MATERI GENETIK

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 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA tersusun atas nukleotida sehingga dapat
disebut polinukleotida.
Nukleotida adalah struktur pembentuk DNA yang
terdiri atas:
Satu gugus fosfat
Place Your Picture Here

Satu gula pentosa

Satu basa nitrogen

 Replikasi DNA

Your Picture Here Your Picture Here Your Picture Here

DNA induk DNA induk menjadi dua DNA induk menjadi rantai
menghasilkan DNA buah rantai, masing- yang terputus-putus, masing-
yang baru secara utuh masing rantai masing rantai membentuk
membentuk DNA baru DNA baru
Nukleotida pembentuk RNA terdiri atas:
Satu gugus fosfat

Satu gula pentosa ribosa

Satu basa nitrogen
Purin : A dan G
Pirimidin : C dan Urasil (U)
A–U C–G

RNA (Ribonu- Your Picture Here

cleic Acid)
 Penyusun ribosom
Jenis-Jenis
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RNA

Your Picture Here

Membawa kode genetik dari

dna menuju ribosom

Your Picture Here

Menerjamahkan kode genetik

pada mRNA dengan membawa
asam amino yang sesuai
Asam amino dikode oleh triplet kodon,
yaitu susunan 3 basa nitrogen yang
menentukan jenis 20 asam amino berbeda.
Kodon Start : AUG
Kodon Stop : UAG, UGA, UAA

RNA (Ribonu-
cleic Acid)
SINTESIS PROTEIN
 Sintesis Protein

TRANSKRIPSI

pembentukan mRNA oleh

DNA Antisense di inti sel.

TRANSLASI

penerjemahan mRNA oleh

tRNA di ribosom.
 SINTESIS PROTEIN

TRANSKRIPSI TRANSLASI
RNA polimerase tRNA di start
INISIASI
di promoter kodon
pembentukan penerjemahan
ELONGASI mRNA oleh DNA kodon mRNA
antisense oleh tRNA
RNA polimerase tRNA di stop
TERMINASI
di terminator kodon
 DNA SENSE

A T G C G T

DNA ANTISENSE

mRNA (kodon)

tRNA (antikodon)
Kodon Start : AUG
Kodon Stop : UAG, UGA, UAA
struktur DNA yang telah memadat akibat KROMOSOM
digulung oleh binding protein.

Satu gugus fosfat

Satu basa nitrogen

Place Your Picture Here
Place Your Picture Here
Place Your Picture Here
Place Your Picture Here
Pembelahan
Sel pembelahan sel secara
tidak langsung dan
melalui tahapan.
Contoh: pembelahan
01 Amitotik mitosis dan meiosis

Mitotik 02
pembelahan sel secara
langsung tanpa tahapan.
Contoh: pembelahan
biner bakteri
 Siklus sel

interfase G1 S G2 Tahap
mitotik

1. Interfase Gap 1 (G1), Sintesis (S), Gap 2 (G2), 2. Mitotik

persiapan sel proses proses replikasi proses proses
menuju pertambahan DNA dan pembentukan
pembelahan
volume sintesis protein organel sel
pembelahan. anakan inti
mitotik terbagi menjadi dua cara,
yaitu mitosis dan meiosis.
 Mitosis
1. Profase 3. Anafase
• Kromatin membentuk
kromosom, lalu membentuk • Kariokinesis (pembelahan inti),
kromatid. kromatid dan sentromernya
• Sentrosom membelah menjadi membelah menjadi kromosom.
2 sentriol, kemudian menuju • Kromosom kemudian ditarik
kutub yang berlawanan. benang spindel menuju masing-
• Inti sel mulai menghilang. masing kutub.

• Kromatid berjejer di ekuator

mitosis
• Inti sel mulai terbentuk.
(bidang pembelahan).
• Sentriol kembali menjadi
• Sentriol lalu menjulurkan
sentromer.
benang spindel berupa
• Sitokinesis (pembelahan
mikrotubulus yang berikatan
sitoplasma)
dengan kinetokor tiap
kromatid.

2. Metafase 4. Telofase
 Meiosis I
.
1) Leptoten 3) Pakiten
Kromatin memadat - Kromosom homolog saling
membentuk kromosom. menempel membentuk struktur
tetrad/bivalen dan mengganda.
- Pindah silang (crossing over)
2) Zigoten gen pada kromosom homolog
- Kromosom homolog
saling berdekatan dan Profase I
menempel (sinapsis).
- Sentrosom membelah
menjadi 2 sentriol,
kemudian menuju kutub
yang berlawanan
 Meiosis

