ISI KANDUNGAN 1. 2. 3. Perubahan Kadar (Rate of Change) Pergerakan Pada Garis Lurus (Rectilinear Motion) Nilai Maksimum & Minimum
OBJEKTIF PEMBELAJARAN Pelajar boleh .. Menggunakan Petua Rantai untuk mendapatkan kadar perubahan sesuatu perkara terhadap masa. Menghubung kait topik geometri (pengiraan luas dan isipadu) pelbagai bentuk umum dengan konsep perubahan kadar. Memahami dan dapat mengaitkan sebutan-sebutan seperti halaju dan pecutan melalui proses pembezaan. Mengira halaju dan pecutan pergerakan pada garis lurus melalui pembezaan. Memahami konsep maksimum dan minimum (melalui graf kuadratik) dan mengaplikasikannya ke dalam penyelesaian masalah praktikal kalkulus.
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ULANGKAJI GEOMETRI (LUAS & ISIPADU) Planes Formula Rectangle: Area = Length x Width A = l w
A=
1 (a + b )(h ) 2
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Solids
Cylinder: Volume = r 2 x Height V = r 2 h Surface Area = 2 radius x Height A = 2r 2 + 2rh Pyramid: Volume = 1/3 of the Base Area x Height 1 V = (B )(h ) 3
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kebanyakan situasi praktikal, aplikasi pembezaan melibatkan pembezaan sesuatu perkara terhadap masa. Perubahan kadar bagi sesuatu perkara terhadap masa, t boleh didapati menggunakan Petua Rantai:
dy dy dx = dt dx dt
Perubahan kadar yang positif bermakna pertambahan kadar. Perubahan kadar yang negatif bermakna penurunan kadar.
Contoh 1:
The diagram shows a circular iron sheet. When the iron sheet is heated, given that the radius is increasing at the constant rate of 0.1 cms-1, find the rate of change of the area at the instant radius of 10 cm.
Rajah menunjukkan sebuah kepingan besi berbentuk bulat. Apabila ia dipanaskan, radius besi itu mengembang dengan kadar tetap 0.1 cms-1. Cari kadar perubahan luas kepingan besi itu pada ketika radiusnya 10 cm.
Penyelesaian:
Dalam menjawab soalan yang mempunyai masalah panjang seperti di atas, pelajar disyorkan supaya menggunakan kaedah yang berperingkat seperti berikut: Kaedah 1: Baca soalan dengan teliti. Lukis dan labelkan rajah supaya faham kehendak soalan.
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Kaedah 2:
Tuliskan semua sebutan, formula, anu dan maklumat yang diberikan ke dalam bentuk symbol matematik yang difahami. Tuliskan formula yang perlu untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut menggunakan Petua Rantai dan maklumat yang ada. Selesaikan masalah.
Kaedah 3:
Kaedah 4:
Kaedah 2:
Diberi
dr = 0.1 cm/s , r = 10 cm . dt dA = 2r . dr
Kaedah 3:
Kita dikehendaki mencari
Kaedah 4:
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Contoh 2:
A 13 feet ladder is leaning against a wall. Suppose that the base of the ladder slides away from the wall at the constant rate of 3 ft/sec. Find the rate at which the top of the ladder is moving down the wall at 1 sec.
Sebuah tangga 13 kaki disandarkan pada dinding seperti rajah berikut. Angin kuat menyebabkan bahagian bawah tangga itu bergerak menjauhi dinding pada kadar tetap 3 kaki / saat. Cari kadar apabila bahagian atas tangga itu bergerak jatuh ke bawah pada 1 saat.
Maklumat penting: 1. 2. 3.
dx = 3ft/s x = 3ft dt
4. 5.
