Matkul

Sensor dan Tranduser

2 SKS

1/total
Kontrak perkuliahan
P Pokok Sub Pokok Bahasan Ref.
Bahasan
1 Pengantar (1) Definisi -

2 Dasar Teori (1)Satuan

Pengukuran (2)Terminologi
3 Pengkondisi (1)Prinsip PSA
Signal Analog (2)Rangkaian Passive

4 (1) Op Amp & Instrumentasi

5 Sensor (1)Definisi
Thermal (2)Thermistor
(3)Thermocouple
(4) Sensor thermal yang lain
6 Sensor (1)Definisi
Mekanik (2)Perpindahan, lokasi/posisi
(3)Strain Sensor
(4) Motion sensor
(5) Pressure Sensor
(6)Flow Sensor
 M Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan Ref.

7 Sensor Optik (1)Dasar Radiasi EM

(2)Photodetektor
(3)Sumber Optik
(4)Aplikasi
10 Elektroda (1)Halfcell Potensial
(2)Rangkaian model
Elektroda
(3)Medical elektroda
11 Aplikasi sensor (1)Sensor Gas
(2)Sensor ultrasound

Referensi:
(1) Process Control Instrumentation Technology, Curtis D. Johnson
(2) Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technologi, Joseph J. Carr , Third
Edition
Outline

• Definisi-definisi
• Syarat Umum Sensor & Transduser
• Klasifikasi Sensor
• Klasifikasi Transduser
Definisi-definisi
Sensor dan transduser merupakan peralatan atau
komponen yang mempunyai peranan penting
dalam sebuah sistem pengaturan otomatis.

Transduser : Suatu peranti yang dapat

mengubah suatu energi ke energi yang lain.

Sensor : Jenis tranduser yang digunakan

untuk mengubah variasi mekanis, magnetis,
panas, sinar dan kimia menjadi tegangan
dan arus listrik.
Jenis-jenis sensor
Sensor pasif : Secara langsung akan menghasilkan sinyal listrik,
terhadap respon dari stimulasi, tanpa memerlukan energi tambahan
dari luar

Sensor aktif : Sensor aktif, memerlukan energi tambahan

untuk pengoperasiannya. Sinyal eksitasi ini akan dimodifikasi
oleh sensor untuk menghasilkan sinyal output.

7/
total
 Peryaratan Umum Sensor dan
Transduser
Dalam memilih peralatan sensor dan transduser yang tepat
dan sesuai dengan sistem yang akan disensor maka perlu
diperhatikan persyaratan umum sensor :
• Linearitas
Temperatur
Temperatur 1 (masukan)
1
(masukan)

0 0
100 100
Tegangan (keluaran) Tegangan (keluaran)
8/
(a) Tangapan linier (b) Tangapan non linier total
PERYARATAN UMUM
SENSOR DAN TRANSDUSER
• Sensitivitas
Sensitivitas akan menunjukan seberapa jauh kepekaan sensor
terhadap kuantitas yang diukur. Sensitivitas sering juga
dinyatakan dengan bilangan yang menunjukan “perubahan
keluaran dibandingkan unit perubahan masukan”.

• Tanggapan Waktu
Tanggapan waktu pada sensor menunjukan seberapa cepat
tanggapannya terhadap perubahan masukan 9/
total
Klasifikasi Sensor
Secara umum berdasarkan fungsi dan penggunaannya
sensor dapat dikelompokan menjadi 3 bagian yaitu:
a. Sensor thermal (panas)
Sensor thermal adalah sensor yang digunakan untuk
mendeteksi gejala perubahan panas/temperature/suhu
pada suatu dimensi benda atau dimensi ruang
tertentu.
b. Sensor mekanis
Sensor mekanis adalah sensor yang mendeteksi
perubahan gerak mekanis, seperti perpindahan atau
pergeseran atau posisi, gerak lurus dan melingkar,
tekanan, aliran, level dsb.
c. Sensor optik (cahaya)
Sensor optic atau cahaya adalah sensor yang
mendeteksi perubahan cahaya dari sumber cahaya, pantulan
cahaya ataupun bias cahaya yang mengernai benda atau
ruangan.
Klasifikasi Transduser
 Self generating transduser, Self generating
transduser adalah transduser yang mempunyai
sumber energi dari dalam.
Contoh: piezo electric, termocouple, photovoltatic,
termistor, dsb.

