1. KELEMBABAN UDARA 2.

Pengertian Kelembaban udara menggambarkan kandungan uap air di udara yang dapat dinyatakan sebagai kelembaban mutlak, kelembaban nisbi (relatif) maupun defisit tekanan uap air. Kelembaban nisbi membandingkan antara kandungan/tekanan uap air aktual dengan keadaan jenuhnya atau apda kapasitas udara untuk menampung uap air. 3. Kapasitas udara untuk menampung uap air (pada keadaan jenuh) tergantung pada suhu udara Defisit tekanan uap air adalah selisih antara tekanan uap air jenuh dengan tekanan uap aktual. Pengembunan akan terjadi bila kelembaban nisbi mencapai 100 %. 4. Kerapatan Uap Air Massa uap air per satuan volume udara yang mengandung uap air tersebut.(kelembaban mutlak) ?v = kerapatan uap air (kg m-3) Mv= massa uap air (kg) pada volume udara sebesar V V = volume udara (m3)

Kelembaban relatif

Higrometer digunakan untuk mengukur kelembaban udara. Kelembaban relatif adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan jumlah uap air yang terkandung di dalam campuran air-udara dalam fase gas.

Daftar isi

1 Definisi 2 Referensi 3 Lihat pula 4 Pranala luar

Definisi
Kelembaban relatf dari suatu campuran udara-air didefinisikan sebagai rasio dari tekanan parsial uap air dalam campuran terhadap tekanan uap jenuh air pada temperatur tersebut. Kelembaban relatif menggunakan satuan persen dan dihitung dengan cara berikut:

di mana: adalah kelembaban relatif campuran; adalah tekanan parsial uap air dalam campuran; dan adalah tekanan uap jenuh air pada temperatur tersebut dalam campuran.

Referensi

Himmelblau, David M. (1985454545). Basic Principles And Calculations In Chemical Engineering. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-066572-X. Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W (1997). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (7th Edition). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049841-5.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelembaban_relatif

Kelembapan

Kelembapan [1] adalah konsentrasi uap air di udara. Angka konsentasi ini dapat diekspresikan dalam kelembapan absolut, kelembapan spesifik atau kelembapan relatif. Alat untuk mengukur kelembapan disebut higrometer. Sebuah humidistat digunakan untuk mengatur tingkat kelembapan udara dalam sebuah bangunan dengan sebuah pengawalembap (dehumidifier). Dapat dianalogikan dengan sebuah termometer dan termostat untuk suhu udara. Perubahan tekanan sebagian uap air di udara berhubungan dengan perubahan suhu. Konsentrasi air di udara pada tingkat permukaan laut dapat mencapai 3% pada 30 C (86 F), dan tidak melebihi 0,5% pada 0 C (32 F).

Kelembapan absolut
Kelembapan absolut mendefinisikan massa dari uap air pada volume tertentu campuran udara atau gas, dan umumnya dilaporkan dalam gram per meter kubik (g/m3).

Kelembapan spesifik
Kelembapan spesifik adalah metode untuk mengukur jumlah uap air di udara dengan rasio terhadap uap air di udara kering. Kelembapan spesifik diekspresikan dalam rasio kilogram uap air, , per gram udara, . Rasio tersebut dapat ditulis sebagai berikut:

Catatan kaki
1. ^ Kadang dieja kelembaban. Istilah Indonesia lain untuk kelembapan adalah kelengasan [1].

Water content
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Soil moisture) Jump to: navigation, search

Soil composition by phase: s-soil (dry), v-void (pores filled with water or air), w-water, a-air. V is volume, M is mass.

Water content or moisture content is the quantity of water contained in a material, such as soil (called soil moisture), rock, ceramics, fruit, or wood. Water content is used in a wide range of scientific and technical areas, and is expressed as a ratio, which can range from 0 (completely dry) to the value of the materials' porosity at saturation. It can be given on a volumetric or mass (gravimetric) basis.

Definitions
Volumetric water content, , is defined mathematically as:

where is the volume of water and volume (that is soil volume + water volume + air space).

is the total

Gravimetric water content[1] is expressed by mass (weight) as follows:

where is the mass of water and is the bulk mass. The bulk mass is taken as the total mass, except for geotechnical and soil science applications where oven-dried soil ( , see the diagram) is conventionally used as . To convert gravimetric water content to volumetric water, multiply the gravimetric water content by the bulk specific gravity of the material. In soil mechanics and petroleum engineering, the term water saturation or degree of saturation, is used, defined as

where is the porosity and is the volume of void or pore space. Values of Sw can range from 0 (dry) to 1 (saturated). In reality, Sw never reaches 0 or 1 - these are idealizations for engineering use. The normalized water content, , (also called effective saturation or dimensionless value defined by van Genuchten[2] as: ) is a

where

is the volumetric water content; .

is the residual water content, defined as the water is the saturated water content,

content for which the gradient which is equivalent to porosity,

becomes zero; and,

Measurement
Direct methods

Water content can be directly measured using a known volume of the material, and a drying oven. Volumetric water content, , is calculated[3] using:

where
and are the masses of the sample before and after drying in the oven;

is the density of water; and 5

is the volume of the sample before drying the sample.