Penyelesaian:
Kita perlu mendapatkan kadar bahagian atas tangga yang jatuh ke bawah, Melalui Petua Rantai (Chain Rule), Diketahui
dy . dt
dy dy dx = dt dx dt
Untuk mendapatkan
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x 2 + y 2 = 13 2 y = 169 x 2 = (169 x 2 )2
1 1
u = 169 x 2
y =u2
1
dy 1 2 du = 2x ; = u du 2 dx 1 x dy 1 2 = u ( 2x ) = dx 2
Maka,
(169 x )
1 2 2
dy dy dx = dt dx dt 3 x
x 2 + y 2 = 13 2 dy =0 2 x + 2y dx dy 2y = 2 x dx dy 2x = dx 2y
Apabila x = 3 3 2 + y 2 = 13 2
dy dy dx = dt dx dt 3 x
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WORKSHEET
The volume of a cone decreases at the rate of 20 cm3/s. Find the rate of change in height of the cone if the radius of its base is fixed at 4cm. 1 (Formula of volume of cone, V = r 2 h ) 3 15 [Answer: cm/s ] 4
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ds dt
Jika v > 0 , P bergerak dalam arah s yang bertambah Jika v < 0 , P bergerak dalam arah s yang berkurangan Jika v = 0 , P dalam keadaan rehat (instantaneously at rest)
Distance:
s = f (t )
Velocity:
v = f ' (t ) =
ds dt
Acceleration:
a = f ' ' (t ) =
d 2s dt 2
s n s n 1
sn s0 n (0 )
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Contoh:
1. A body moves along a straight line according to the law s = Determine its velocity and acceleration at 2 seconds. 1 3 t 2t . 2
s =
1 3 t 2t 2
3 ds =v = t 2 2 2 dt
v =
3 2 (2) 2 = 3 (4 ) 2 = 4 m/s 2 2
dv = a = 3t dt v = 3(2) = 6 m/s 2
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2.
A particle P moves in a straight line so that its distance, s meter, from a fixed point O , t seconds after passing O is given by s = 12t t 3 . Calculate: i) ii) iii) The distance travelled by P in the fourth second. The value of s , when P comes instantaneously to rest. The velocity of P when the acceleration is zero.
ds = v = 12 3t 2 dt dv = a = 6t dt
i) The distance travelled by P in the fourth second means when s at t = 4 minus s at t = 3 . So,
s 4 = 12(4 ) (4 ) = 48 64 = 16
3
s 3 = 12(3) (27 ) = 36 27 = 9
3
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ii)
v = 12 3t 2
0 = 12 3t 2
t2 =
12 =4 3
t =2
When t = 2s , s = 12(2 ) (2 ) = 24 8 = 16 .
3
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iii)
a = 6t = 0 t =0
So, v = 12 3(0 ) = 12 0 = 12 .
2
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WORKSHEET
The distance, x meters moved by a body in t seconds is given by 11 x = 3t 3 t 2 + 2t + 5 . Find: 2 i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) Its velocity after t seconds [v = 9t 2 11t + 2 ] Its velocity at the start, and also after 4 seconds [v = 2 m/s ; v = 102 m/s ] The value of t , when the body comes to rest [ t = 1 s ; t = 0.22 s ] Its acceleration after t seconds [ a = 18t 11 ] Its acceleration after 2 seconds [ a = 25 m 2 /s ] The value of t , when the acceleration is 16 m/s2 [ t = 1.5 s ] The average velocity over the third seconds [v = 34 m/s ]
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dy =0 dx
dipanggil stationary point. Pada titik ini, tangent yang melaluinya adalah mendatar, atau kita boleh katakan lengkung tersebut leper (flat). Terdapat 3 jenis stationary point: i) Titik Minimum P Dalam kes ini, kecerunan lengkung adalah negatif pada belah kiri titik P tetapi kecerunannya positif pada belah kanan titik P.
Kiri P
Pada P
Kanan P
dy <0 dx d 2y >0 dx 2
dy =0 dx
dy >0 dx
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ii)
Titik Maksimum P Dalam kes ini, kecerunan lengkung adalah positif pada belah kiri titik P tetapi kecerunannya negatif pada belah kanan titik P.