 External power transduser, External power

transduser adalah transduser yang memerlukan
sejumlah energi dari luar untuk menghasilkan
suatu keluaran
Contoh: RTD (resistance thermal detector), Strain
gauge, LVDT (linier variable differential transformer),
Potensiometer, NTC, dsb.
Klasifikasi Transduser
Tabel Kelompok Transduser

Parameter listrik
dan kelas Prinsip kerja dan sifat alat Pemakaian alat
transduser
Sensor Pasif
Potensiometer Perubahan nilai tahanan karena Tekanan,
posisi kontak bergeser pergeseran/
posisi
Strain gage Perubahan nilai tahanan akibat Gaya, torsi, posisi
perubahan panjang kawat
oleh tekanan dari luar
Transformator Tegangan selisih dua kumparan Tekanan, gaya,
selisih primer akibat pergeseran inti pergeseran
trafo
(LVDT)
 Sensor Aktif
Photomultiplier Emisi elektron sekunder akibat Cahaya, radiasi dan
radiasi yang masuk relay sensitif
ke katoda sensitif cahaya cahaya
Termokopel Pembangkitan ggl pada titik Temperatur, aliran
sambung dua logam panas, radiasi
yang berbeda akibat dipanasi
Generator kumparan Perputaran sebuah kumparan di Kecepatan, getaran
putar dalam medan
(tachogenerator) magnit yang membangkitkan
tegangan
Piezoelektrik Pembangkitan ggl bahan kristal Suara, getaran,
piezo akibat gaya percepatan,
dari luar tekanan
Sel foto tegangan Terbangkitnya tegangan pada sel Cahaya matahari
foto akibat
rangsangan energi dari luar
Termometer tahanan Perubahan nilai tahanan kawat Temperatur, panas
(RTD) akibat perubahan
temperatur
Hygrometer tahanan Tahanan sebuah strip konduktif Kelembaban relatif
berubah terhadap kandungan
uap air
Termistor (NTC) Penurunan nilai tahanan logam Temperatur
akibat kenaikan
temperatur
Mikropon kapasitor Tekanan suara mengubah nilai Suara, musik,derau
kapasitansi dua
buah plat
1.1. Satuan Pengukuran
Satuan Satuan Internasional
Contoh 3:

Contoh 4:
Contoh 6:
1.2. Sensor terminology
1. Sensitivity
the minimum input of physical parameter that will
create a detectable output change.
For example, a typical blood pressure transducer
may have a sensitivity rating of l0 uV/V/mm Hg;
that is. there will be a 10-uV output voltage for each
volt of excitation potential and each mm Hg of
applied pressure
1.6. Sensor terminology
2. Range
The range of the sensor is the maximum and minimum values
of applied parameter that can be measured.
For example, a given pressure sensor may have a range of -400 to
+400 mm Hg

3. Precision
Exactly the same value were mcasured a number of times, an
ideal sensor would output exactly the same value every time
For example, suppose a pressure of exactly 150 mm Hg is
applied to a sensor.
4. Resolution
This specification is the smallest
detectable incremental change of
input parameter that can be
detected in the output signal

5. Accuracy
The accuracy of thc sensor is the
maximum difference that will
exist between the actual value.
for example: incubator setting is 35 oC, sensor
reading 35,2 oC
7. Linearity

The linearity of the

transducer is an expression
of the extent to which the
actual measured curve of a
sensor departs from the ideal
curve
Contoh 1:
Contoh 2:

Contoh 2:
Contoh 3:

Contoh 4:
Contoh 5:
1.3 SENSOR TIME RESPONSE
1. First Order Response

2. Second Order Response

Contoh 1:
Bab 2

Pengkondisi Signal
 “Pengkondisi signal, mengacu terhadap
operasi yang dilakukan terhadap signal,
untuk mengkonversinya sehingga menjadi
bentuk yang tepat apabila dihubungkan
dengan perangkat lain “

“Pada bahasan ini akan melibatkan konversi

signal analog, sehingga output masih
mewakili bentuk analog”
2.1. Level signal dan perubahan bias

2.2. Konsep Pembebanan

 Contoh 1:

Solusi I:

Solusi II:
 1V

0.67 V
2.3. Pembagi Tegangan
2.4. Rangkaian Jembatan
2.5. Filter RC
2.5.1. Low Pass Filter
Contoh:
2.5. Filter RC
2.5.2. High Pass Filter
Contoh:
2.6. Operational Amplifier
2.6.2 Op Amp Spesification
2.7. Opamp Circuit in Instrumentation
2.7.1 Voltage follower

2.7.2. Summing Amplifier

2.7.2. Non Inverting Amplifier
2.7.3. Differential Amplifier
2.7.4. Instrumentation Amplifier
2.7.5. Voltage to Current Converter
2.7.6. Current to Voltage Converter
THERMAL SENSOR
Sensor mekanik
elektroda
10.1. Electrodes for biophysical sensing
• Bioelectricity
is a naturally occurring phenomenon that arises from
the fact that living organisms are composed of ions in
various different quantities

