Sejarah Perkembangan Ilmu

Kesehatan

Tridjoko Hadianto
 Zaman Pra-Yunani Kuno
(abad 15-7 SM)
Mitos pada masyarakat primitif
ROH menentukan hujan, panas, sakit dll.

DUKUN - ectasy; menemukan obat

- dialog; menyerang: gigit
pukul/tinju
injak
tendang
- bujukan; memberi: sajian
hadiah
korban
- pakaian khusus

Mesir kuno; Gaib; mantera/azimat

Obat; fisik/tumbuh-tumbuhan
 Zaman Yunani Kuno
(abad 7-2 SM)

Hippocrates (Abad 5 SM)

AYAN penyakit suci/disembuhkan oleh dewa (mitos)

Hippokrates: sama dengan penyakit lainnya, punya

sebab yang “alamiah” sehingga dapat
disembuhkan dengan obat fisik !!!

LOGOS Kemahiran mengadakan pengamatan secara

teliti (dasar semua ilmu)

EMPIEMA deskripsi penyakit & pengobatan

dipakai sampai saat ini
 Hippocrates
• Born 460 BC on the island of Cos
• Non religious
• Rational
• Dietetic treatment.
• Died 370 in Thessaley
 Hippocrates

• Hippocratic Collection = Corpus

Hippocraticum
• Anatomy, Physiology …
• Surgery, Gynecology, ..
• Diagnosis, Therapy.
• Ethics : THE OATH
 ANCIENT CHINA

• Chinese cosmology : NATURE’S BASIC DUALITY

– YANG : active, light, dry, warm,

positive, masculine

– YIN : passive, dark, cold, moist,

negative, feminine
 Fu Hsin (2900 BC)

• Pa kua, yang and ying lines combined in eight

(pa) separate trigrams (kua) which could
represent all yin-yang condition.
 ANCIENT MEDICINE : India

• 2500-500 BC Atharva – Veda, medical

information text, based on Ayurvedhic or
traditional Indian medical practices

• Diagnosis and treatment

• Public health and hygiene

 Zaman Pertengahan
(abad 2-14 M)
ZAMAN GALEN (Abad 2 Masehi)
berasal dari Alexandria

Menulis Ensiklopedia Ilmu Kedokteran:

• anatomi
• fisiologi
• patologi
• pengobatan
yang berdasarkan bedah monyet/babi sehingga tidak tepat

Agama - Ilmu Ancilla theologiae

(masa kegelapan)
- DOGMA
- ilmu gaib
- astrologi
- garis tangan
- takhayul; abracadabra, batu bezoar
 MEDICINE UNDER ISLAM
– Al Rhazes (Abu-Bakar Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-
Razi 850-923) encyclopedia Continens
– Ibnu Sina (Avicenna / Hakim ibn-Sina 980-1037)
buku kedokteran Al Qanun (The Canon)
– Ibnu Rushdi (Averos) ahli kedokteran
 Zaman Renaissance
(14-17 M)
ZAMAN ANDREAS VESALIUS (1531 Masehi)

Sylvius (guru) sangat patuh pada Doktrin Galen

Vesalius mempelajari sendiri tengkorak & mayat-mayat

Profesor di Padua University (Italia) percaya pada pengamatannya sendiri
He said that medical students should perform dissections for themselves, stating
that - ... our true book of the human body is man himself.

He published Fabric of the Human Body (1543) with high-quality annotated

illustrations.
Membuat buku Anatomi (yg dikecam Sylvius)

William Harvey
William Harvey berdasarkan penelitian seksama, mendukung & melengkapi
penemuan Vesalius.
The second important practitioner was William Harvey, who discovered the principle
of the circulation of the blood through the body.
 Zaman Modern
(abad 17-19 M)
• Robert Koch (Germany: 1878), who discovered how to stain
and grow bacteria in a Petri dish (named after his assistant
Julius Petri). He was thus able to find which bacteria caused
which diseases:
– Anthrax (1876)
– Septicaemia (1878)
– TB (1882)
– Cholera (1883).

• Wilhelm Roentgen (Germany: 1895) discovered x-rays.

• Willem Einthoven (Holland: 1900) invented the
electrocardiograph (which measures heart activity).
War

• The needs of army surgeons treating soldiers injured in

battle, often requiring amputations, stimulated advance.

• The Crimean War led to the development of nursing -

Florence Nightingale at Scutari.

• World War One led directly to the development of the

National Blood Transfusion Service.
- cari data (survai)  statistician

- pengamatan sendiri

- dokumentasi
 Zaman Kontemporer
(abad 20-dst M)
• Communications technology and
increased travel made the world seem
smaller and more cosmopolitan. This allowed
medical ideas to spread rapidly, but also
allowed diseases such as SARS to spread.
• 1931: The invention of the electron microscope allowed doctors to see bacteria
and viruses for the first time.
• 1953: Francis Crick and James Watson (Britain) discovered DNA.
• 1953: Leroy Stevens (America) discovered stem cells.
• 1967: Christiaan Barnard (South Africa) performed the first heart transplant - the
patient lived for 18 days. (In 2002, there were 2,154 heart transplant operations
performed in the US - 87 per cent of the patients lived for at least a year.)
• 1970's: Patrick Steptoe (Britain) developed IVF fertility treatment; in 1978 Louise
Brown became the first 'test-tube' baby.
• 1970's: Endoscopes - fibre optic cables with a light source - enabled doctors to
'see' inside the body.
• 1972: Geoffrey Hounsfield (Britain) invented the CAT scanner, which uses x-ray
images from a number of angles to build up a 3D image of the inside of the body.
• 1990's: The Human Genome project undertaken in the US mapped all the genes
in the human body - 40,000 of them. Humans share their gene make-up with much
of the natural world, leading scientists to joke that because of the genes we share,
human beings are 60 per cent banana! In 1997 Scottish researchers bred Dolly,
the first cloned sheep.
• 2002: Specialists at Massachusetts General Hospital, watching digital x-rays
transmitted by satellite, helped the medical officer at a research station from the
South Pole operate on a damaged knee.
 Referensi
• Tim Dosen Filsafat Ilmu, 1996. Filsafat Ilmu,
Fakultas Filsafat UGM & Penerbit Liberty,
Yogyakarta.
• https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zc2yh
v4/revision/1