Kiri P
Pada P
Kanan P
dy >0 dx
dy =0 dx
dy <0 dx
d 2y <0 dx 2
iii)
Point of inflexion Dalam kes ini, kecerunan pada belah kiri dan kanan titik P serupa. Suatu point of inflexion yang mempunyai kecerunan 0 dipanggil saddle point.
d 2y = 0. dx 2
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Penyelesaian:
Diberi maklumat bahawa AB + BC = 6 :
x + BC = 6 BC = 6 x
Luas untuk segitiga ialah A =
2 1 (x )(6 x ) = 3x x 2 2
1 (AB )(BC ) 2
A=
dA =0 dx
A = 3x
0 =3x
x =3
Jadi, apabila x = 3 ,
A = 3x
1 2 1 x = 3(3) (9 ) 2 2
A=
9 = 4.5 cm 2 2
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Contoh 2:
A closed circular cylinder with radius r cm, and height h cm, has a volume of 54 108 cm3. Show that the total surface area is given by S = + 2r 2 . Then find the
values of r and h so that the area is minimum. Given cylinder area is S = 2rh + 2r 2 and its volume is V = r 2 h .
Penyelesaian:
Daripada maklumat yang diberikan, V = r 2 h = 54
r 2 h = 54
h =
54
r 2
S = 2rh + 2r 2 S = 2r
54 + 2r 2 2 r + 2r 2
S =
108
(Terbukti)
APLIKASI PEMBEZAAN
dS = 108r 2 + 4r = 0 dr
108 + 4r = 0
r2
4r =
108
r2
r3 =
108 = 27 4
r =3
Apabila r = 3 , h = 54
(3)
= 6.
Untuk membuktikan bahawa luas permukaan adalah minimum, kita semak pembezaan keduanya, iaitu suatu nilai yang positif.
d 2S = 216r 3 + 4 > 0 2 dr
216r
3
+ 4 =
216
(3)3
+ 4 = 12 nilai positif
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WORKSHEET
A rectangular fence is formed from a 40 m wire with a long wall forming on one side of the fence as figure shown.
Given that the width of the rectangle is x meters, find: i) ii) iii) The length of the other unknown side, in terms of x . [ y = 40 2x ] Value of x [10 m] The maximum area possible formed by the fence. [200 m2]
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INTENSIVE EXERCISE
1. 1 3 x + 2x , and the value of x changes at the rate of 0.1 unit s-1. 3 Find the rate of change of y when x = 2 units. [0.6 unit/s] Given y =
A spherical balloon is inflated at the rate of 3 cm3/s. Find the rate of increase of the radius when the instant radius is r = 2 cm . 4 (Formula of volume of sphere, V = r 3 ) 3 3 [ cm/s ] 16 A circular ink blot spreads at the rate of 1 cm 2 /s . Find the rate of increase in 3 1 the circumference of the ink blot when its radius is cm . 3 (Formula of perimeter of circle, P = 2r ) 2 [ cm/s ] 3
2.
3.
4.
The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 5 cms 1 . Find the rate of increase of the area when the length of a side is 10 cm. [ 100 cm 2 /s ] A missile fired from the ground level rises s meters in t seconds, and s = 75t 12.5t 2 . Determine: i) The initial velocity of the missile [v 0 = 75 m/s ] ii) The time when the height (distance) of the missile is a maximum [t = 3 s ] The maximum height reached [ s = 112.5 m ] iv) The velocity when the missile strikes the ground [v = 75 m/s ]
5.
iii)
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6.
An open metal tank of square base has a volume of 108 m3. Given that the square base has sides of x meters each, find in terms of x , the: i) Height of the tank [ h = 108x 2 ] ii) Surface area of the tank [ A = 432x 1 + x 2 ] iii) Value of x , when the area is minimum [6 m]
7.
A piece of string of 40 cm is cut into two lengths. Each length is used to form a square. Given the length of one of the square is x cm, find in terms of x : i) The length of the other square [ (10 x ) cm] [ x 2 + (10 x ) cm2]
2
ii)
iii)