For materials that change in volume with water content, such as coal, the water content, u, is expressed in terms of the mass of water per unit mass of the moist specimen:

However, geotechnics requires the moisture content to be expressed as a percentage of the sample's dry weight i.e. % moisture content =
Where

For wood, the convention is to report moisture content on oven-dry basis (i.e. generally drying sample in an oven set at 105 deg Celsius for 24 hours). In wood drying, this is an important concept.
Laboratory methods Main article: Moisture analysis

Other methods that determine water content of a sample include chemical titrations (for example the Karl Fischer titration), determining mass loss on heating (perhaps in the presence of an inert gas), or after freeze drying. In the food industry the Dean-Stark method is also commonly used. From the Annual Book of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Standards, the total evaporable moisture content in Aggregate (C 566) can be calculated with the formula:

where is the fraction of total evaporable moisture content of sample, original sample, and is mass of dried sample.
Geophysical methods

is the mass of the

There are several geophysical methods available that can approximate in situ soil water content. These methods include: time-domain reflectometry (TDR), neutron probe, frequency domain sensor, capacitance probe, amplitude domain reflectometry, electrical resistivity tomography, ground penetrating radar (GPR), and others that are sensitive to the physical properties of water .[4] Geophysical sensors are often used to monitor soil moisture continuously in agricultural and scientific applications.

Satellite remote sensing method

Satellite microwave remote sensing is used to estimate soil moisture based on the large contrast between the dielectric properties of wet and dry soil. The microwave radiation is not sensitive to atmospheric variables, and can penetrate through clouds. Also, microwave signal can penetrate, to a certain extent, the vegetation canopy and retrieve information from ground surface [1]. The data from microwave remote sensing satellite such as: WindSat, AMSR-E, RADARSAT, ERS-1-2, Metop/ASCAT are used to estimate surface soil moisture [2].

Classification and uses

Moisture may be present as adsorbed moisture at internal surfaces and as capillary condensed water in small pores. At low relative humidities, moisture consists mainly of adsorbed water. At higher relative humidities, liquid water becomes more and more important, depending on the pore size. In wood-based materials, however, almost all water is adsorbed at humidities below 98% RH. In biological applications there can also be a distinction between physisorbed water and "free" water the physisorbed water being that closely associated with and relatively difficult to remove from a biological material. The method used to determine water content may affect whether water present in this form is accounted for. For a better indication of "free" and "bound" water, the water activity of a material should be considered. Water molecules may also be present in materials closely associated with individual molecules, as "water of crystallization", or as water molecules which are static components of protein structure.
Earth and agricultural sciences

In soil science, hydrology and agricultural sciences, water content has an important role for groundwater recharge, agriculture, and soil chemistry. Many recent scientific research efforts have aimed toward a predictive-understanding of water content over space and time. Observations have revealed generally that spatial variance in water content tends to increase as overall wetness increases in semiarid regions, to decrease as overall wetness increases in humid regions, and to peak under intermediate wetness conditions in temperate regions .[5] There are four standard water contents that are routinely measured and used, which are described in the following table:
Suction pressure Notation (J/kg or kPa) s 0 Typical water content (vol/vol) 0.20.5

Name

Conditions

Saturated water content Field capacity

Fully saturated soil, equivalent to effective porosity Soil moisture 23 days after a rain or irrigation 7

fc

33

0.10.35

Permanent wilting point Residual water content

pwp or wp r

1500

0.010.25

Minimum soil moisture at which a plant wilts Remaining water at high tension

0.0010.1

And lastly the available water content, a, which is equivalent to:

a fc pwp

which can range between 0.1 in gravel and 0.3 in peat.

Agriculture

When a soil becomes too dry, plant transpiration drops because the water is increasingly bound to the soil particles by suction. Below the wilting point plants are no longer able to extract water. At this point they wilt and cease transpiring altogether. Conditions where soil is too dry to maintain reliable plant growth is referred to as agricultural drought, and is a particular focus of irrigation management. Such conditions are common in arid and semi-arid environments. Some agriculture professionals are beginning to use environmental measurements such as soil moisture to schedule irrigation. This method is referred to as smart irrigation or soil cultivation.[citation needed]
Groundwater

In saturated groundwater aquifers, all available pore spaces are filled with water (volumetric water content = porosity). Above a capillary fringe, pore spaces have air in them too. Most soils have a water content less than porosity, which is the definition of unsaturated conditions, and they make up the subject of vadose zone hydrogeology. The capillary fringe of the water table is the dividing line between saturated and unsaturated conditions. Water content in the capillary fringe decreases with increasing distance above the phreatic surface. One of the main complications which arises in studying the vadose zone, is the fact that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is a function of the water content of the material. As a material dries out, the connected wet pathways through the media become smaller, the hydraulic conductivity decreasing with lower water content in a very non-linear fashion. A water retention curve is the relationship between volumetric water content and the water potential of the porous medium. It is characteristic for different types of porous medium. Due to hysteresis, different wetting and drying curves may be distinguished.

References
1. ^ T. William Lambe & Robert V. Whitman (1969). "Chapter 3: Description of an Assemblage of Particles". Soil Mechanics (First ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 553. ISBN 471-51192-7 Check |isbn= value (help). 2. ^ van Genuchten, M.Th. (1980). "A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal 44 (5): 892898. doi:10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x. 3. ^ Dingman, S.L. (2002). "Chapter 6, Water in soils: infiltration and redistribution". Physical Hydrology (Second ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 646. ISBN 013-099695-5. 4. ^ F. Ozcep, M. Asci, O. Tezel, T. Yas, N. Alpaslan, D. Gundogdu (2005). "Relationships Between Electrical Properties (in Situ) and Water Content (in the Laboratory) of Some Soils in Turkey". Geophysical Research Abstracts 7. 5. ^ Lawrence, J. E., and G. M. Hornberger (2007). "Soil moisture variability across climate zones". Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 (L20402): L20402. Bibcode:2007GeoRL..3420402L. doi:10.1029/2007GL031382.