• Bioelectrodes
a sensors that transduce ionic conduction to electronic
conduction so that the signal can be processed in
electronic circuits.
1.7. Electrodes for biophysical sensing
• The usual purpose of bioelectrodes is to
acquire medically significant bioelectrical signals,
such as electrocardiogram (ECG),
electroencephalogram (EEG), and electrmyogram
(EMG)
• Most such bioelectrical signals are acguired
from one of three forms of electrode:
surface macroelectrodes, indwelling
macroeleclrodes, and microelectrodes
10.2. Electrode potentials

• The skin and other tissues of

higher order organisms, such as
humans, are electrolytic and
so can be modeled as
electrolytic solutions
• humans are very similar to
salt water
• Imagine a metallic electrode
immersed in an electrolytic
solution, almost immediately after
immersion, the electrode will
begin to discharge some
metallic ions into the solution

After a short while, a charge gradient builds up,

creating a potensial difference, or electode
potential (Ve) or halfcell potential.
• what happens when two electrodes (call
them A and B), made of dissimilar metals,
are immersed in the same electrolytic
solution, each electrode will exhibit its
own halfcell potential ( Vea and Veb )

• The differential potential, sometimes

called an electrode offset potential is
defined as Ved = Vea – Veb

For example, let's consider the case in which

a gold (Au+) electrode is immersed in the
same electrolyte as a silver (Ag+) electrode
Ved= VeAu – VeAg
= 1.5 V – 0.8 V
= 0,7 V
10.2. Electrode model circuit
10.3. Electrode potentials cause recording problems

• The electrode halfcell potential becomes a

serious problem in bioelectric signals
acquisition
• Because of the tremendous difference between these
dc potentials and the biopotentials
• The instrument designer must provide a
strategy for overcoming the effects of the massive
halfcell potential offset
1. We could use a differential dc amplifier to
acquire the signal.
2. The signals acquisirion circuit must be
designed to provide a counteroffset
voltage to cancel the halfcell potential of
the electrode
3. We can ac-couple the input amplilier
 10.4. Medical surface electrodes
• Surface elcctrodes are those that
are placed in contact with the skin
of the subject

• Surface electrodes (other than

needle electrodes) vary in diameter
from 0.3 to 5 cm, with most being
in the 1 cm range

• Typically, normal skin impedance as

seen by the electrode varies from 0.5 k
for sweaty skin surfaces to more than
20 k for dry skin surfaces
• A typical column
electrode is shown
schematically in Figure

• The electrode consists

of an Ag-AgCl metal
contact button at the top
of a hollow column that
is filled with a conductive
gel or paste

• The use of a gel- or

paste-filled column
that holds the actual
metallic electrode off the
surface reduces
movement artifact
 10.5. Needle electrodes
• This type of ECG electrode is
inserted into the tissue
immediately beneath the skin
by puncturin, (i.e., close to
horizontal with respect to the
skin surface).

6. Indwelling electrodes
The electrode is tipically a tiny,
exposed metallic contact at the
end of a long, insulated catheter
Sensor optik
1. Photoconductive Detectors
2. Photovoltaic Detectors
3. Photodiode Detectors
4. Phototransistor Detector
 FUNDAMEMTAIS OF EM RADIATION
 Visibel light
 Other form: Radio and TV signals
 Ultraviolet and Infrared Light
6.2.1. Nature of EM Radiation

 EM radiation is a form of energy that is always in motion, it

propagates through space.
 An object that releases, or emits, such radiation loses energy
 One that absorbs radiation gains energy.
Intensity
6.3. Photodetectors
 Radiation lies in the range from IR trough visible and
sometimes UV bands.

The measurement sensors generally used are called

photodetectors to distinguish them from other spectral
range of radiation, such as RF detector

6.3.1. Photodetector Characteristics

 Transfer function
 Linearity
 Time constant
 Signal conditioning
6.3.2. Photoconductive Detectors
Photoconductive cell resistance changes
nonlinearly with radiation intensity
6.3.3.. Photovoltaic Detector
 Photodetectors generates a voltage that is proportional to incident
EM radiation intensity
 Convert EM energy into electrical energy
Electrical characteristics of the photovoltaic cell, by
Curves of a PN junction diode vary with exposure to EM
radiation
Signal conditioning
 6.3.4. Photodiode Detector

Photodiode is operated in the reverse bias mode

One of the primary advantages of the photodiode is its fast time
response ( nanoseconds)
Photodiode uses the PN junctino reverse current to measure
radiation
Phototransistor Detector

In this sensor, the intensity of EM radiation impinging on the collector

base junction of the transistor acts much like a base current in
producing an amplified collector emmitter current.
Kisi-kisi UAS
1. Sensor Mekanik: Sensor Potensio meter,
Sensor Strain, Load cell
2. Sensor Optik: Sifat Radiasi EM, Photodetector
( photoconductive, photovoltaic, photodiode,
phototransistor )