4) Diploten 5) Diakinesis
- Pindah silang telah - Kromosom homolog sudah
selesai dan kromosom berpisah.
homolog menjauh, - Inti sel telah menghilang.
namun masih ada
kiasma.
- Inti sel mulai Profase I
menghilang.
Mutasi
peristiwa perubahan susunan atau
jumlah materi genetik pada kromosom
atau DNA yang bersifat menurun

Mutagen Mutagenesis Mutan

Macam-macam Mutasi

Mutasi Gen Mutasi Kromosom

perubahan materi perubahan materi genetik
genetik pada gen pada kromosom akibat
akibat perubahan struktur dan
urutan basa jumlah
nitrogen pada kromosom.
rantai DNA
mengalami
perubahan
 Jenis-Jenis Mutasi Gen

A. Subtitusi Basa
1. Berdasarkan Perubahan Nukleotidanya

TRANSISI A B TRANSVERSI
Pertukaan basa nitrogen yang
Pertukaan basa nitrogen yang
sejenis tidak sejenis
Purin ↔ Purin (A ↔ G) Purin ↔ Pirimidin (A/G ↔ C/T)
Pirimidin ↔ Pirimidin (C ↔ T)
 Jenis-Jenis Mutasi Gen
A. Subtitusi Basa
2. Secara Fungsional

Mutasi Bisu
01 04
Perubahan urutan nukleotida pada kodon
triplet yang tidak mengubah asam amino

Mutasi Bermakna Salah

02 05
Perubahan urutan nukleotida pada
kodon triplet yang menghasilkan
asam amino yang berbeda

Mutasi Tidak Bermakna

03 06
Mutasi yang menghasilkan
kodon stop.
 Jenis-Jenis Mutasi Gen

B. Mutasi Pergeseran Rangka

04

05

06
 Mutasi Kromosom
A. Perubahan Struktur Kromosom

TRANSLOKASI

KATENASI

INVERSI Option C
 Mutasi Kromosom
A. Perubahan Struktur Kromosom

TRANSLOKASI

KATENASI

INVERSI Option C
MUTASI KROMOSOM
1. Euploidi
perubahan pada seluruh materi
genetik dalam satu set kromosom
(genom) sehingga jumlah kromosom
menjadi kelipatan dari set kromosom
haploidnya.

B. Perubahan Pada Jumlah Kromosom

Berdasarkan jumlah genom, euploidi dapat

dibedakan atas :
a) Monoploid (n)
b) Diploid (2n) Your Picture Here

c) Triploid (3n)
d) Tetraploid (4n)
 Mutasi Kromosom

Nulisomi B. Perubahan Pada Jumlah

2n-2 Kromosom

Monosomi Monosomi 2. Aneuploidi

2n-1 Ganda
2n-1-1 perubahan jumlah kromosom
dalam suatu individu sehingga
Tetrasomi jumlah kromosom menjadi lebih
Trisomi Tetrasomi
banyak atau lebih sedikit dari
2n+2 Ganda
2n+1 2n+2+2 jumlah individu normal atau
diploid (2n).
 Aneuploidi Gonosom

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Aneuploidi InfogrAaphic Style
Aneuploidi adalah perubahan jumlah kromosom dalam suatu
individu sehingga
jumlah kromosom menjadi lebih banyak atau lebih sedikit dari
jumlah individu
normal atau diploid (2n). Your Text Here
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 GAMETOGENESIS
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 1 AWESOME
TEXT
SLIDE
LOREM IPSUM
DOLOR SIT AMET,
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET,
CU USU AGAM INTEGRE IMPEDIT.
Pola – Pola Hereditas

A Pautan Gen (Gene Linkage)

Pindah Silang (Crossing

B Over)
Gagal Berpisah (Non
C Disjunction)

D Gen Letal
1. Pautan Gen (Gene Linkage)

gen-gen yang berada dalam satu

kromosom homolog yang sama
dan letaknya saling berdekatan.
2. Pindah Silang (Crossing Over)
peristiwa pertukaran segmen kromatid yang bukan
saudaranya (non-sister chromatids) dari sepasang
kromosom homolog
3. Gagal Berpisah (Non Disjunction)
kromosom mengalami gagal berpisah, sehingga
semua kromosom hanya akan tertarik ke salah satu
kutub sel saja pada pembelahan meiosis. Akibatnya,
gamet yang terbentuk akan mengalami penambahan
atau pengurangan jumlah kromosom.
4. Gen Letal

gen yang menyebabkan kematian individu dalam

keadaan homozigot, sedangkan dalam
keadaan heterozigot, seorang individu dapat
bersifat normal atau subletal.
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Gen Letal Resesif

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1. Pautan Gen (Gene Linkage)

gen-gen yang berada dalam satu kromosom homolog yang

sama dan letaknya saling berdekatan
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LOREM IPSUM
DOLOR SIT AMET
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CU USU AGAM INTEGRE IMPEDIT.
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