiated price)?
Jawab: antara $20.16 dan $23.00 per barel.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 10
 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example
Assume that the Refining Division buys
1,000 barrels of crude oil from the
Transportation Division.
The Refining Division converts these 1,000
barrels of crude oil into 500 gallons of
gasoline and sells them.
What is the Transportation Division operating
income using the market-based price?
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 11
 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example

Transportation Division:
Revenues: ($23 × 1,000) $23,000
Deduct costs: ($18 × 1,000) 18,000
Operating income $ 5,000
What is the Refining Division’s operating
income using the market-based price?

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 12

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example

Refining Division:
Revenues: ($60 × 500) $30,000
Deduct costs:
Transferred-in ($23 × 1,000) 23,000
Division variable ($8 × 500) 4,000
Division fixed ($4 × 500) 2,000
Operating income $ 1,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 13

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example

What is the operating income of both

divisions together?
Transportation Division $5,000
Refining Division 1,000
Total $6,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 14

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example
What is the Transportation Division’s operating
income using the 112% of full cost price?
Transportation Division:
Revenues: ($20.16 × 1,000) $20,160
Deduct costs: ($18.00 × 1,000) 18,000
Operating income $ 2,160
What is the Refining Division operating
income using the full cost price?
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 15
 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example

Refining Division:
Revenues ($60 × 500) $30,000
Deduct costs:
Transferred-in ($20.16 × 1,000) 20,160
Division variable ($8.00 × 500) 4,000
Division fixed ($4.00 × 500) 2,000
Operating income $ 3,840

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 16

 Transfer-Pricing
Methods Example

What is the operating income of both

divisions together?
Transportation Division $2,160
Refining Division 3,840
Total $6,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 17

 Learning Objective 5

Illustrate how market-based

transfer prices promote goal
congruence in perfectly
competitive markets.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 18

 Market-Based Transfer Prices

By using market-based transfer prices

in a perfectly competitive market, a
company can achieve the following:
Goal congruence
Management effort
Subunit performance evaluation
Subunit autonomy
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 19
 Market-Based Transfer Prices

Harga pasar juga berfungsi untuk

mengevaluasi kelayakan ekonomi dan
profitabilitas divisi secara individual.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 20

 Avoid making suboptimal
decisions when transfer
prices are based on full
cost plus a markup.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 21

 Cost-Based Transfer
Prices Example

Divisi Refining membeli minyak mentah secara

lokal seharga seharga $23 per barel.
Divisi Refining menemukan produsen independen
di Alaska yang bersedia menjual 20.000 barel
minyak mentah per hari dengan harga $17 per barel
yang dikirim ke pipa (Divisi Transportasi).

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 22

 Cost-Based Transfer
Prices Example
Divisi Transportasi memiliki kelebihan kapasitas
dan dapat mengangkut minyak mentah dengan
biaya variabel $2 per barel.

Haruskah Lomas membeli dari supplier

independent?
Jawab: Yes.
Karena ada penurunan biaya total $80,000.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 23

 Cost-Based Transfer
Prices Example

Alternative 1:
Buy 20,000 barrels from the
local supplier at $23 per barrel.
The total cost to Lomas is:
20,000 × $23 = $460,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 24

 Cost-Based Transfer
Prices Example

Alternative 2:
Buy 20,000 barrels from the independent
supplier in Alaska at $17 per barrel and
transport it to Seattle at $2 per barrel.
The total cost to Lomas is:
20,000 × $19 = $380,000

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 25

 Cost-Based Transfer
Prices Example

Jika harga transfer Divisi Transportasi

ke Divisi Refining adalah 112% dari kos penuh.

Berapa kos bagi Divisi Refining?

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 26

 Cost-Based Transfer
Prices Example

Purchase price of crude oil $17

Variable costs per barrel of crude oil 2
Fixed costs per barrel of crude oil 3
Total $22
1.12 × $22 = $24.64
$24.64 × 20,000 = $492,800

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 27

 Cost-Based Transfer
Prices Example

What is the maximum transfer price?

It is the price that the Refining Division can
pay in the local external market ($23).
What is the minimum transfer price?
The minimum transfer price is $19 per barrel.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 28

 Kisaran harga transfer negosiasi
Ketika ada kapasitas yang
tidak terpakai.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 29

 Prorarata

Lomas & Co. dapat memilih harga transfer yang

membagi secara adil perbedaan antara
harga transfer maksimum dan harga
transfer minimum.

$23 – $19 = $4
Misalkan biaya variabel dipilih sebagai
dasar untuk mengalokasikan perbedaan $4 ini.
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 30
.

Prorata

Biaya variebel Divisi Transportasi

adalah $2 × 1,000 = $2,000.
Biaya variable Divisi untuk memurnikan
1,000 barel minyak mentah ke 500 barel bensin
adalah $8 × 500 = $4,000.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 31

 Prorata
Divisi Transportasi dapat menyimpan
$2.000 $6.000 × $4 = $1,33.

Divisi Refining dapat menyimpan

$4,000 ÷ $6,000 × $4 = $2.67.
What is the transfer price from the
Transportation Division?
$17.00 + $2.00 + $1.33 = $20.33
©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 32
 Dual Pricing (Dua Set Harga)

An example of dual pricing is for Lomas & Co.

to credit the Transportation Division with
112% of the full cost transfer price of $24.64
per barrel of crude oil.
Debit the Refining Division with the market-based
transfer price of $23 per barrel of crude oil.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 33

 Negotiated Transfer Prices

Negotiated transfer prices arise from the

outcome of a bargaining process between
selling and buying divisions.

©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster 22 - 34